THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS 7 をお、 living legend. HiS extensive knowledge of the landscape almost guaranteed success ln mountalneerrng and hunting ventures, and his servrces 、 Mere sought by many at the turn Of the century. Turning MaJor Rogers surveyed line through the mountams ln [ 0 rails 0 f steel was a formidable and dangerous task. On the pralries, 、 vith little in the way of obstacles, railway 、 gangs sometlmes Opposite. C. P. R construction gang on the Big Hill, Mt. Stephen in the background, 1884. Top. Tom WiIson on the shore Of Lake Louise in 1930 , 48 years after its discovery. Right. M 可 0 「 A. B. "HeII's BeIIs" Rogers, surveyor Of the route fo 「 the C. P. R. in the Rockies and Selkirks.

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS 89 こ第、イ 4 observatory, ( 、 vithout The Banff Park Museum, near the Bow River on Banff benefit of a gondola), and hiked over , 000 kilo- Aven ue, iS the Oldest natural metres in the line Of his history museum ln 、 vestern work. Sanson's last trip [ 0 Canada.Norman S anson 、 1tS curator 伝 01 Ⅱ 1896- the top of Sulphur was in 1945 , tO make observatlons 1942. The museum bene- of a solar eclipse. fited greatly from Sanson s Sanson contributed over dedicated work. His duties included the collection of one half of the specimens on display in the Banff Park plant and animal specimens Museum. Under his for the museum, and the administration , it became recording Of 、 veather data known as "The University 伝 om the observato atop Sulphur Mountain. ln all he of the Hills. ” The Museum was proclaimed a National made over 1000 tr1PS tO the Historic Site in 1985. The rurns 0 「 the observatory are on a summit of Sulphur Mounta1n no ー kno 、 as Sanson Peak. Opposite: lJpper Falls in 」 ohnston Canyon, n. d. Above: Norman Sanson (front row, 厄代 ) and friends at the observatory on Sulphur mountain, during Sanson's 1000th ascent, 」 u ツ 1 , 1931.

8 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS 、な During constructron Of Turning MaJor Rogers the CPR, the "end of steel" surveyed line through the mountalns 1ntO rails Of steel was the place to be. For a was a formidable and time in 1883 , the steel dangerous task. On the stopped at Silver City, in the Bow VaIIey near Castle pralries, Wi th li ttle in the Mountain. Here, a rail 、 vay way of obstacles, railway b00n1 tO 、 flourished, 、 vith 、 MOrk gangs sometlmes the rumoured presence Of managed to lay more than silver thrown ln tO heighten miles oftrack a day. After the rush. At its peak, Silver crossing the Continental City boasted half a dozen Divide, progress slowed, as hotels and a population the 、 vorkers tOiled on larger than Calgary s. When hazardous sideslopes above the narro 、 canyon Of the the rails moved 、 Mest and the silver proved noneXIStent, K1ckmg Horse River, threatened by rockfall, Silver City quickly went avalanche, and the hazards 伝 om boom to bust. Except ofworklng with dynamite. for one die-hard resident, lt Above: Silver City, railway and lay deserted two years later. The 、 M()rkers overcame these mining boom town Of 1883-85. Today, all that remams a dangers, and the tracks Opposite top: The railway siding cleared meadow beside the crossed the Rockies tO 0f Laggan in 1885. The siding Bow Valley Parkway. Golden, British CoIumbia in name was changed tO Lake 1884. Louise in 1913. Opposite bottom: CPR section gang on a hand car, 1887 or 1888.

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS 51 The dapper figure of the Swiss Guide ー pipe 1n mouth, alpenstock in hand, rope coiled over the shoul- der, and fedora on top ー a strong image in the history of the Rockies. The first S 、 viss G uide came tO Canada in 1897. Others followed 。 years later, and quickly proved their value to both mountameers and the CPR. Opposite: Swiss Guides at the 1907 Alpine Club of Canada camp in Paradise Valley. Above: Swiss Guides returning from the first ascent of Mt. COllie, on the Wapta lcefield in what is now Yoho National Park, August 19 , 1901. The dotted line marks their route to the summit. Members of the Feuz family (pronounced fOitS) 、 amongst the most promi- nent and longest serving Of the guides. Edward Feuz Jr. led clients on thousands of ascents, including 78 firsts" during a forty-one year career in Canada. For $ 5.00 a day, novlce or expert alike could hire a Swiss Guide to lead them onto the heights. Much of the Swiss Guides' work involved repetltious ascents Of the regular routes on MtS. S tep hen , Victo ria, Lefroy, Temple and Sir Donald. But often they participated in more adventurous Journeys ofexploration further afield, during which dozens of new ascents were made. Typical Of these were the outings of mountameers ames Outram, J. N. Collie, J. W. A. Hickson and James Monroe Thorington ・ At first, the Guides returned tO their families in Switzerland each winter. Eventually 1 れ OS [ remained in Canada year-round, taking employment as caretakers Of the railway hotels during the off-season. The cpr built a village for the Swiss Guides near Golden, bc, so their families might alSO move tO Canada. Ed Feuz Jr. , last of the original Swiss G uides died at Golden in 1981, at age 96 ・

