different reference sources. The 1 第 .OSt familiar reference sources are dictionanes, encyclopedias and information on the lnternet. You may alSO use the card catalog tO locate bOOks on a specific topic. ln addition, however, most libraries have special reference materials that contain a wealth Of information about AmerIcan history. Let's DO it Now ! Spend some time in the reference section Of your schOOl or local library. Locate one or more of the following kinds of reference materials: HistoricaI AtIases. ln a historical atlas, you can find m 叩 s that show information about people, events, and conditions at different points in history. Some atlases, such as the NationaI Geogr 叩 hic Historical Atlas ofAmencan History, alSO contain timelines and informative articles ChronoIogies. If you need to verify a date or find out about the important events that happened in a particular year, you might use a chronology like the one in Richard Morris's Encyclopedia of American History. Morris's bOOk contains a summary chronology Of the ma. 」 or events Of American history plus separate chronologies on such tOPiCS as terrltorial expansion, transportation, and communication. The final section of the book presents biograph icalinformation about 500 notable Amer1cans. StatisticaI Sources: Often you may want statistical information about the population or econom1C activities at specific times in our past. Each year since 1878 the United States Bureau Of the Census has published a StatisticaI Abstract of the United States. This book provides data about more than 30 topics. Much of it is about the United States tOday, but the book also includes much statistical information 仕 om as far back as 1790 , when the first census was conducted. Many 60

almanacs also provide some limited data about United States history. Try Below is a list Of items tO research. ldentify which Of the reference sources descrlbed above would be the best source for information about each of the following items: ] . the text of a speech by an lndian leader 2 . a m 叩 Of areas Of European settlement in 1700 3 . a list 0f the U. S. cities with the largest populations in 1800 4 . a summary Of the key events in Metacom's War 5 . William Penn's date and place of birth 6 . the text of the Articles of Confederation AppIy は Consider what you have read about the geogr 叩 hy 0f the United States and about the Native Amencans and colonists in the 1600S and 1700S. Choose a topic that interests you for further research. Write a short paragr 叩 h that defines the topic and outlines what specialized history references you 、 vould use in your SChOOl or community library. 数学 国語表現 Answers tO Try 仕 理 科 1 . ChronoIogy 2 . Historical atlas 3 . Statistical sources 4 . Chronology or historical atlas 5 . ChronoIogy 6 . ChronoIogy 課外授業 Answers t0 Apply は ( ここには決まった答えはありません。教師用のマニュアルには以下のように書か

Student: One-sixth Teacher. Teacher. Student: Eight. Teacher. Marian. David. Teacher: Good for you, David. Four-fourths. Teacher: Six pieces. How many fourths do you need? Six. tO have tO make a whole pie? Eight-eighths. How many sixths, Manan, Are you supposed ・ Good for you. How many eighths do you need? Student: Twelve-twelfths. whole pie? ・ One-twelfth. Ok, how many twelfths do you need to make a Student: One-twelfth. Student: One-eighth 74 Student: Ours. Student: Us. Teacher. Teacher. Nancy. Teacher. Teacher. 、 Mhat h 叩 pens to the size of the pizza as our denominator Student: One- fourth. Teacher. What' s your pizza divided into? Teacher: You have the twelfths, but who has the largest pieces? whO has the most pieces here? Teacher: Oh! Always shake my hand. You ow , I like the word. Now, Student: They're congruent. What do you ow about each piece called one-eighths? Student: They are equal. Teacher. And what about each one of your sixths? Student: They're equivalent. ・ Good for you, what about the size of each ofyour four pieces? That they are all equal. the size Of each Of these twelve pieces, Nancy? ・ Since this is divided into twelfths, what can you tell us about

0 Dinosaurs What were dinosaurs? Di nosaurs were reptiles that evolved into the most varied kinds Of any living creature. They ranged from tiny bird-like animals t0 monstrous beasts that were the largest animals ever tO live on land. The dinosaurs survived for about 150 million years. They were not all the meat-eating killers familiar om films and b00ks; neither were most Of them gigantic creatures. ln fact, most dinosaurs were peaceful, browsing animals about the size Of modern farm livestock. 0 ( 4 ノ乙ー - What dO we know about how dinosaurs' bodies worked? Although dinosaur remains are few, we know or can deduce quite a lOt from their fossilized skeletons. For example, we can calculate a dinosaur's weight by studying its bones. Heavy animals have masslve bones t0 support their weight, while swift-moving hunters usually have 200

Pre-Quiz 歴 史 0 Choose the answer you think is best. 1 What is MP3? a. 3 MD players b. Another name of Web file c. A digitalfile format that compress audio files 2 . What can MP3 do? a. は can make record companies prosper. b. は can make sound files smaller. c. は can make sound files larger. 3 . What kind of technique enables MP3 to compress sound files? a. Perceptual noise shaping b. Permanent noise recording c. PeacefuIIandscaping 4 . What makes MP3 so special? a. は is really hard tO come by. b. は is quicker and easier tO send across the lnternet. c. は is controlled by only one corporation. 5 . HOW smallis a typicalfive-minute MP3 file? a. About twice the size Of a five-minute CD sound file b. About the same size of a five-minute CD sound file c. About one-tenth the size of a five-minute CD sound file 数学 国語表現 科 課外授業 315

