18 November 19 November 20 November 27 November because they did not know how long it would be before they would sight any more. The relief was felt bY all. Bradford said: 'And SO like the men from Eshc011 they carried with them the fruits 0f the land, & showed their breethren; Of which, & their returne, they were marvelusly glad, and their harts incouraged'. On the eighth day ⅲ the colony the explorers t00k a rest. With the help Of their fellow PiIgrims the sixteen members 0f the inland expedition now changed their clothes, cleaned their arms and ammunition, enjoyed some square meals and rested up SO that they could return tO the East Creek area and continue their search for the lndians. AIthough some Of the PiIgrims wanted t0 mount another expedition on land, the general opinion was tO wait until the little shallop was ready, SO they could explore more effectively. Some Of the group were impatient t0 get Off the ship and ont0 dry land SO they could establish their settlement, especially Captain Jones and the M 佖の low could not stay ⅲ New EngIand forever. They had tO get 0ff the ship sooner or later. On the ninth day the PiIgrims commemorated the Sabbath with their usual service on bO d. Special prayers 0f thanksgivmg were said, acknowledging the safe return 0f Captain Standish, William Bradford and the sixteen-man expedition which had been away ⅲ the wilderness for three days. Their tenth day in the colony marked the s ねれ Of a waiting period. WinsIow said that although the members 0f the land exploration were keen t0 set out again, and had hoped their shallop would be ready ⅲ five or six days, at the longest, their carpenter was repairing the little boat very slowly. For the next week the PiIgrims were forced tO amuse themselves around the ship and immediate bay area while the carpenter did his best. At last, on the seventeenth day ⅲ the colony, the shallop was ready for its maiden voyage down south towards East Harbor's Pamet River. Bradford said that even Captain Jones accompanied the thlrty-four man p 0f Pilgrims and M04 ″ ow crew: 'the shalop being got ready, they set out againe for the better discovery Of this place, & the master Of the sh1P desired tO goe him selfe, SO ther went some 30 men but found it tO be no harbor for ships but only for boa '. Winslow said they made Captain Jones their leader for this expedition a compliment, ⅲ order to thank him for his kindness. Due tO the number Of men involved in this expedition, they decided to take b0th the shallop and the long boat. The going was not easy however and before long some 0f them had t0 get out 0f the boat and

19 December 20 December 88 M 佖 at the tip 0f Cape C0d appeared tO WinsIow t0 be shaped ⅲ fashion like a sickle or fish-hook. The Pilgrims decide d not to risk staying ashore without any shelters that night, SO, many being weary with marching, they went on board agam. The next mormng, WinsIow wrote, they continued to look for the exact spot tO settle. Some went on land, and some ⅲ the shallop. They found a creek, and went up three miles towards Kingston, finding the Jones's River which they described a very pleasant river if a little shallow. Although at high tide a bark 0f thirty tons had gone up it, at low water, their shallop could not have got through. At first the PiIgrims decided to settle ⅲ the Kingston area but they changed their minds when they became frightened 0f another lndian attack. WinsIow also complained that this place was t00 far from their fishing spots; fishing was their principal means Of making the profit they were under contract tO dO. He alSO claimed that it was SO sur- rounded ⅲ thick bush that they would be ⅲ great danger of the lndians especially their number were so little and there was SO much ground t0 clear before they could feel safe. Once again their settlement plans bogged down ⅲ debate and more research trips. Some 0f them wanted t0 settle opposite PIymouth ⅲ the Duxbury Bay area and some wanted tO stay where they were. WinsIow said some Of them then crossed the bay five or six miles over and found an isle about two miles long which was wooded but had no fresh water. This breakaway group argued that this remote island would be the best spot because it was so easy to defend and offered great security. After hours of debate during the day and that night the PiIgrims at last made up their minds. That night, they returned t0 the ship deter- mined tO make a start the next morning somewhere on the mainland. With people shivering ⅲ the confined space below decks on the M 佖の and weakened by diseases from the infected air, the time had come for the Pilgrim leaders to take a stand. Their f00d stocks