THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS 5 RAILS INTO THE WILD Opposite: CPR train alongside the Kicking Horse River, n. d. Native peoples were the firstto see the Canadian Rockies. There is evidence to indicate they traveled, hunted and lived here at least II , 000 years ago. By contrast, the 、 vhite man s history in the Rockies began in 1754 , when 丘江 trader Anthony Henday glimpsed the eastern wall ofwhat he called "The Shining Mountains", om near lnnisfail, Alberta. The fur traders eventually established a handful of arduous routes across the Rockies, and a fe 、 notable scientlsts, adventurers, misslonaries and explorers added to the knowledge of the land with their travels during the early and mid 1800 ' s. But lt 、 the contact bet 、 and mountains during constructlon of the Canadian Pacific Ra11way in the 1880 ' s , which brought the Rockies into the limelight. ln the space Of less than a decade the rail 、 transformed the mountaln- ous wilds ofwestern Canada 伝 om a virtual blank on the map, tO a world famous destinatlon. Canada was only four years 01d when the idea of a trans- continental railway was first proposed As part of the dealto lure the resource-rich territory 0f British columbia into the country in 1871, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald promised a railway link tO the eastern provinces. The same summer, survey crews 、 dispatched tO begin locating a line for the rails across the vast breadth and unkno 、 terram Of central and 、 vestern canada•, surely one 0f the most formidable surveyrng pro)ects ever undertaken. From proposalto completion, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), as it officially became known, required more than fourteen years. ln the end it Ⅱ to a syndicate of 、 vealthy businessmen tO finance and re-finance the venture. The actual constructlon occupied four and a half years, and required the efforts 。朝 0 , 000 workers. The scandal, debate and financial strain of the troubled enterprise brought the young country to the political and financial edge numerous tlmes. Notthe least of the challenges to be met in the final survey and construction Of the railway, 、 the first Of six great mountam ranges 、 rose as impenetrable barriers tO westward travel into British Columbia, and the dream of umting Canada by rail ー the Canadian Rockies. Thus, our pictorial history of the Rockies begins in 1882 , as the end of railway steel approached the apparent chaos of peaks, valleys, lakes and glaciers, across which the existence of a viable route for the railway had メ e い 0 be proven.

10 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS skill, the dynamic Van The origin of the CPR s Cornelius Van Horne, appointed General Manager Horne iS best remembered mountaln hOtelS has a for his strong advocacy of ofthe CPR in 1881, and later stronger connectlon tO the national parks. lt was largely logiStiCS and economics 0 「 its Vice-President.With a successful rail 、 record in as a result of his lobbying railway operation, than any that Banff, Yoho and original desire tO establish a the US, Van Horne 、 Glacier national parks came business ln tourrsm. 0 save touted as "the ablest railway into being in 1885 and 1886. the expense of hauling heavy general in the world", and dining cars up and down the was broughtto Canada to Horne s name IS C01 れ - memorated in the range Of oversee the constructlo n and grades of Kicking Horse and mountams lmmediately 、 operatlon Of the CPR. Given Rogers passes, the CPR con- the huge debt incurred in of Field. structed Mt. Stephen House constructlon Of the rail 、 vay, at Field in 1886 , and stationed a dining car at Van Horne was always on the 100k0ut for 、 tO save Rogers Pass, replacing it with a building called and make mo ney in the Glacier House a year later. rall 、 vay S operations. ln this he 、 very ・ successful. Passengers could step 0 the train and dine in the heart When he saw the popularity of the dining Of a fantast1C mountaln stops, he quickly expanded landscape, which four years facilities tO allOW overnight earlier had been uninhab- accommodation. A fledgling ited, trackless bush. lt was railway, the CPR found itself an expenence in the in the hotel business as well. world of travel. Along with his business The dining facilities were acumen and managerial the brainchild of William

92 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS 0 plague the mine. lt closed in climbed the same year. The While there had been a lack road to the base of the Of human activity in the 1921. Miners 0n1 Pocahontas mountam 、 completed in Jasper area in the quarter cen tury following comple- roughed out a track tO 1924 , and a tea house operated nearby om 1929 tion of the Canadian Pacific Miette Hot Springs, the Railway [ 0 the south, Rockies' hOttest, in 1910, t0 1972 ・ and built the first bathhouse industry and enterpnse came quickly to the north country there in 1913. During a strike with the establishment of in 1919 they constructed a hot p 。。 1. The federal Jasper Forest Park, and the constructlon Of the G rand government oversa 、 construction Of the 18 Trunk Pacific Railway. One Of the most promment kilometre Miette HOt Springs road in 19 , as a industries had itS origln in the discovery of coal on the DepreSS10n make- 、 project. Full development of slopes of Roche Miette in 1908. Two years later, Jasper the springs took place in Park Collieries began Above: The co mine at 1 男 7 ・ pocahontas, some time between mining the claim. Produc- Mt. Edith Cavell has 1910 and 1921. long been one Of the most tion peaked in 1912 and the tO 、 Of pocahontas, named popular sightseeing destina- Opposite top: Early developments at Miefte HOt tions in the Jasper area. The after the noted mining Springs, ca. 1920. Miners from mountam 、 named in 1915 centre in Virgima, sp rang up Pocahontas built these on the banks of the Ath- tO commemorate nurse structures. Edith Cavell, executed for abasca River. Soon after, Opposite わ ottom. Climbers on assisting the escape of Allied failing economrcs, strikes the summit cornice of Mt. Edith prrsoners Ofwar. lt 、 first and accidents began tO Cavell, 1943.