第ュ THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS 13 Operat10n Of the CPR on the ユ 11C first constructlon The problems posed by treachero us B ig Hill near traln tO attempt descent Of Van Horne s temporary Field, proved a costly and the Big Hill, ran away and solution were finally dangero us undertaking. plunged into the canyon, rectified in 1909 with the killing three workers. A Runa 、 tralns can occur completion Of the ingenious on hills steeper than 1%. system of manual safety Spiral Tunnels. These 。 The rail 、ö,ray's contract with S 、 vitches 、 subsequently tunnels combine tO create a the federal government installed. Manned aro und figure eight deep within Mt. permitted a maxlmum grade the clock, these s 、 vitches O gden and Cathedral of 2.2 , yet the grade diverted runa 、 vay tralns ontO Mounta1n, adding nearly 7 surveyed on the Big Hill was spur lines. Tra1n SIZe and kilometres to the length of t 、 vice that. D espite the speed 、 vere restricted, but the line, and reducing the ObVious dangers, Horne still the runaways and overall grade tO 2.2 per cent. chose a temporary SO lu- wrecks occurred. Uphill T 、 M() years, 1000 men and tion and ran the rails trains fared little better. almost 700 , 000 kilograms of straight down the hill. He S omelocomouves exploded dynamlte 、 required in planned [ 0 rectify the under the stress. The steep the tunnels' cons tructlo n. problem when the CPR was grade required four 10C0m0 ー in a better financial position. t1Ves tO haul a 15 car tralll, and additional pusher" 10C01 れ Ot1Ves 、 sometlmes dispatched from Field to help trains stalled on the hill. を一を一 Opposite: CPR train in the po 「 t Of the lower Spiral Tunnel, n. d. Top: Open-air observation car at Lake Louise station, 1927.

6 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS を , ま をい 物 . ン第′ 1-3 らこ 1 Wilson heard the thunder of The man grven the daunting Rogers was the right man avalanches coming 伝 01 れ the task of finding a route for for the job. He located an mountains above, and asked the CPR through the Rock- acceptable, if hazardous, line one Of the Natives the ies, and the unknown for the rail 、 across source Of the sound. He Selkirk Mountains further Kicking Horse and Rogers replied the avalanches were passes in 1882. For his west, was MaJor A. B. Rogers, an accomplished discovery of Rogers Pass in on snow mountam above rarlway engrneer om the the Selkirks ー the key to the the lake oflittle fishes. United States. 気 h an route ー the CPR a 、 varded Next day, Wilson and the Stoney, Edwin Hunter, rode outlandish n10 us tache, a him a 5000 dollar bonus profane vocabulary, a diet of to the lake. Originally cheque , which Rogers named "Emerald" by raw beans and chewing framed and never cashed. 引 son , this was the first tobacco, and unstoppable Not indestructible, Rogers recorded ViSit tO 、 vhat iS no 、 drive,"HeII's Bells" Rogers died 01 Ⅱ sustained in a 信Ⅱ from his horse in 、 one Of the most colour- known as Lake Louise. lt also marked the beginmng ful characters tO grace the 1889 , while surveying pages of Rockies' history. another railway in the US. Of the connection between One of the men in Major the CPR and the spectacular He was from all reports, scenery of the Rockies; a almost as tough as the Rogers command 、 ' 01 れ WiIson, who packed connectlon 、、 vould mountain landscape he lead to the establishment of supplies for the survey. ln faced in his work. August1882, Wilson was a mountarn tourrsm indus— Rogers drove himself and camped with some Stoney try and Canada's firstthree his men mercilessly hard, Natives at the CO nfluence Of earning from most he super- national parks ・ Vised a respect born out Of the Bow and Pipestone Tom Wilson became a Rivers, near the present S1te fixture in the Canadian fear. But if success 、 h,ras the of Lake Louise village. Rock1es, and something of a measure Of hiS actlons,

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS 5 RAILS INTO THE WILD Opposite: CPR train alongside the Kicking Horse River, n. d. Native peoples were the firstto see the Canadian Rockies. There is evidence to indicate they traveled, hunted and lived here at least II , 000 years ago. By contrast, the 、 vhite man s history in the Rockies began in 1754 , when 丘江 trader Anthony Henday glimpsed the eastern wall ofwhat he called "The Shining Mountains", om near lnnisfail, Alberta. The fur traders eventually established a handful of arduous routes across the Rockies, and a fe 、 notable scientlsts, adventurers, misslonaries and explorers added to the knowledge of the land with their travels during the early and mid 1800 ' s. But lt 、 the contact bet 、 and mountains during constructlon of the Canadian Pacific Ra11way in the 1880 ' s , which brought the Rockies into the limelight. ln the space Of less than a decade the rail 、 transformed the mountaln- ous wilds ofwestern Canada 伝 om a virtual blank on the map, tO a world famous destinatlon. Canada was only four years 01d when the idea of a trans- continental railway was first proposed As part of the dealto lure the resource-rich territory 0f British columbia into the country in 1871, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald promised a railway link tO the eastern provinces. The same summer, survey crews 、 dispatched tO begin locating a line for the rails across the vast breadth and unkno 、 terram Of central and 、 vestern canada•, surely one 0f the most formidable surveyrng pro)ects ever undertaken. From proposalto completion, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), as it officially became known, required more than fourteen years. ln the end it Ⅱ to a syndicate of 、 vealthy businessmen tO finance and re-finance the venture. The actual constructlon occupied four and a half years, and required the efforts 。朝 0 , 000 workers. The scandal, debate and financial strain of the troubled enterprise brought the young country to the political and financial edge numerous tlmes. Notthe least of the challenges to be met in the final survey and construction Of the railway, 、 the first Of six great mountam ranges 、 rose as impenetrable barriers tO westward travel into British Columbia, and the dream of umting Canada by rail ー the Canadian Rockies. Thus, our pictorial history of the Rockies begins in 1882 , as the end of railway steel approached the apparent chaos of peaks, valleys, lakes and glaciers, across which the existence of a viable route for the railway had メ e い 0 be proven.