were running out and, what seemed tO them even worse, their supply Of beer was now dangerously IOW. SO they narrowed the choice down t0 two places and decided t0 act boldly ⅲ the morning. After they had called on GOd for direction, they went ashore again tO inspect the two places they thought most fitting. According t0 Winslow, after landing and viewing the two places well they could, they came tO the conclusion by mqjority vote tO settle on the high ground, where there was a great deal 0f land cleared. This had been planted with corn three or four years ago and there was a brook running under the hillside with many delicate springs Of good water. The water was deep enough tO moor the boats there well and

They consequently had no issue but brought with them a sewant girl called Desire Minter, three men servants, a maid servant and a boy transported under his care. When Carver died suddenly after a day 0f hard work ⅲ the field ⅲ ApriI 1621 , he was aged fifty six years and was one 0f the oldest PiIgrims. 0 血 n Howland HowIand was one 0f the most enterpnsmg men ⅲ the colony and a success story from the start. His life was an early example Of what men could d0 if given the opportunities ⅲ the new land 0f America. He sailed a servant and aide t0 Governor Carver but before long he was performing SO well that he was appointed Assistant Governor. He played a leading role ⅲ the administration 0f the colony a good, solid man who could be trusted. HowIand was born ⅲ EngIand about 1593-94 and from an e age he travelled with the Carver family. He was there at the start part 0f the Leyden congregation SO was truly one 0f the PiIgrim Fathers. A resourceful man, he decided t0 stay with the Carvers believing ⅲ the Pilgrim cause. When he was swept overboard ⅲ a storm ⅲ the mid- AtIantic he had the presence 0f mind t0 reach out and grab a trailing rope and with the help 0f others pulled himself back out 0f the sea. AIthough listed a 'servant', he was more probably an 'employee' because he signed the November M 佖 10 Compact before many others and tOOk a leading role ⅲ the exploration and settlement and then administration 0f the colony. He married Elizabeth Tilley and had ten children before he died ⅲ Plymouth ⅲ 1687. aac Allerton lsaac Allerton was something 0f a Judas among the Pilgrim group. UnIike HowIand he was an example Of how power can corrupt, on achieving authority he betrayed his fellow Pilgrims for his own ends. lnitially he was a fine Pilgrim wh0 helped build the movement and create the settlement, serving Assistant Governor tO bOth Carver and then Bradford. The strains 0f making a living ⅲ the colony and the temptations proved t00 much for him however and he began tO put his own interests ahead 0f the group, eventually lying and cheating and betraying the Pilgrim cause. Born ⅲ England ⅲ 1586 he began his professional life a tailor ⅲ London. Later he married Mary Norris ⅲ Leyden, on 4 Oct0ber 1611 and was made a 'freeman' 0f Leyden on 7 February 1614. He sailed with the M 佖 low ⅲ 1620 , proving a tower 0f strength on the voyage. He then helped with early exploring parties, with the building of the settlement, and then with its administration d0ing much of the vital work for the Governors whom he assisted. He put all this 9

mvestment arrangement, between London speculators who ventured c 叩 i ね 1 and their work force the PiIgrims. They introduced to America the SPIrit Of free enterprise through their conscious decision to abandon their early communal system ⅲ favor of private enterprise, they found the latter far more efficient. Their religious mspiration enabled them to succeed, where others had failed and, while hundreds Of commercial settlers were massacred ⅲ Virginia, forcing them t0 abandon their settlements, the Pilgrims survived. Above all else, Of course, the PiIgrims considered themselves saints on a divine mission, attempting tO create a heaven on earth They saw themselves the chosen people, successors to the lsraelites who, like the vine 0f lsrael, had been plucked by the hand of God, trans- ported across the seas and transplanted in the promised land. Motivated by the purist religious ideals, they founded a religious settle- ment which ⅲ turn laid the basis for a strong religious foundation for the future American nation. As Bradford wrote: 'they knew they were pilgrimes, & looked not much on those things, but lift up their eyes to the heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits'. The Pilgrims had the conviction of men on a mission, united by heartfelt convictions and ideas of the mind, that forged them together emotionally and intellectually, giving them a common bond that each