84 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS ↓一ッ ッく . Above: Yoh0 park warden 」 ack Giddie with horse on Mt. Burgess, ca. 1930. Opposite: Horses on Victoria Glacier, 1922. Horses were used tO pack supplies partway along the ice during construction Of Abbot Pass Hut.

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS 99 WONDER ROADS Opposite: Truck transporting a canoe through Sinclair Canyon in Kootenay National Park, 1923. advent 0f the automobile ushered in a ne 、 era ln Rockies' tounsm, and challenged the CPR s twenty-five year 01d dominance. However, changes did not happen over- night. The horseless carriage initially received the cold shoulder in the national parks. Reflecting the misgivings with which the first automobiles were viewed, the federal government enacted restrlctlons, effectively banning them. ln the Rockies, the matter 、 vas somewhat academic during the early 1900 s , S1nce the greatest restr1ct10 n [ 0 autO travel 、 the absence Of a road tO Banff. The first road into the park was constructed in 1909 , but autOS 、 vhich arrived at the park gate 、 denied access until two years later, when they could proceed as far as Banff townsi te. Regulations govermng autO use 、 vere gradually relaxed, and by June, 1915, most of the former carriage roads around the townslte 、 opened tO n10 [ or vehicles. Sensing the potential for greater viS1tat10n, explorers, park adminis- trators, and businessmen alike 、 soon predicting and advocating the constructlon Of roads, tO make the 、 vonders of the Rockies accessible to all. Points beyond Banff remained the realm of the railway and pack horse until constructlon Of the road tO Lake Louise commenced in 1914. Completed in 1920 , this pr0Ject employed prisoners Of 、 lnternees and consclentlous objectors. Today, the Bow Valley Parkway follows the route they cleared. A proposalto link Banff and Windermere by highway ln 1910, resulted in the creat10n ten years later Of K00 記 na メ , Canada's tenth national park. When private lnterests were unable tO complete the road, the federal gov- ernment tOOk over the prOJect, in return for British C01u1 Ⅱ - bia ceding title to land adjacentto the highway. Banff' Yoho, Glacier and Jasper had been "railway parks". Koote- nay was Canada's first highway park ・ With inroads literally being made intO lts mountarn domain, the CPR could read the writing on the wall. Rather than opposing the burgeoning trend towards automobile travel, the rail 、 once agalll demonstrated itS business sense, and Jumped on the bandwagon. ln the 1920 s, lt began constructlon Of autO bungalow camps at locations in the ROCkies. Some Of these camps evolved intO commercial accommodations WhiCh still operate tOday. Storm Mounta1n and Moraine Lake Lodges are examples ・

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS 97 第を - イ BO om : Skoki Lodge, first backcountry ski lOdge in the ROCkies. The original building opened in the winter Of 1931. Construction of this addition tOOk place in 1936. Top. Skiers demonstrating the s 厄 Of the day near Sk0ki, 1932.

