THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS 5 RAILS INTO THE WILD Opposite: CPR train alongside the Kicking Horse River, n. d. Native peoples were the firstto see the Canadian Rockies. There is evidence to indicate they traveled, hunted and lived here at least II , 000 years ago. By contrast, the 、 vhite man s history in the Rockies began in 1754 , when 丘江 trader Anthony Henday glimpsed the eastern wall ofwhat he called "The Shining Mountains", om near lnnisfail, Alberta. The fur traders eventually established a handful of arduous routes across the Rockies, and a fe 、 notable scientlsts, adventurers, misslonaries and explorers added to the knowledge of the land with their travels during the early and mid 1800 ' s. But lt 、 the contact bet 、 and mountains during constructlon of the Canadian Pacific Ra11way in the 1880 ' s , which brought the Rockies into the limelight. ln the space Of less than a decade the rail 、 transformed the mountaln- ous wilds ofwestern Canada 伝 om a virtual blank on the map, tO a world famous destinatlon. Canada was only four years 01d when the idea of a trans- continental railway was first proposed As part of the dealto lure the resource-rich territory 0f British columbia into the country in 1871, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald promised a railway link tO the eastern provinces. The same summer, survey crews 、 dispatched tO begin locating a line for the rails across the vast breadth and unkno 、 terram Of central and 、 vestern canada•, surely one 0f the most formidable surveyrng pro)ects ever undertaken. From proposalto completion, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), as it officially became known, required more than fourteen years. ln the end it Ⅱ to a syndicate of 、 vealthy businessmen tO finance and re-finance the venture. The actual constructlon occupied four and a half years, and required the efforts 。朝 0 , 000 workers. The scandal, debate and financial strain of the troubled enterprise brought the young country to the political and financial edge numerous tlmes. Notthe least of the challenges to be met in the final survey and construction Of the railway, 、 the first Of six great mountam ranges 、 rose as impenetrable barriers tO westward travel into British Columbia, and the dream of umting Canada by rail ー the Canadian Rockies. Thus, our pictorial history of the Rockies begins in 1882 , as the end of railway steel approached the apparent chaos of peaks, valleys, lakes and glaciers, across which the existence of a viable route for the railway had メ e い 0 be proven.

22 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS 膚川謝 Top:lnterior of Ban 幵 Springs Plans 、 dra 、 ln 1911 raftsmen worked with the Hotel, ca. 1914. to completely overhaul the finest materials.Windo 、 building, but initially 0n1 メ 、 vere lmported 伝 0n1 Europe, Opposite top: View from the terrace 0f the Banff Springs and stone 伝 0n1 Manitoba. one maJor expanslon 、 Hotel, ca. 1940. undertaken ー the 2 million The furniture and orna- dollar Pa1nter Tower, ments were pamstaklngly Opposite わ 0 om. Courtyard Of the Banff Springs HoteI, ca. completed in 1914. Between detailed to match period 1912. 1925 and 1928 , the remainder preces. Much Of the exterl()r Of the expansron and recon- of the building was eventu- structron tOOk place, ally finished in "RundIe yielding the main building rock" quarried 仔 om the we see today. Other addi- banks of the Spray River t10ns 、 vere completed in nearby. 1990. The CPR lavished a great deal of money on furnishing the pride of its ho tel fleet. Talented

6 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS を , ま をい 物 . ン第′ 1-3 らこ 1 Wilson heard the thunder of The man grven the daunting Rogers was the right man avalanches coming 伝 01 れ the task of finding a route for for the job. He located an mountains above, and asked the CPR through the Rock- acceptable, if hazardous, line one Of the Natives the ies, and the unknown for the rail 、 across source Of the sound. He Selkirk Mountains further Kicking Horse and Rogers replied the avalanches were passes in 1882. For his west, was MaJor A. B. Rogers, an accomplished discovery of Rogers Pass in on snow mountam above rarlway engrneer om the the Selkirks ー the key to the the lake oflittle fishes. United States. 気 h an route ー the CPR a 、 varded Next day, Wilson and the Stoney, Edwin Hunter, rode outlandish n10 us tache, a him a 5000 dollar bonus profane vocabulary, a diet of to the lake. Originally cheque , which Rogers named "Emerald" by raw beans and chewing framed and never cashed. 引 son , this was the first tobacco, and unstoppable Not indestructible, Rogers recorded ViSit tO 、 vhat iS no 、 drive,"HeII's Bells" Rogers died 01 Ⅱ sustained in a 信Ⅱ from his horse in 、 one Of the most colour- known as Lake Louise. lt also marked the beginmng ful characters tO grace the 1889 , while surveying pages of Rockies' history. another railway in the US. Of the connection between One of the men in Major the CPR and the spectacular He was from all reports, scenery of the Rockies; a almost as tough as the Rogers command 、 ' 01 れ WiIson, who packed connectlon 、、 vould mountain landscape he lead to the establishment of supplies for the survey. ln faced in his work. August1882, Wilson was a mountarn tourrsm indus— Rogers drove himself and camped with some Stoney try and Canada's firstthree his men mercilessly hard, Natives at the CO nfluence Of earning from most he super- national parks ・ Vised a respect born out Of the Bow and Pipestone Tom Wilson became a Rivers, near the present S1te fixture in the Canadian fear. But if success 、 h,ras the of Lake Louise village. Rock1es, and something of a measure Of hiS actlons,