woman's father, they said. The b00ts, the gloves, and the ax were clearly 仕 om further back ( 遥かにさかのぼって ) in the past. For the same reason, they said it couldn't be a World War I soldier. lt had t0 be at least several centunes OI 山 they said, maybe even five centuries. lt could have been one of the soldiers in the army of Frederick, Duke ( 大 公 ) ofAustria. Before they could be sure about this guess ( 推測 ) , however, the scientists needed more data. They needed t0 brmg the body down the 数 mountain so they could study it in their laboratories ( 研究室 ). The question was, whom did it belong t0? ( 誰の物か ) lt was lying almost exactly on the border ( 国境 ) between ltaly and Austria. NaturallY, both 子 countries wanted the frozen man for their laboratories and their museums. For two days, the b0dy lay there in the mountains while diplomats ( 外交官たち ) argued. Finally, they decided that it lay on Austrian ground. By that time the bOdy was partly unfrozen and somewhat damaged ( 幾分か損傷を受けていた ) . When the Austrian scientists examined ( 調べた ) the b0dy more closely ( 詳しく ) , they changed their minds. They did not know yet how he had died, but they did know when ( いつ死んだのかは実際に分かった ) : in about 2 , 700 B. C. This was a very important discovery, they said. lt would teach them a great deal ( 多くのこと ) about this very distant 理 per10d 0f European history. From the clothes and t001S they could learn about how men lived in those times ( 当時 ) . 科 国語表現 課外授業 13

thousands Of years throughout the world, but in the Americas, race became its determining factor. Effects of These Attitudes ln the United States, Africans, Native Americans, Asians, and Latin Amencans, as well as many European groups, have all faced different f9巳リ.当ー@(-0.!$.0ロ.m-!0月壟on because Of their race, religion, or culture. 数 As you read more about American history, think about how the beliefs Of Eurocentrism and racism have affected laws and government 学 policies as well as individuals'actions. Then think about the world you live in now. DO you see examples Of these attitudes tOday? Post-Quiz 国語表現 ・ Choose the answer you think is best. 1 . When Europeans first reached the Western Hemisphere, they called it ( ) . は was new tO them, but it wasn't ( ) tO the native peoples whO had lived there for thousands Of years. a. the New World, new b.lndia, new c. America, 0 旧 2 . Terms such as "New WO d ” and "lndians ” reflect a (n) point Of view. a. Spanish b. American c. European 理 科 3 . When Europeans began founding colonies, they divided up the people Of the world based on ( a. intelligence b. skin color C. lncome 課外授業 43

The Earth The Earth is not solid rock all the way through. lt has an inner core Of solid rock, which is mostly iron. The temperature here is probably around 8 000 。 F. Beyond the inner core is a layer 0f liquid rock, called the outer core, which extends about halfway to the surface. Beyond this is a thick layer 0f rock called the mantle which is partly 数 molten and runny. The thinnest layer, or crust, is on the Earth's surface, floating on the red-hot liquid mantle. The crust is about 4 miles thick under the oceans, but 19 to 25 miles thick beneath the land. 地球は例えば、真ん丸のシュークリームがあったとして、その中心に固い飴玉 があるみたいな感じなのかな。 Science 歴 史 国語表現 地球の内部構造 crust mantle 科 liquid outer core 0 solid lnner core 課外授業 169

Teacher: Nancy, would you read the "DO now" for us this morning? Nancy. "This morning, I discovered a colorful structure. I wonder how it got here? 、 Mrite a paragr 叩 h describing it. 、 Mhat can this structure be used 応 r ? ” Teacher: Ok, let's go. You got exactly five minutes to write a paragraph describing the sfructure. This is the structure l'm talkmg about. Student: A polygon is a closed figure and it has vertices. : Could someone tell us then------ 、 Mhat is a polygon? Student: We call those sh 叩 es polygons. we give tO these figures? What name dO we give them? sald they saw a rhombus, a hexagon and squares. What name can Teacher: Ok, so, so far you have named 仕叩 ezoids. We had someone who A trapezoid. structures dO you see? Ah, she called them a rhombus. Ok, good. David, what other Deborah: A rhombus Teacher: Deborah, what other structures do you see? ℃ ause they have four congruent sides. How d0 you know these figures are squares? I see tWO, tWO squares : HOW many squares dO you see? The orange and white one. Where do you see the squares? A square. other figures d0 you see, Ron? Teacher: Could you come and show us this hexagon figure? Ok, what The structure has, um, a hexagon figure. structure. Amy, what's one thing you would talk about? and things you talk about in writing a description of this Ok, pencils down. Ok, what are some of the characterlstics 96 Teacher David : Teacher: Ron. Teacher: Ron. Teacher Ron. Teacher: Ron Amy.

Post-Quiz 歴 史 0 Choose the answer you think is best. 1 . Dinosaurs existed for ( a. 5 , 000 years b. 10 , 000 years 2 . Average-sized dinosaurs are about as large as ( 数 a. elephants b. COWS c. dogs 学 3 . Despite few dinosaur remains, we know or guess much about dinosaurs from their ( a. remained nests b. fossilized bones c. preserved hides ( 毛皮 ) 4 . The main thing that distinguishes dinosaurs from other reptiles is that ( a. they can run very fast b. theirlegs stick out sideways c. they can stand erect 5 . Dinosaurs ・ footprints show ( a. hOW fast they moved b. what kind Of fOOd they ate c. hOW 0 旧 they were 6 . The fossils of meat-eating dinosaurs are rare because ( a. those dinosaurs live in small groups b. those dinosaurs have small bones C. those dinosaursl bodies are much slimmer. c. 150 million years 国語表現 科 課外授業 203