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS 29 The CPR initially took a disti nctly rustic approach tO development on the shores of Lake Louise, with constructlon Of a simple 10g cabin in 1890. Access tO Chalet Lake Louise, as it became known, was by ot or horseback from the railway siding called Laggan in the valley below. Visitors tO the shores Of Lake Louise in those early days were few, and included adventurous travellers who didn [ mind roughing it. The Vaux family and Mary Schäffer, people who would later make important ViSitS Of exploration in the Rockies, 、 amongst them. The original Chalet burned early in the summer of 18 男 . Those who visited Lake Louise that year camped on the lakeshore. The second Chalet was constructed in 1894 , 、 an upper storey added the following year ・ Capacity was on a dozen guests, and the staff slept in tents and shacks nearby. ln 1899 , this Chalet was replaced by a Opposite: The first Chalet at Lake Louise, ca. 1890. much larger, Tudor-styled, timber and gable structure, designed by F. M. Rat- tenbury. Next, a 350 room concrete addition 、 erected in 1912. Finally, in 1916-17, a hydro-electric plant was built slightly downstream from the lake, bringing the latest of modern comforts tO the sprawling b uilding on the lakeshore. Now capable of accom- modating almost a thousand guests, the transformatlon from cabin to grand hotel was complete. The Chalet become kno 、 as the Chateau (pronounced "shah-TOE ”ー a French word 、 means mansron Although still marketed by the CPR as a rustic destina— tlon , the Chateau, like the Banff Springs Hotel, was now able to deliver the servlces and atmosphere demanded by those accus- tomed tO the finer things in 1 飛 . 気 h the ho tel's in- creased cap acity, transferring guests bet 、 veen the railway station and the Chateau became a problem. Horse and buggy service could not keep up with the demand, and this means Of convey- ance 、 a CO nstant source of complaint during poor 、 veather. TO rectify the problem the CPR began constructlon Of a tramline in 1912. This gasoline powered nunl-tram on narrow—guage tracks could carry 180 passengers at a time. I t made as many as 30 round trips a day untilrendered obsolete by the automobile in 1 男 0. The wooden Rattenbury wing of the Chateau b urned on July 3 , 1924. Firefighting efforts saved the ne 、 ver CO ncrete 、 ving. The Chateau remamed open for the remamder Of the summer, and constructlon Of another addition soon commenced. Completed in May 1925 , the ne 、 Chateau remained largely unchanged untilthe most recent renovatlons and reco nstructio n began ln 1986.

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS 21 てゾ t10ns tO correct the matter. CPR expenenced en- tounsm industry in moun- The 250 room hotel, couragrng success 、 itS tamous 、 vestern Canada. TO Van Horne is attributed the complete 、 vith sulphur water railside stops at Glacier and piped from the Upper H0t Field during the summer of statement: Since 、 can t export the scenery, we Ⅱ Springs, opened June 1, 1886. Visitors were rn awe Of the mountaln scenery, have tO lmport the tour1StS. 1888. lt was the largest hotel in the world at the With that aim ln mind, in and pleased to have com- tlme. R00n1 rates started at fortable servlces available in the 信Ⅱ of 1886 the CPR began constructlon Of the $3.50 a day. such remote settings. The The Banff Springs Hotel railway desperately needed pride Of its mountain hOtel turned the tiny community cash flow to help offsetthe fleet, the Banff Springs, at a Of Banff intO a destinatlon S1te rep ortedly recom- debt incurred in itS con- resort. More than 5000 mended by outfitter Tom structlon. CPR Vice-Presi- VIS1tors arrived in the year 、宿 , near the confluence dent and General Manager, after it opened. The hotel's ofthe Spray and Bow William Cornelius Van nightly capacity was Horne, took note of all this Rivers. The building would creased tO 500 in 1903. eventually COSt a quarter 0 「 a and hit upon an idea which During 1904 , almost IO , 000 would both help make the million dollars. guests registered, and many ln the summer of 1887 , railway into a payrng Others 、 vere turned a 、 tO proposltlon, and create a Horne visited the sleep in rail 、 cars at the constructlon S1te and 、 traln StatiO n. The seaso n 、 shocked tO see someone had lengthened as needed [ 0 oriented the plans back- Opposite: The Banff Springs accommodate business. Van wards! The kitchen over- Hotel and the Bow River, ca. Horne S assessment had 1920. 1 。。 ked the rivers, and the literally been right on the guest rooms faced the forest. Top. TaIIy-ho leaving the Banff He hastily sketched addi- Springs HOtel, ca. 1912. 1 oney.

1 を冖 The Canadian Rockies A History in Photographs depicts the human history of the Canadian Rockies S1nce the construction Ofthe Canadian pacif1C Railway, and the founding of Banff, Canada's first national park. The maJ0r events and the most significant personalities in this vibrant history are portrayed with 140 archival photographs, accompanied by an informatlve and easy tO read text. This book is an ideal choice for anyone lookmg for an historical souvenir Of the Canadian Rockies. Third, revised edition Altitude The publisher that made the Canadian Rockies famous. GRAEME POLE ISBN 1 -55153-900-4 $ 10.95 9 7 81 5 51

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS 7 をお、 living legend. HiS extensive knowledge of the landscape almost guaranteed success ln mountalneerrng and hunting ventures, and his servrces 、 Mere sought by many at the turn Of the century. Turning MaJor Rogers surveyed line through the mountams ln [ 0 rails 0 f steel was a formidable and dangerous task. On the pralries, 、 vith little in the way of obstacles, railway 、 gangs sometlmes Opposite. C. P. R construction gang on the Big Hill, Mt. Stephen in the background, 1884. Top. Tom WiIson on the shore Of Lake Louise in 1930 , 48 years after its discovery. Right. M 可 0 「 A. B. "HeII's BeIIs" Rogers, surveyor Of the route fo 「 the C. P. R. in the Rockies and Selkirks.