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6 December A small fire broke out a result. The cabin almost caught fire, and came within four feet 0f the bed between the decks. lt was a lucky escape because if the ship had burnt down the PiIgrims would have lost their only home. However by G0d's mercy, no harm was done, WinsIow said. The M 佖″ ow had been moored at the tip of Cape Cod for twenty-six days and still everybody was crowded on bO d. By now most people thought it was about time that they selected a place tO build their village. More than 100 people remained pressed below decks in the most cramped and uncomfortable quarters. Wading through the cold water and living in damp clothes had given many 0f the Pilgrims colds and ⅲ the confined quarters chest infections spread throughout the group ・ Despite all this, they could not yet agree where tO live. lt was like the problem 0f deciding whether t0 go t0 Guiana or Virginia all over again. The group was SO democratic that evewone had t0 have their say and all opinions had tO be carefully weighed. The pro-Cape C0d lobby group claimed they should get 0ff the ship where they were and start a settlement near the Pamet River at the north end 0f the Cape C0d peninsula. This Pamet River group claimed that it was a convenient harbor for boats; the SOil was obviously good for growmg corn as the buried corn demonstrated; the fishing and whaling were excellent; it was a healthy and secure location that could be easily defended; and now that it was t00 cold t0 go out searching for a better spot it was important tO get ashore and build warm shelters before everyone died 仕 om the cold or related diseases. As it was, even now, they claimed the cold and wet lodgings had affected them all with vehement coughs; their lives were already in danger because the M 佖の IO had become a contaminated and sickly ship breeding infection and disease. Finally, the f00d was runmng out fast and before long they would not even have meat, butter or beer t0 give them the energy they needed t0 build their homes. Once the f00d stocks began t0 disappear the M 佖″ owe would have tO take 0ff and return tO EngIand, leaving them tO fend for themselves. But the anti-Cape C0d group wanted tO go north tO lpswich which they believed would have a better harbor, better soil and better fishing. This group said it would be foolish t0 settle down without looking around more, and that there was no fresh running water locally, only ponds. After a long discussion the Pilgrims compromised and decided tO look for a better spot than the Pamet River, but within the greater Cape Cod Harbor itself. ln consequence, the M 佖〃 OW ' S pi10t Richard Coppin suggested they go and 100k at the river which flowed out int0 the bay at PIymouth Harbor, across the bay from where they were now. A ten-man party set out on what was tO be a seven-day trip (their

lndeed, they seemed destined t0 find dead lndians rather than live ones. Once again they came across an lndian graveyard. Winslow sald that they found a great burying place which was surrounded with a large wall like a churchyard, with young posts, four or five yards long, set close tO each Other they could be. lnside the fence it was ⅲⅡ Of graves, big and small. Some graves were fenced themselves and others had an lndian house made over them, although not matted. These were more sumptuous than the grave s at C ornhill. This time they did not dig any 0f them up but only viewed them, and went away. Then at last they established that they were indeed in the land of the livmg when they found some new lndian homes and possessions in this Eastham area. WinsIow said that they explored they found four or five lndian houses, which had been inhabited but were uncovered, and had no mats in them. There was nothing left inside but for two or three pieces 0f 01d mat. A little further on, they found two baskets full Of parched acorns hidden in the ground which they supposed had been corn. As the sun set, the explorers managed tO return tO the beach near Eastham's Great Meadow Creek and the safety 0f their boat, which was a relief t0 them all. Bradford: 'When the sune grue low, they hasted out of the woods t0 meete with their shallop, t0 whom they made signes tO come t0 them int0 a creeke hardby, the which they did at highwater; Of which they were very glad, for they had not seen each Other all that day, smce the morning . Not wishing t0 take any risks that night they built a temporary fort in the Eastham area. Bradford pointed out it was just well they did: 、 SO they made them a barricado ( usually they did night) with loggs, staks, & thike pine bowes, the height 0f a man' leaving it open t0 leeward, partly t0 shelter them from the could & wind (making their fire ⅲ the midle, & lying rounde aboute (t), and partly t0 defend them from any sudden assaults 0f the savags, if they should surround them. SO being very weary, they betooke them t0 rest'. Winslow said that they tOOk the usual precaution Of setting a watch. SO far SO good, but then ⅲ the middle 0f the night they had t0 leap t0 their feet and fire 0ff a couple 0f sh0ts in response t0 a false alarm. Bradford: 、 Aboute midnight, they heard a hideous & great crie, and their sentinell caled, "Arme, arme"; SO they bestired them & st00d t0 their armes, & shOte Of a cupple 0f moskets, and then the noys seased. They concluded it was a companie 0f wolves, or such like willd beasts; for one of the sea men tould them he had 0ften heard shuch a noyse in New-found land'. While Bradford was away on this trip, his wife DorothY fell over- board and drowned in the icy waters 0f Cape C0d Harbor. NOW there were only 100 Pilgrims left. Although Bradford must have been de- vastated by this tragic accident, he did not record it in his journal. 80