of them ⅲ turn would gladly have died for. As a result they had a noble sense Of purpose, incredible courage and relentless persistence•, one hundred and two Pilgrims against one hundred and two obstacles. Bradford related: 'their condition was not ordinarie; their ends were good & honourable; their calling lawfull, & urgente; and therefore they might expecte the blessing Of GOd ⅲ their proceding. Yea, though they should loose their lives ⅲ this action, yet might they have comforte ⅲ the same, and their endeavors would be honourable'. The Pilgrims pave d the way for latter-day emigrants to Americ a; their cause is like the cause symbolized by the Statue 0f Liberty. They were the forerunners of the political refugees of European wars from the mid-seventeenth century through to the great exodus of the Jews from Nazi Europe. Despite the high ideals that did so much to start America off on the right f00t, the PiIgrim story is a tale 0f woe. They were the 'wrong' so れ Of people tO create the settlement and generally made a mess of it. Their religion, which was their greatest asset, ironically was potentially also their greatest enemy. AIthough it gave them purpose and discipline it encouraged them t0 delay and dither while praying for guidance and deliberating ⅲ religious terms the significance and consequences of everyday matters. This same faith alSO made them rationalize unbeliev- able hardships that they should have avoided. lt was a miracle that these simple and disorganized country folk overcame the obstacles that fell ⅲ their path. NO other group could ever have had SO many problems tO overcome and no Other group VIII

28 February CO 〃 m, 0m0 drawing 可 0 れ ーれ市 0 ル dancer, labelled 'The 〃ド . 98 behind them. When they returned they discovered their tools had been taken away, SO in future they decided tO be more on their guard and to keep their guns always ready t0 fire. With more PiIgrims dying and the survivors getting we aker and weaker, fear began tO spread through the settlement now that the lndians seemed so close. Some 0f the Pilgrims were getting so fnghtened that they wanted tO go back t0 the ー佖″ 0 and so, after a meetmg with the leaders, it was decided tO form a proper guard responsible for protecting the colony. WinsIow said that ⅲ the morning, they called a meeting tO establish 'military orders' among themselves. They selected MyIes Standish their Captain and gave him authority of command ⅲ such affairs. Having served ⅲ the English military forces, Standish was well versed ⅲ traditional m ⅲね practices and procedures. As time passed he taught his fellow Pilgrims the basic arts 0f handling weapons and forming defensive positions m case Of enemy attack. lt was Bradford's opinion that, havmg made a good start on building the settlement, this was the next important milestone in the settle- ment's history: 'And after they had provided a place for their goods, or comone store , (which were long in unlading for want of bo ats, foul- ness Of winter weather, and sicknes) and begun some small cottages for their habitation, time would admitte, they mette and consulted of lawes & orders, b0th for their civill & military Governmente, the necessitie Of their condition did require, still adding therunto urgent occasion in severall times, and a.S cases did . Now if the lndians did attack they would be prepared. With all the setbacks to the building program, the delays in establish- ing the settlement and the continual threat Of lndian attack, factions inevitably formed. Many Of them, seeing their brothers and sisters dying around them, were terrified that they might be the next tO die. Bradford wrote: 'ln these hard & diffcult beginings they found some discontents & murmurings arise amongst some, and mutinous speeches & carriags ⅲ other; but they were soone quelled & overc ome by the wisdome , patience, and just & equal carrage Of things by the Govenor and better part, which clave faithfully togeather in the mame. The continuing death toll was nevertheless alarming. By the end of February the death toll had reached a peak. With many two or three people dying a day it was not long before half 0f their original number lay dead and buried beneath the frozen ground. Bradford: 'But that which was most sadd & lamentable was, that ⅲ 2 or 3 moneths time, halfe Of their company dyed, espetially ⅲ January & February, being the depth 0f winter, and wanting houses & other comforts; being infected with the scurvie & other diseases, which this long vioage & their inacomodate condition had brought upon them; SO ther dyed some times 2 or 3 0f a day, ⅲ the foresaid time; that 0f 100 & Odd persons, scarce 50 remained'.

