only had half a pie. How in the world does she have? Student: She cheated Teacher: No, she was smart. That's what I call good-thinking. Let's take a look, ok? David, did you get a whole pie? David. They robbed me. Teacher: They robbed you. Ok, now take out your purnals, and finish your entries. And I want you all to write a 10t about what you did today. Teacher: SO, what is a fraction? Student: A fraction is a ratio that has a numerator and denominator. Teacher: AII right. 76

cordless telephones, and video cameras. However, much technology has gone int0 producing the everyday things you use, t00. T00thbrushes, pens and pencils, plastic bags, glue, cans and bottles, lamps, clothing, and even this book are products 0f technology. You were born in the Age of Techn010gy. But ⅱ wasn't always the way you know it. Throughout most 0f human history, indoor toilets, indoor runmng water, and electrical servrce were unknown. TO get water, people went tO a well or rlver and carried the water home ln 数 buckets. For light, people burned 0 ⅱ lamps or candles. A little more than 100 years ago there were no telephones, automobiles, airplanes, 学 refrlgerators, light bulbs televisions, motion pictures, or many Of the other items you use every day. And bicycles had barely been invented. ln the past 100 years, an incredibly large number 0f inventions based on scientific knowledge were developed. lndustries that make, or manufacture, these inventions on a large scale were alSO developed. AS technology provided industry with new tOOls, machines, materrals, and methods, technology grew and grew. Systems Of TechnoIogy A system is a set Of parts that work together as a whOle. Remember the bicycle? lt has a frame, gears, wheels, handlebars, a crank with pedals, brakes, and a seat. The parts work together t0 get you where you want t0 go. A system is also a way 0f d0ing things, such as the step-by-step assembly 0f bicycles in a factory. Once you know what a system is, you can find systems all around you. Remember the imaginary day when you woke up without electncity, water, or sneakers? You had tO dO without some high-tech systems that you normally depend on ー electnc power, public water, and manufacturmg. Your faucet is a smaller system called a subsystem. lt has parts that work together ー a handle, a spigot, and some parts hidden inside. lt also connects to a larger system of pipes and a huge facility ー the 歴 史 国語表現 科 課外授業 293

Teacher: Nancy, would you read the "DO now" for us this morning? Nancy. "This morning, I discovered a colorful structure. I wonder how it got here? 、 Mrite a paragr 叩 h describing it. 、 Mhat can this structure be used 応 r ? ” Teacher: Ok, let's go. You got exactly five minutes to write a paragraph describing the sfructure. This is the structure l'm talkmg about. Student: A polygon is a closed figure and it has vertices. : Could someone tell us then------ 、 Mhat is a polygon? Student: We call those sh 叩 es polygons. we give tO these figures? What name dO we give them? sald they saw a rhombus, a hexagon and squares. What name can Teacher: Ok, so, so far you have named 仕叩 ezoids. We had someone who A trapezoid. structures dO you see? Ah, she called them a rhombus. Ok, good. David, what other Deborah: A rhombus Teacher: Deborah, what other structures do you see? ℃ ause they have four congruent sides. How d0 you know these figures are squares? I see tWO, tWO squares : HOW many squares dO you see? The orange and white one. Where do you see the squares? A square. other figures d0 you see, Ron? Teacher: Could you come and show us this hexagon figure? Ok, what The structure has, um, a hexagon figure. structure. Amy, what's one thing you would talk about? and things you talk about in writing a description of this Ok, pencils down. Ok, what are some of the characterlstics 96 Teacher David : Teacher: Ron. Teacher: Ron. Teacher Ron. Teacher: Ron Amy.