0 0 0 6 4 Top: WiIIiam Vaux 」 r. (with ln the late 1880 ' s the glaciers 儀 mil メ (pronounced vox). camera), and George Vaux of the Rockies and Selkirks George Vaux Sr. and (third from 厄升 ) , with Swiss 、 at the maxlmum extent family, first visi ted the Guides and companions on Victoria Glacier, 1900. of their most significant Rockies and Selkirks in 1887. recent advance. The Victor1a D uri ng the next rty years , Opposite top. Louise Creek and Glacier, beyond Lake various family members a view to Mt. Victoria, Lake Louise, 1900. Louise, extended I. 2 made annual visits tO the kilometres closer to thelake Canadian mo untams , taking Opposite bottom: lce cave at than at present. Athabasca particular in terest in glaciers , the terminus of Yoho Glacier, 1906. Glacier blocked the valley pho tography and botany. now occupied by the They recorded detailed lcefields Parkway. Today accounts Of their travels and glaciologists study the observatlons, publishing landscape for clues, attempt- papers and presenting ing to decipher the past and lectures at home in Philadel- present behaviour Of phia. Amongsttheir most glaciers. ln some cases they enduring contributions are are literally able to complete stunning black and white the picture by referring to landscape images 0 fthe remarkable photographs Rockies and Selkirks, taken shortly after the completion depicting the extent Of of the railway. glacial ice in the decades around the turn 0 f the century. Many of these pho- tographs were the skilled work of upper class Quakers from Philadelphia, the Vaux

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS 57 、 " ild ' ' BilI Peyto (pro- ofJ. N. CoIIie in 1897 and nounced PEE-toe) typified 1898 , and Whymper and the eccentric characters Outram ln 1901. He 、 attracted tO the profession Of known as a man Of con- trail guide. 、 Ot a native Of trasts: his qtllet manners were offset by his wild garb the wild west, Peyto hailed and off-beat sense Of from an unlikely place ー humour. 、 After a stint in the Kent, England. Wanderlust Boer War, Peyto set up his brought him to Canada at age eighteen, and eventually own guiding b usiness. Later tO the mountams, 、 vhere hiS he served in the First World War, joining the park surpr1S1ng abilities as 、 servrce in Banff 、 voodsman, hunter and prospector flourished. Peyt0 upon hiS return. The overlook at Bow cultivated a self-taught Summ1t was a favourlte knowledge 。 f geology, and haunt of Peyto's, during spent several years prospect- expeditio ns which camped ing near Banff before joimng in the vicinity of Bow Lake. Tom Wilson's company ln Thus the 、 vaters in the 18 男 or 1894. spectacular view 伝 0n1 the Of Peyto, WaIterWiIcox 100k0ut became known as commented: CHiS forté、 doing things, nottalkrng Peyto Lake. aboutthem. ”引 d Bill was guide on a number Of lmportant mountameerrng expeditions, including those Opposite: "Wild" Bill Peyto, trail guide and outfifter, 1895. Above: Bill Peyto(Ieft), Hugh StutfieId (foreground) and 」 . N. COIIie at camp in the Mistaya Valley, during the 1898 expedition which discovered Columbia lcefield.

1 を冖 The Canadian Rockies A History in Photographs depicts the human history of the Canadian Rockies S1nce the construction Ofthe Canadian pacif1C Railway, and the founding of Banff, Canada's first national park. The maJ0r events and the most significant personalities in this vibrant history are portrayed with 140 archival photographs, accompanied by an informatlve and easy tO read text. This book is an ideal choice for anyone lookmg for an historical souvenir Of the Canadian Rockies. Third, revised edition Altitude The publisher that made the Canadian Rockies famous. GRAEME POLE ISBN 1 -55153-900-4 $ 10.95 9 7 81 5 51

THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY 爪 PHOTOGRAPHS 83 Opposite: Stoney Natives at Ban 幵 lndian Days, n. d Above: Teepee at Maligne Lake, 1924. Left.:Stoney Natives racing horses in the foothills near MorIey, 1907.