July, 1620 Abandoning a SinI<ing Ship 」 uIy—September 1620 SO 市 ey I イ市砒 000 観 4 & 盟 le 佖 s 佖 e , w んんん ad been e s れ 0 盟厄 c 己 e 佖 12 ye 佖 s , ・わ ey knew ey 盟を es , & 0 ん ed 襯 c ん 0 れ those れ gs , わロびこ e 加 eyes the ん e 佖夜 , こん e dearest c e , 佖 記ん s. 盟 ts. William Bradford The PiIgrims left Europe at an opportune time. By 1620 the Thirty Years War was well under way, with Cath01ics and Protestants locked ⅲ a violent conflict that would not end till 1 8. The Spanish threat materi- alized ⅲ the form Of an invasion troops drove their way further north from the lberian PeninsuIa, leaving a trail 0f destruction and misery behind them. Because the Dutch dominated international trading routes and the Dutch East lndia Company itself had thrown a network around the globe, HOIIand was an ideal departure point. There was no lack 0f expenenced ships' captains or crew for the voyage the PiIgrims now undertook. Announcing their departure om H011and, Bradford related: 'At length after much travell and these debats, all things were got ready and provided'. The Pilgrims had been able t0 charter the SpeedweU, which Bradford hope d they could use for fishing ⅲ the colony when they arrived. The Speedwell was smaller than the average size 0f fishmg vessels that worked the coastal waters off Holland and seemed a dangerously small ship ⅲ which t0 sail across the three thousand miles 0f the AtIantic Ocean to America ー especially so many had died ⅲ the previous maritime expedition tO Virginia ⅲ the ship chartered by Elder Blackwell. Yet they had plans for this ship: 'A smale ship (of some 60 tune) was bought, & fitted ⅲ H01and, which was intended t0 serve tO help tO transport them, SO tO stay ⅲ the cuntrie and atend upon fishing and shuch other affairs might be for the good & benefite of the colonie when they came ther'. 43

9 November 10 November 11 November 64 blown them far no れ h. By now they were so exhausted that they were prepared t0 make a landfall wherever they could; even though the first land they saw turned out t0 be Cape Cod, way to the north 0f their destination. The Pilgrims at last actually saw land. WinsIow described that after many difficulties ⅲ boisterous storms, on 9 November following break of the day, they spied land which they deemed to be Cape Cod SO goodly a land, and wooded t0 the brink 0f the sea'. As official scribe Bradford added: 'After long beating at sea they fell with that land which is called Cape C0d; the which being made & certainly knowne tO be it, they were not a litle joyfull'. Bradford then explained how, even though they realized they were north 0f the area where they had planned tO land, they decided t0 settle around Cape C0d: 、 After some deliberation had amongst them selves & with the master 0f the ship, they tacked aboute and resolved tO stande for the southward (the wind & weather being faire) tO finde some place aboute Hudsons river for their habitation. But after they had sailed that course aboute halfe the day, they fell amongst deangerous shoulds and roring breakers, and they were SO farr intangled ther with they conceived them selves in great danger; & the wind shrinking upon them withall, they resolved tO bear up agame for the Cape, and thought them selves hapy t0 gett out Of those dangers before night overtooke them, as by G0ds providence they did. And the next day they gott intO the Cape-harbor wher they ridd in saftie'. Bradford: 'Being thus arived ⅲ a good harbor and brought safe to land, they fell upon their knees & blessed the G0d 0f heaven, wh0 had brought them over the vast & furious ocean, and delivered them 朝 om all the periles & miseries therof, againe tO set their feete on the firme and stable earth their proper elemente. And no marvell if they were thus j oyefull'. Having sailed thousands Of miles across the AtIantic the plucky little M 佖 IO had thus arrived safely in America, finally delivering the PiIgrims t0 their pro mise d land. But their joy would be shortlived, for death lay in wait for them on the icy shore. By the end Of their first winter half 0f those now waiting expectantly in the ship would be dead.