temperatures round 27million F . ( 華氏 2700 万度。想像もつかないよう な熱さですね。ちなみに、 ( 華氏ー 32 ) x 互 = 摂氏となります。アメリカでは華氏気 温を採用しているので、知っているといろいろなときに便利ですよ ) The sun's surface, called the photosphere (sphere of light) , is the lowest visible layer 0f the sun. The temperature 0f the photosphere ranges 仕 om 13 000 。 F at the base t0 8 000 。 F at the top. lts average temperature is 10 , 000 。 F. The layer above the photosphere is called the chromosphere (sphere of C010r ) because of its reddish C010r , and is visible during t0taLgclip. ses-of the sun. The lower chromosphere absorbs some 0f the light that is emitted om the photosphere, causing the dark absorption lines 0f the sun's spectrum. This absorption occurs because the lower chromosphere is COOler than the photosphere. The chromosphere is surrounded by the solar corona, a faintly luminous outer atmosphere. AS this atmosphere is thousands Of times dimmer than the sun's disk, it is usually invisible. Before the invention of the coronagraph, it could be seen only when the sun was totally eclipsed by the moon. ( 日食です。月食と勘違いしないでください。月食は月 が地球で隠されるときに起こります ) When the photosphere is blocked out, the corona appears as a silvery h 引 0 with long arcs and streamers. The arcs are usually visible above disturbed regions, especially where prommences are present. 、 Mhen sunspots are at a 1 第 1n11 れれ the corona has long streamers along the equator with shorter rays at the poles. ThiS changes When sunspots are at a 1 れ aximur れ . The corona then appears almost circular, with streamers distributed uniformly around the disk. The corona consists 0f a form 0f matter called plasma very h0t gas composed 0f a sort 0f soup 0f charged particles. The corona has a temperature Of about 3.6million F, yet it is not dense enough t0 produce much heat. The sun is not actually a solid body, but it is made mostly of gas, hydrogen and helium. NucIear fusion reactions caused by the sun's masswe gravitational field fuse the sun' s hydrogen int0 helium. That produces an enormous amount Of energy—・¯way 1 れ ore than enough tO 181 数 国 き五 表 外 業 歴 史 科

very light, hollow bones. MuscIes are firmly attached t0 bones, and although no trace Of the muscles remains in fossils, the attachment points can be seen on the bones. These tell scientists hOW big the muscles must have been. We know that a bulky digestive system is necessary t0 digest vegetable matter. The herbivores would have had massive barrel-shaped bodies, while carnivores would be slimmer. The sh 叩 e of the teeth tells us what type of 応 od the dinosaur ate. 数 Why did dinosaurs become so successful? The main thing that distinguishes dinosaurs 仕 om other reptiles is the 学 way their b0dy is supported by their legs. The legs 0f ancient and existing reptiles stick out sideways, so the b0dy drags on the ground for most Of the time. lt is raised brlefly when the animal runs. This is very obvious with crocodiles which can run very fast for short distances. The skeletons 0f dinosaurs developed so the legs were beneath the body, raising the whole body 0 仕 the ground. This allowed them tO stand erect and tO walk and run with long strides. These developed predators could run faster than more pri mitive reptiles, which soon became extinct. Were dinosaurs stupid? HOW dO you measure the intelligence Of an extinct animal? What we can say is that the intelligence Of dinosaurs must have been sufficient for their way of life otherwise they would not have survived for millions 0f years. Some plant-eating dinosaurs certainly had very small brains lll proportion tO their size. However, a large brain IS not important in an animal that is tOO enormous tO be attacked and has little to think about 叩 art 仕 om g razing. On the other hand, some 0f the predatory dinosaurs had quite large brains, presumably because they 外 needed t0 think quickly as they pursued their prey. ln companson t0 業 their size, the brains Of the smallest dinosaur predators were the biggest, because they needed t0 be agile and fast moving. 歴史 国語表現 科 201

What is the DecIaration Of lndepend nce? The American DecIaration of lndepe dence states: "We h01d these truths t0 be self-evident, that all men e creat d equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certai inali nable rights, and that among these are Life, Liberty, and the p suit 0f Happiness. " At first, the new American nation consisted Of 13 states (this has now grown tO 50 ) . lt had a president, who would be elected every four years and was run by a Congress. This same structure exists tO the present day. 数 独立宣言によって、アメリカ合衆国が誕生したわけですが、法的には、各植民 地 ( 州 ) が独立したわけです。いわゆる各州の独自性が色濃く残る連邦制は、今日 子 のアメリカでも論議になる点です。 Why did the lndian Wars take place? The Native Americans understandably resented the n mbers Of settlers who swarmed ont0 their traditional hunting and gr ing lands. As the population 0f the United States grew explosively, the Native Americans were forced t0 m ig rate t0 the south and west. Eventually they had nowhere left t0 go, and began t0 fight back. The U. S. government reacted by forcing the Native Americans intO reservations on land that was not wanted by the settlers. During the early 1800S , many Native 理 Americans died ⅲ fighting and 仕 om starvation and disease. The huge herds 0f buffalo on which many depended were wiped out, depriving 科 them of 応 0 山 clothing, and shelter. アメリカの先住民族 ( 現在ではインディアンをこう呼ぶのが正式 ) に関する問 題は、奴隷制度とアフリカ系アメリカ人という問題にくらべて、あまり日本人に は知られていないのですが、人種差別という観点からすると、病巣はそれほど変 わりません。ほほ単一民族の日本においてさえ、古来よりいろいろな差別が存在 外 してきましたが、アメリカにおける人種差別の根強さは、ほくらの想像をマイナ 業 スの意味で遥かに超えています。ミドルスクールのことではありませんが、アメ リカのある南部のハイスクールで、プラム ( 卒業記念バーティ ) が初めて黒人と 歴史 国語表現 53