72 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS ROOMS 「 7 attack by German U-boats, hiS partlcipatlon on many guides and 0 utfitters the Allies experimented with capitalized on ne 、 opportu- mountarneerlng ascents, maklng an ai rcraft Harmon's photography nltles ー operating IOdges, 仔 01 れ a mrxture Of ice and offered a unique and boat tours, and pioneerlng remarkably popular perspec- downhill skiing in the wood chips. Despite Rockies. enthusiastic backing by tlve on the Rockies. Many of the photographs repro- Before the days of none Other than Sir 、仮 n ー duced in this book come refrigeration, the ice harvest ston Churchill, the bizarre idea was fraught with 伝 0n1 the collection Of more 、 an important annual problems, and was aban- than 6500 Byron Harmon enterpnse in the ROCkies. lmages, Ⅵ , ・ preserved in Large ChunkS Of ice 、 cut doned the following winter ・ from the frozen surface of the Whyte Museum at Lake Louise and the Bow Ban 圧 The advent of the River, and stored in ice houses for use ln stores and automobile during the hotels the following sum- second decade of the 19th century, made business ln mer. This difficult job provided employment for the Rockies mercurial. Some SWiSS Guides and outfitters traditional enterpnses, such during the off-season. as trail guiding, declined' as North Americans expressed Pro bably the stranges [ endeavour in the history Of their ne 、 found fascination the Rockies took place in With the horseless carriage. Ultimately of course, the the winter of 194 引 at Patricia Lake near Jasper ・ automobile created more Desperate for a vessel which industry ln tourrsm than it would be invincible to undermined, and some Above: Ban 幵 Avenue during the Winter Carnival, 1929. opposite top: The ice palace at the first Winter Carnival, 1917. Prisoner Of war labour was used tO construct the palace. 〇 pposite わ 0 om : Ph0tographer Byron Harmon on CastIeguard Mountain, 1924.

58 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS J1mmy Simpson cut hiS 1920. Simpson parleyed his Simpson spent many of teeth in the trail business as skills into a successful his later days at Num-ti-Jah. camp cook workmg for hunting b usiness , cultivatlng AS With many mountaln Tom Wilson s company an elite and wealthy clientele men and 、 vomen, he was from 1897-1901. Simpson 01 れ the eastern United long-lived. He died in 1972 must have learned the ropes States. ln the 、 Minters he at age 95. The mountaln of traillife well, for from hunted and trapped alone in immediately north of the this humble beginning he the country north of Bow lake was named in his emerged as perhaps the most Lake. honour the following year ・ knowledgeable and profi- Simpson began building C1ent trail guide ever tO 、 Num-ti-Jah Lodge (pro- in the Rockies. Kn() 、 tO nounced numm-TAH-zjaah) Natives as Nashan-essen ー on the shores of Bow Lake WhiCh means 。、 M01verine go in 1920 , replacing a camp he quick" ー Simpson had a had operated since the early remarkable ability to travel 1900 ' s. The octagonal shape of the main lodge resulted s 、 viftly in the mountains. He from the desire to build a 、 alSO a great hunter, and large structure, 、 only is credited 、 vith taklng a world record bighorn ram rn short timbers 、 vere available. Above: Teepee at BOW Lake, Columbia lcefield Expedition, 1924. Opposite bottom: 」 immy Simpson, legendary trail guide and builder of Num-ti- 」 ah L0dge

78 THE CANADIAN ROCKIES: A HISTORY PHOTOGRAPHS Labour unrest and poor Boat tours have operated on A visit to Lake Minnewanka econom1CS put end tO the 、 Minne 、 since the and the Tunnel Mountain ln 1922 , and soon 1880 s, and for a time H00d00S has long been one after, every building in around the turn Of the of the most popular side Bankhead 、 removed or century, ice boating ln trips at Ban 圧 Nicknamed demolished. Many were wrnter 、 extremely "Devil's Lake ” after a transported to B anff, Native legend which tells of popular ・ Canmore and Calgary. The Coal 、 discovered in a malevolent creature ln 1tS mmers either tOOk up a new the vicinity of Lake Min- waters, Minne 、 iS in way 。日 i locally, or moved newanka in 1885. The truth tOday a reservoir. First on tO Other coal mining Canadian Pacific Railway dammed in 1912 tO provide areas ln 、 Mestern North developed a claim on the hydro-electricity for Banff, slopes of Cascade Mountarn A. merica. subsequent dammrng in 1903 , tO mine coal tO fire projects have created the its locomotlves. Eventually, largest body ofwater fifty-five kilometres of Banff National Park, raising tunnels 、 vere excavated. the original water level 25 When production peaked in metres, and extending itS length from 16 to 24 1911, 300 men 、 em- ployed below ground, and kilometres. A village which 180 above. More than 1000 formerly occup ied the people lived in the town lakeshore is now submerged ・ named Bankhead, which flo urished nearby. Top: Tour boats, the Daughter of the Peaks and The Aylmer, Lake Minnewanka, 1910. Opposite top: The tipple, where CO was sorted at the mining town of Bankhead, ca. 1906. Opposite bottom: Miners at Bankhead, ca. 1915.