drink and dance and make love to lndian wenches. This debauched behavior, which peaked some years later at the Merry Mount Mayp01e affair, eventually had t0 be suppressed by a punitive raid under C aptain Standish ⅲ order t0 re-establish the origl- nal discipline 0f the Pilgrims. The Merry Mount affair started, Bradford tells us, when Thomas Morton, a well educated but unscrupulous ad- venturer, arrived and tOOk control Of a nearby plantation at Mount Wallarton. The pleasure-loving Morton immediately changed the name of the location tO Merry Mount and began t0 plan some fun. Bradford claimed that 'after this they all fell to a great licientious- ness, and om then on led a most dissolute life'. Before long, Morton had become 'lord 0f misrule, and maintained ( it were) a school 0f sin. They set up a may-pole with much drinking, dancing and consorting with the lndian women'. Then tO make matters worse the pleasure seekers were forced tO trade their guns, powder and shOt ⅲ return for food om the lndians ⅲ order t0 maintain their abandoned lifestyle. At this point the PiIgrims lost patience not only was this pleasure camp undermining their puritan values but with arms and ammunition the lndians would become more 0f a threat. Having tried ⅲ vain t0 persuade MO れ on tO reform his ways, the Pilgrims eventually decided t0 storm the pleasure camp and take Morton and his revellers by force. Sending Captain Standish and a raiding party fully armed into the camp, the PiIgrims caught Morton and his men unawares, disarmed them, tied them up and dispatched MO れ on back tO England on the next ship. Although it was a victow for the way 0f life advocated by the PiIgrims it was not without some price. Once back in England, Morton published a bOOk attacking the Pilgrims for their dictatorial methods. By the end Of the first decade, however, Pilgrim publications like Mo ' S e 厄 0 れ and Winslow's G00d News 工川 New E れ 0 厄れ d had mspired Other religious groups t0 cross the Atlantic and t0 share in the re source s Of the New World. BY 1630 large shiploads 0f puritans under the leadership of Governor J0hn Winthrop established other settle- ments ⅲ the Massachusetts Bay area which came under the auspices Of the powerful Massachusetts Bay Company. Before long the different settlements were forced tO create a Feder- ation ⅲ order tO work together and tO defeat the common lndian enemy by then, with Squanto and Samoset long dead, the lndians opposed such massive numbers invading their country. Then ⅲ 1643 the New EngIand Confederation was created out 0f the fO colonies Of Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New Haven and PIymouth basically for defence against lndians, French and Dutch rivals ⅲ New EngIand. TWe New England Confederation was the first union 0f independent colonies and was a model for the later Articles 0f Con- federation, which led ⅲ turn to the Union of the United States. lndeed Bradford said himself was t0 the admiration 0f many, and allmost wonder Of the world; that Of SO small beginnings SO great 'SO the light here kindled hath shone tO many . things should insue 0 nce the settlement ん ad become established the Pilgrims e 尾 able build s リ bs 厩 I houses これ P mo 砒ん 130

14 January 16 January 17 January 18 January 15 January t00k their companions back tO these good locations and passed by many lakes, brooks and woods. Winslow sald the land was good, especially in one place where the lndians had burnt an area 0f ground about five miles ⅲ length, which was fine and level country. Another blOW now struck the new settlement. lronically on the first Sabbath that they were able t0 observe on shore, the main building they had painstakingly constructed was damaged by e. According t0 WinsIow they first realized the fire had started when they saw the smoke 朝 om the M 佖 . He said that ⅲ the mornmg, at about six o'clock, they came on deck the ship was battered by a very great wind and they saw the building on fire. He described this a new 'discomfort'. As no Pilgrims were out and about that early, they understandably blamed the lndians. WinsIow said they soon discovered that the lndians were not tO blame, however, on landing, they realized that the house was set on fire by a spark that flew int0 the thatch. Some PiIgrims had been asleep inside the building