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Chapter 4 The Creat Debater What brought Lincoln back to politics was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854. For a long time, Americans had been arguing about slavery. Should it be legal? And if so, where? ln 1820 , Missouri had become a state. Slavery was legalthere. At that tlme, Congress had declared that this was as far north as slavery could go. ln any land north of the Missouri border, slavery would never be allowed. Then, in 1854 , Congress went back on that decision. The Kansas-N ・ ebraska territory 、 vas north of the border limiting slavery. But now Congress said that when the territory became t 、 MO separate states, the people there could decide about slavery. They could make it legal if they wanted. Had Congress broken its promise? Abolition1sts—

WhO Was Abraham 0 ? April 11 , 1865. After four terrible years, the American Civil ・ War—the war between the North and the South—•、 Mas almost over. 、 6 、 it 、 clear that the North would win. President Abraham Lincoln had fought the war to prevent the rebel South from leaving the Union. He wanted the country tO stay 0 〃ど country—the ・ United States Of House, the the White 、 Mindow Of From the America. 1 the big crowd ぞ・ addressed president

behavior Of a comet. But now he had made it clear that the Union planned to end slavery for good. When LincoIn talked to his cabinet, he told them he was not asking their advice. He had made up his mind. The act took effect on January 1 , 1863. Slaves in the South heard the news. Right away, many of them escaped and went north. The Union army 、 : 1 ・イれ 70

More than eighty years earlier, the American colonies, north and south, had united tO break away from England and become a new country. Now Americans would be fighting Americans. Families were divided—even Lincoln's own family. His wife, Mary, had relatives in the South who owned slaves. They fought on the other side. ノ多ー一 CO 、 F. 0 ÄT ゞ 0 広直 0 広 DJ 53

Lincoln relied on Grant 1 れ ore and 1 Ⅱ ore. After one terribly bloody battle, many people thought Grant should be fired. But "I can t spare this man," LinCOln said. "He fights. " ln the North, fewer men 、 vere willing tO volunteer as soldiers. So in 1863 , LincoIn 。 called for a draft• For the first tlme in. A. merican history, men were forced to enlist in the army. ln New York, 社、ヤ 1 : よ一 1 イ

Chapter 7 The 三 d 0 引 a y As the 、 Mar neared the end Of its second year, more than one hundred battles had been fought, with many thousands ofmen wounded and killed. And still, neither side 、ö,ras wlnning. ln the North, it became harder and harder tO find men whO 、 Mere 、い旦 こ = ー : 去 willing to J0in the army. And the government 、 vas runmng out Of money tO pay for the war. The South had broken away to keep slavery. Yet, so far, Lincoln had avoided dealing ′っ 66

Union. Union soldiers had stopped the rebels from pushing their way north. But more than three thousand ・ Union soldiers and almost five thousand Confederate soldiers had been killed, and a special cemetery 、 created tO bury them all. The dedication of the cemetery took place on November 19 , 1863. Even though Lincoln was the president, he 、 Mas not the main speaker. That was Edward Everett, a man famous for long, fancy speeches. Everett talked for almost t 、 MO hours. Lincoln spoke for only two minutes. His words were simple and direct. He began by quoting a line 伝 om the Declaration of lndependence: "All men are created equal. '' He reminded his audience that the United States 、 Mas the first country founded on that idea of equality. ln 1776 , no one had known if such a country could work. Now people were wondering if it could last. Maybe it was about to 信Ⅱ apart. Lincoln could not give in to the rebels' demands, because the country had tO survlve. 76

with slavery directly. Now he realized he had to face the issue. . Abolitionists supported the 、 var because they thought it would end slavery. They wanted Lincoln to make it illegal once and for all. But even in the North, a lot of people were against this idea. LinCOln 、 afraid tO lose their support. So he hesitated. He wasn t sure that the president had the po 、 tO outlaw slavery. He had sworn tO protect the laws of the United States, and slavery in the South was legal. The president couldn't Just over- turn laws all by himself. That had to come 伝 om the people. Only the citizens of the country could change the ・ United States Constitut10n. At last, Lincoln came upon a way to do what he thought was right and at the same time obey the Constitution. A country at 、 var 、 vas allO 、 Med tO seize property that the enemy was using to fight the 、 var. Southern states were using slave labor in many ways that helped the war effort. Lincoln 67

LinCOln had no trouble getting volunteers for the army. People in the North supported the 、 Mar, and everyone thought it 、 vould be over soon. Lincoln believed that to fight a war, the president needed more po 、 Mer than in peacetlme. There are some things the president is not supposed tO do without the approval of Congress. LincoIn went ahead and did them, anyway—he built up the army and spent money on 、 Meapons. He alSO limited freedoms that were set dO 、 in the Constitution. He said that people who threatened the war effort could be sent to prrson without a trial. They didn't even have to be told what their crlme 、 vas. Because the 、、 SO popular, Congress let Lincoln get away with it. The war did not end quickly. On both sides, soldiers died in bloody battles that didn't accom- plish anything. Lincoln's army didn't seem to have a plan for winning the war. People began to wonder if Lincoln was up to the job. The president is the 54