1 April 112 men had died. ln reviewing the sad body count Bradford wrote at this stage that Of the 'hundred persons which c ame first over in this first sh1P together, the greater half died in the general mortality, and most of them in two or three months' time'. Even then nobody knew exactly what disease had taken such a toll of them, although Bradford referred t0 the scurvy and others men- tioned coughs and colds, pneumonia and Other diseases. But as Bradford said 'The wanting of houses and other comforts', having arrived ⅲ the freezing New England winter, following months on the long voyage with an inferior diet, itself an ordeal, was enough tO kill off all but the really fit'. lt had been a grim start for the new colony. During the worst moments the 'living were scarse able t0 bury the dead' and 'the well were not sufficient tO tend the sick'. There were during their greatest illness 'but six or seven able t0 move about t0 help Others 'although they spared no pains tO help them'. But now with virtually half the company dead, it was time for them t0 stand alone. The M 佖″ ow had t0 return t0 England. Bradford recounted that, although almost half the M 佖″ 0 e/s crew of fifty had aISO died, the ship was now ready and able tO return tO EngIand and report the terrible news: They now begane t0 dispatch the ship away which brought them over, which lay tille aboute this time and the reason on their parts why she stayed SO long, was the necessitie and danger that lay upon them, for it was well towards the end Of Desember before she could land any thing hear, or they able tO receive any thing ashore'. lt must have been a frightening moment for those staying behind the ship prepared t0 leave them in the new land with all its problems. Nevertheless Bradford said they would have liked the ship t0 have left earlier because 0f the extra cost 0f keeping the ship there. He explained however that the ship could not have sailed any earlier they needed it a safe base. ln January, for example, 'the house which they had made for a generall randevoze by casulty fell a 血℃ , and some were faine tO retire abord for shilter'. 'Then the sicknes begane tO fall sore amongst them, and the weather SO bad they could not make much sooner any dispatch' and SO seeing SO many dye, and fall downe sick dayly, thought it no wisdom tO send away the ship, their condition considered, and the danger they st00d ⅲ from the lndeans, till they could procure some shelter; and therfore thought it better tO draw some more charge upon them selves & freinds, then hazard all'. Having delayed salling and lost many crew, the M 佖の IOW could not have returned until some Of the sick sailors recovered: 'The master and sea-men like-wise, though before they hasted the passengers a shore tO be goone, now many 0f their men being dead, & 0f the ablest 0f them,

31 March CharIton, because ther the savages are lese t0 be feared'. Dermer continued; 'The Pocanawkits, which live tO the west of PIimoth, bear an inveterate malice t0 the EngIish, and are of more streingth then all the savags from thence tO Penobscote. There desire 0f revenge was occasioned by an EngIish man, wh0 having many Of them on bord, made a great slaughter with their murderers & smale shot'. NevertheIess, Dermer wrote, 、 The soyle 0f the borders Of this great bay, may be compared t0 most 0f the plantations which I have seen in Virginia wher groweth the best T0baco' and ⅲ 'the botume Of that great bay is store 0f C0dd & basse, or mulett' 田 t0 the north 'Massachussets is about 9 leagues from Plimoth, & situate ⅲ the mids between b0th, is full of ilands & peninsules very fertill for the most parte'. Bradford also learnt of another expedition ⅲ which Squanto had been involved with Captain Dermer where, on going a shore amongst the lndans tO trad, he used t0 doe, was betrayed & assaulted by them, & all his men slaine, but one that kept the boat; but him selfe gott abord very sore wounded, & they had cut 0f his head upon the cudy 0f his boat, had not the man reskued him with a sword'. Bradford concluded: By all which it may appeare how farr these people were from peace, and with what danger this plantation was begune, save the powerfull hand of the Lord did protect them . The lndians for their part suspected the PiIgrims. Squanto confessed to Bradford that the lndians feared the PiIgrims had come tO revenge an earlier European crew wh0 had been shipwrecked with unfortunate consequences on the same shore. He t01d Bradford this was partly the reason why they kept a100fe & were SO long before they came t0 the EngIish. He said about 3 years before, a French-ship was cast away at Cap-Codd, but the men gott ashore, & saved their lives, and much 0f their victails, & 0ther goods; but after the lndeans heard Of it, they geathered togeather from these parts, and never left watching & dogging them till they got advantage, and kild them all but 3 or 4 which they kept, & sent from one Sachem t0 another, t0 make sporte with, and used them worse then slaves' and 'they conceived this ship was now come tO revenge it'. As the month 0f March drew to a close the Pilgrims looked back on their tragic death to Ⅱ . Although most 0f the Pilgrims had died ⅲ January and February the losses in March had also been great. There were still sickly ones that would not recover. The fatalities had been a dreadful blow to the little community. B0th 0f the main scribes, Bradford and WinsIow, had lost their original wives ⅲ the New WorId had their m ⅲね leader C 叩ねⅲ Standish. The Company's treasurer, Christopher Martin, his wife, and other members 0f the household had all perished. PriscilIa was the only survivmg member 0f the Mullins family; was Mary Chilton from her family. Nine 0f the young, single 111