at the time, including Governor Carver and Bradford who was still bedridden from his illness. WinsIow described how they would have died if they had not risen with 'good speed', because they could have been blown up with the gunpowder stored indoors. Others could also have died in the fire because at the time this common house was being used as a temporary and overcrowded hospital for the sick and dying. WinsIow said it was full Of beds end-to- end. The day after the fire the heavens opened if to prevent the possibility Of further sparks. WinsIow lamented that it rained all day; the people on ship board could not go on shore and those on shore could not dO any labor because it was SO wet. More people continued t0 fall sick ⅲ the wet and cold weather. The Pilgrims were still without proper shelter and the numb er of dead continued tO mount. Some were buried ⅲ the little graveyard that had been established on Burial Hill. Fine weather enabled them t0 s ねれ work again. lnitially they had to clean up the ruined 'common house' and clear away the blackened debris. Another fine day enabled them t0 begin rebuilding the burnt out build- ing and resume work on their individual homes. WinsIow said it was a warm day 0f sunshine, more like spring than winter. Those people ⅲ good health worked cheerfully. 95

25 December 7. 8. 9. passengers, possibly connected with the Leyden congregation. 29. William Wright, married PrisciIIa Carpenter, was one Of the OIder om Worc e ster, E ngland. 28. John WinsIow, brother of Edward, passenger on the M 佖″ 0 , 27. William Tench, very little known. 26. James Steward, no further record Of him at Plymouth after 1623. brought over an apprentice by one Of the Other passengers. 25. Hugh Statie, a yeoman, not a freeman until 1642 may have been the Church at Leyden. 24. Moses Simonson, possibly a minor when he enugrated, member Of he ermgrated. 23. Thomas Prence, future Governor, had just reached majority when 22. WiIIiam Pitt, probably returned t0 EngIand prior tO 1627. London. 21. William PaImer, nailer, one of the older passengers, possibly from 20. Austin Nicolas, may have been 0f Flemish origin. 19. Thomas MO れ on , possibly from AusterfieId, York, home 0f Bradford. ⅲ the ス e 18. Benedict Morgan, sailor, of Clerkenwell, London, returned to England 17. William HiIton, possibly fishmonger, of Northwich, Chester. 16. Robert Hicks, fellmonger of London. 15. Martha Ford, who was delivered 0f a son the first night she landed. 14. Master Ford, first name unknown, husband of Martha Ford. Master Flavel, his son. 13. Thomas FIaveI, probably from one of the suburbs 0f London, with a servant tO one Of the Other passengers. 12. PhiIIipe de la Noye, sixteen years 0f age when he arrived, probably 11. Stephen Dean, miller, bachelor, another Of the 'lusty yonge men . 10. Thomas Cushman. only and returned t0 England with the お 0 れ e. Robert Cushman, WOOI carder and agent, wh0 came for observation William Coner, Bachelor. John Cannon, bachelor 朝 om London. 127 'SO he led-away the rest and left them; but when they came home at them till they were better informed. tould them that if they made it mater 0f conscience, he would spare it wente agamst their consciences tO work on that day. SO the Govenor usual,) but the most Of this new-company excused them selves and sald called Chrismas-day, the Govenor caled them out t0 worke, ( was remember one passage more, rather 0f mirth then Of waight. On the day tensions ⅲ the future and he said by way 0f conclusion: 'OnlY I shall the newcomers behaved on such an important day there would be Bradford. He was one 0f the old guard who believed that 朝 om the way final incident recorded on Christmas Day by the tireless Governor The likely success or failure of the settlement was soon indicated ⅲ a