10 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS skill, the dynamic Van The origin of the CPR s Cornelius Van Horne, appointed General Manager Horne iS best remembered mountaln hOtelS has a for his strong advocacy of ofthe CPR in 1881, and later stronger connectlon tO the national parks. lt was largely logiStiCS and economics 0 「 its Vice-President.With a successful rail 、 record in as a result of his lobbying railway operation, than any that Banff, Yoho and original desire tO establish a the US, Van Horne 、 Glacier national parks came business ln tourrsm. 0 save touted as "the ablest railway into being in 1885 and 1886. the expense of hauling heavy general in the world", and dining cars up and down the was broughtto Canada to Horne s name IS C01 れ - memorated in the range Of oversee the constructlo n and grades of Kicking Horse and mountams lmmediately 、 operatlon Of the CPR. Given Rogers passes, the CPR con- the huge debt incurred in of Field. structed Mt. Stephen House constructlon Of the rail 、 vay, at Field in 1886 , and stationed a dining car at Van Horne was always on the 100k0ut for 、 tO save Rogers Pass, replacing it with a building called and make mo ney in the Glacier House a year later. rall 、 vay S operations. ln this he 、 very ・ successful. Passengers could step 0 the train and dine in the heart When he saw the popularity of the dining Of a fantast1C mountaln stops, he quickly expanded landscape, which four years facilities tO allOW overnight earlier had been uninhab- accommodation. A fledgling ited, trackless bush. lt was railway, the CPR found itself an expenence in the in the hotel business as well. world of travel. Along with his business The dining facilities were acumen and managerial the brainchild of William

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS 29 The CPR initially took a disti nctly rustic approach tO development on the shores of Lake Louise, with constructlon Of a simple 10g cabin in 1890. Access tO Chalet Lake Louise, as it became known, was by ot or horseback from the railway siding called Laggan in the valley below. Visitors tO the shores Of Lake Louise in those early days were few, and included adventurous travellers who didn [ mind roughing it. The Vaux family and Mary Schäffer, people who would later make important ViSitS Of exploration in the Rockies, 、 amongst them. The original Chalet burned early in the summer of 18 男 . Those who visited Lake Louise that year camped on the lakeshore. The second Chalet was constructed in 1894 , 、 an upper storey added the following year ・ Capacity was on a dozen guests, and the staff slept in tents and shacks nearby. ln 1899 , this Chalet was replaced by a Opposite: The first Chalet at Lake Louise, ca. 1890. much larger, Tudor-styled, timber and gable structure, designed by F. M. Rat- tenbury. Next, a 350 room concrete addition 、 erected in 1912. Finally, in 1916-17, a hydro-electric plant was built slightly downstream from the lake, bringing the latest of modern comforts tO the sprawling b uilding on the lakeshore. Now capable of accom- modating almost a thousand guests, the transformatlon from cabin to grand hotel was complete. The Chalet become kno 、 as the Chateau (pronounced "shah-TOE ”ー a French word 、 means mansron Although still marketed by the CPR as a rustic destina— tlon , the Chateau, like the Banff Springs Hotel, was now able to deliver the servlces and atmosphere demanded by those accus- tomed tO the finer things in 1 飛 . 気 h the ho tel's in- creased cap acity, transferring guests bet 、 veen the railway station and the Chateau became a problem. Horse and buggy service could not keep up with the demand, and this means Of convey- ance 、 a CO nstant source of complaint during poor 、 veather. TO rectify the problem the CPR began constructlon Of a tramline in 1912. This gasoline powered nunl-tram on narrow—guage tracks could carry 180 passengers at a time. I t made as many as 30 round trips a day untilrendered obsolete by the automobile in 1 男 0. The wooden Rattenbury wing of the Chateau b urned on July 3 , 1924. Firefighting efforts saved the ne 、 ver CO ncrete 、 ving. The Chateau remamed open for the remamder Of the summer, and constructlon Of another addition soon commenced. Completed in May 1925 , the ne 、 Chateau remained largely unchanged untilthe most recent renovatlons and reco nstructio n began ln 1986.