Pre-Quiz 0 Choose the answer you think is best. 1 . AtriangIe is a ( a. line b. side c. polygon 2 . A pentagon has ( ) sides. C. reverse 3 . HOW many triangles can a rectangle be divided into? a. 2 b. 3 4 . A trapezoid has ( a. 2 ) pa 「引回 sides. c. 4 5 . A square is 5.2 on a side. Area= ( a. 10.4 b. 2 ス 04 c. 14 ) square 6 . Area Of triangle with base=5 代 and height=10 代 is ( square 化 a. 15 b. 50 c. 25 Pre-Quiz Answer Key 110

Post-Quiz 歴 史 ・ Choose the answer you think is best. 1 . A hexagon has ( ) sides. 2 . AngIes in a quadrilateral sum tO ( a. 180 b. 360 c. 540 ) degrees. 3 . The base of a parallelogram is 50 km and its height is 50 km. Area= ( a. 500 km2 b. 100 km2 c. 2500 km2 4 . The height of a trapezoid is 5 cm, one base is 12 cm, and the other bases is 6 cm. Area = ( ) sq. cm. a. 360 b. 90 国語表現 c. 45 5 . Find the sum of the interior angles of a heptagon, a 7-sided polygon. a. 360 理 科 b. 720 。 c. 900 ) faces, including the bases. 6 . A hexagonal prism has ( 課外授業

com- や im - のように n が m へとスペリングが変化しますよね ( 例・ combat; impossible)o これを知るだけでも、生徒たちのスペリングは迷いが少なくなり、 はるかに正確になります。 Suffixes Once a word is formed by a prefix to the root word, we can also add suffixes to this word. A suffix is a word part placed at the end of a word. Suffixes are used for many purposes. Often a suffix changes a word tO a different part Of speech. One Of the most common suffixes is -ion, which forms nouns om verbs. The root word pos (e) has a special form— posit(e) to which the suffix -ion is added. The examples are.• compose—»composition One common verb suffix is -ify as in purify and classify. This suffix generally means "t0 make. " Thus if you purlfy water, you make it pure, or at least more pure. Another verb suffix -ize changes an adjective or a noun tO a verb. For example, when the suffix -ize is added to the adjective 「 e , the verb realize is formed. Most Of the verbs with -ize are easy tO understand because they are made with -ize added tO a word you already know as an independent word. The examples are as follows: fertilize utilize 他にも、 Amencanize, synthesize など、けっこう動詞が作り放題です。 Post-Quiz the park on Sundays. 4 . The new state law (abduct, abolishes) the use of automobiles in 3 . FBI uncovered a plot to (abduct, extend) the governor. 2 . Six streets (collaborate, converge) at that intersection. his poison ivy ( 漆中毒 ) healed. 1 . Francisco had tO (abstain, abdicate) from baseball practice until I. Underline the correct key word to complete each sentence. 128

0f water ⅲ the body. Water balance needs to be kept at exactly the rlght level if the body cells are to remain healthy. 歴 史 What is a kidney machine? If the kldneys become diseased and stop working, it is necessary to use a kidney machine tO remove waste from the b100d. This machine process is called dialysis. lt involves pumping b100d 仕 om a tube in the person's arm int0 thin tubing that runs through a tank Of sterile liquid. 数 Waste passes 仕 om the blood through the walls of the tubing, and the cleaned b100d is returned to the body. This has to be done throughout 学 the person's life, unless a new kidney can be provided in a transplant operation. Dialysis needs tO be carrled out frequently ー several times a week ー to stop wastes om building 叩 to dangerous levels. clean blood PUf11P 国語表現 extracted watste unfiltered blood 科 sterile liquid pump ← *A kidney machine takes blood from a patient and filters out waste.lt passes the clean blOOd into the vein. HOW does the bOdy keep at the proper temperature? The body has several systems to keep itself at the right temperature. 外 Heat is produced by the breakdown of 応 od substances stored in the 業 body. The chemical reactions in the body will only take place properly if the body is kept at the ideal temperature, so any extra heat has to be - 三 271