The Firs t Thanks giving 9 November 122 Because the New World had been SO kind t0 them, the PiIgrims then decided tO give thanks tO GOd for their produce and tO the local lndians who had helped them by organizing a major feast. The most honored guest of all was, of course, Massasoit and his fellow braves and their squaws. For three days, the PiIgrims entertained and feasted. The lndians killed five deer which they brought back tO the Plantation and 'bestowed' on their hosts. They had not seen any sign 0f a sailing ship for over a year by now. ConsequentIy, the Pilgrims were besides themselves with j0Y when suddenly over the horizon a set Of white sails appeared. After hearing the warning from their lookout, they rushed tO the beach tO discover that this ship was the FO e. Eager for news, they were reassured by the people wh0 struggled ashore from their long boats that the M 佖 had sailed safely back t0 England. Now the Fo れ e had brought a second party Of settlers. This was the biggest milestone in their experiment so f . The settle- ment was being taken seriously back in England and, with new laborers and breeders, it could now succeed. Havmg feared that they might all perish, it now seemed they could surxnve a second winter. The お 0 れ e had sailed direct from England with thirty-five pas- sengers for the Plymouth Plantation. lt arrived on 9 November and Bradford observed that this was 'about that time twelfe month that them selves came'. The Pilgrims were surprised, it was a 'small ship tO them unexpected or 10ked for'. The numbers ⅲ PIymouth had swelled suddenly from less than fifty t0 eighty-five. ln fact, by morning it had become eighty-six, the goodwife' Ford gave birth t0 a son the first night she landed. The new batch of settlers included Robert Cushman, their old PiIgrim friend, who had remained with the abandoned Speedwell when they had set out om England in August 1620 : 'the お 0 れれ e contained Mr. Cushman ()o much spoken Of before) and with him 35 persons t0 remaine & live in the plantation; which did not a litle rqoyce them'. The new arrivals were relieved tO find the PiIgrim settlement flourishing many had begun tO doubt the viability 0f the new plant- ation: 'And they when they came a shore and found all well, and saw plenty 0f vitails ⅲ every house, were no less glade. For most Of them were lusty yonge men, and many Of them wild enough, wh0 litle con- sidered whither or aboute what they wente, till they came intO the harbore at Cap-C0dd, and ther saw nothing but a naked and barren place'. ln fact, the new settlers had been SO worried that the Pilgrims had not made a good start that they st01e the sails from the yards tO stOP the FO e leaving without them if they decided not tO stay. Bradford said the newcomers on the お 0 れ e 'then begane tO thinke what should become 0f them, if the people here were dead or cut 0f by the lndeans.

11 November Gunfight at Eastham CorraI November—December 1620 s 夜 , 佖〃 0 れ the s d 佖をれ , 市 ey ん e 佖 d 佖 0 砒 & s 佖 ge crie, w んん市 ey knew be the same voyces ey んぞ佖れ the ん 4 市 0 0 ん市 ey 佖 e 市 e 加 notes, & one 可 co 佖 4 わ 0 佖わ川佖 d came 0 れ , & cried, ・ 'Men, lndeans, lndeans ”・佖れ d れん佖〃ん e 0 owes c 佖 e アれ 0 佖 0 れ 0 ん夜ル William Bradford The M 佖″ 0 had landed the PiIgrims safely ⅲ America, but she had left EngIand much later than planned and the voyage had taken much longer than it should have. lnstead 0f arrivmg at a more hospitable time, the North American landscape that now greeted them was a cold and desolate wilderness. lt would hardly have seemed a promised land t0 the little band standing on the deck 0f their little ship. The thought 0f carving a home out Of this icy wasteland must have seemed daunting especially the Atlantic storms and shortages Of fOOd and water had already weakened their health and tested their resolve. Bradford, once again aware Of the historic moment, summed up their trepidation: 、 But hear I cannot but stay and make a pause, and stand half amased at this poore peoples presente condition; and SO I thinke will the reader t00 , when he well considers the same. Being thus passed the vast ocean, and a sea Of troubles before ⅲ their preparation ( may be remembered by that which wente before), they had now no friends tO wellcome them, nor mns tO entertaine or refresh their weatherbeaten bodys, no houses or much less townes tO repame tOO, tO seeke for succoure . AIways mmdful 0f their religious mission the chosen or trans- 'the vine 0f lsrael' ーー Bradford then compared their planted people plight with more fortunate biblical refugees wh0 were befriended by local savages: saymg 'lt is recorded ⅲ scripture a mercie tO the apostle & his shlpwraked company, that "the barbarous people shewed no litle kindness: for they kindled a fire, and received us one, because Of the present rain, and because Of the cold" ' 65