attacks and they had the great good fortune to be befriended by civilized lndians such Samoset and Squanto, who taught them the ways Of the New WorId and how tO survive. There were of course bad eggs ⅲ the Pilgrim basket, such John Billington and lsaac Allerton who were the first betrayers of the common cause, but ⅲ general, standards 0f the PiIgrims were very high. The events of this story happened a long time ago. Lots of dates and names went missing long ago. This b00k does not claim tO tell the whole truth and nothing but the truth. lt does however attempt to portray the truth closely possible and although the line is blurred from time tO time it is more fact than fiction. ln this b00k the onginal dates given by the PiIgrims have been used the chronology. However it should be remembered that the calendar year ⅲ the seventeenth century was different from the modern calen- d . Today we start the New Year on 1 January. Then, the Pilgrims started the New Year on 25 March. However, in this book I have taken the liberty 0f starting the year on 1 January, even though I have used the old dates the basis for the chronolog•r. ⅲ most cases the direct quotes are taken from Bradford's JournaI, 0 工 刊 0 刊佖れ阨 0 ル The accounts given by WinsIow which are not ⅲ direct quotes, are generally from his Relation, or Journal, published by George Mourt, and which are Often referred t0 . MO れ ' s 究 e 厄 0 ル The intention has been tO let the PiIgrims tell their own story much possible, SO I have attempted tO minimize comment. At the same time the ancient EngIish is explained t0 the reader ⅲ a popular style that makes it intelligible. As Bradford's manuscript was lost for so many years, it is lmportant now tO bring his writings tO the notic e 0f the American public. lf, ⅲ some cases, a word is totally unintelligible, it has been altered for convenience. These changes include 'the' for ye' and 'that' for '. lt should also be noted that there are many inconsistencies ⅲ spelling throughout the journal, and that historically, there are alSO many incon- sistencies in the factS presented 仕 0n1 various sources. The bOOk has been written for the man on the street, as this is where the story should be tOld. There are many excellent scholarly references on the PiIgrims and this is by no means an attempt t0 supercede any Of these b00ks that have gone before. But in order tO understand their story, we have tO IOOk at whO the Pilgrims were, what principles they held dear, why they chartered the .4 佖 / 催 and, ⅲ essence, what it was tO be a Pilgrim.

But Bradford then claimed that those biblical refugees were luckier with the natives than his PiIgrim group in America 'these savage barbarians, when they mette with them ( after will appeare) were readier t0 fill their sids full of arrows then otherwise . Bradford in fact believed that the Pilgrims were in something of a predicament. He seemed now tO be having second thoughts every- thing seemed tO be going against the exhausted M 佖の w voyagers. They could not have come to America at a worse time: 'it was winter, and they that know the winters Of that cuntrie know them to be sharp & violent, & subjecte tO cruell & feirce stormes, deangerous to travill to known places, much more tO serch an unknown coast'. The Pilgrims were also frightened of the wild beasts that might lie in wait: 'Besids, what could they see but a hidious & desolate wildernes, ⅲⅡ of wild beasts & willd men? and what multituds ther might be of them they knew not. Nether could they, it were, goe up to the tope of Pisgah, tO vew om this willdernes a more goodly cuntrie to feed their hops: for which way soever they turnd their eys (save upward to the heavens) they could have little solace or content in respect of any outward objects. For summer being done, all things stand upon them with a weatherbeaten face; and the whole countrie, full of woods & thickets, represented a wild & savage heiw'. Bradford knew, however, that there was no going back: 、 If they looked behind them, ther was the mighty ocean which they had passed, and was now a maine barr & goulfe tO seperate them from all the civill parts 0f the world. If it be said they had a ship to sucour them, it is trew; but what heard they daly from the master & company? but that with speede they should 100ke out a place with their shallop, wher they would be at some near distance; for the season was shuch he would not stirr from thence till a safe harbor was discovered by them wher they would be, and he might goe without danger; and that victells consumed apace, but he must & would keepe sufficient for them selves & their returne'. And against this background, mutiny had now become a possibility or at least desertion, as Captain among the disenchanted ship load Jones and his impatient グ佖 w crew wanted tO be gone. 'lt was muttered by some, that if they gott not a place ⅲ time, they would turne them & their goods ashore & leave them. Let it also be considred what weake hopes Of supply & succoure they left behinde them, that might bear up the ⅳ minds ⅲ this sade condition and trialls they were under; and they could not but be very smale'. Nor could Reverend J0hn R0binson and their brother Pilgrims back ⅲ Leyden help them now. Bradford mused: 第 is true, indeed, the affections & love 0f their brethren at Leyden was cordiall & entire towards them, but they had litle power t0 help them, or them selves; and how the case stOde between them & the marchants at their commg away, hath allready been declared. What could now sustaine them but 0 The seal 可 the New England colo れッ ( Ⅳ 0 A れ g 〃の featured 0 れ一れ市 0 れ sa. ツえ〃 g ・ CO 〃 ~ e over 0 d ん e ゆ ' レ〃ルリれ 0 〃れ d 60C ん ards. 66

The Firs t Thanks giving 9 November 122 Because the New World had been SO kind t0 them, the PiIgrims then decided tO give thanks tO GOd for their produce and tO the local lndians who had helped them by organizing a major feast. The most honored guest of all was, of course, Massasoit and his fellow braves and their squaws. For three days, the PiIgrims entertained and feasted. The lndians killed five deer which they brought back tO the Plantation and 'bestowed' on their hosts. They had not seen any sign 0f a sailing ship for over a year by now. ConsequentIy, the Pilgrims were besides themselves with j0Y when suddenly over the horizon a set Of white sails appeared. After hearing the warning from their lookout, they rushed tO the beach tO discover that this ship was the FO e. Eager for news, they were reassured by the people wh0 struggled ashore from their long boats that the M 佖 had sailed safely back t0 England. Now the Fo れ e had brought a second party Of settlers. This was the biggest milestone in their experiment so f . The settle- ment was being taken seriously back in England and, with new laborers and breeders, it could now succeed. Havmg feared that they might all perish, it now seemed they could surxnve a second winter. The お 0 れ e had sailed direct from England with thirty-five pas- sengers for the Plymouth Plantation. lt arrived on 9 November and Bradford observed that this was 'about that time twelfe month that them selves came'. The Pilgrims were surprised, it was a 'small ship tO them unexpected or 10ked for'. The numbers ⅲ PIymouth had swelled suddenly from less than fifty t0 eighty-five. ln fact, by morning it had become eighty-six, the goodwife' Ford gave birth t0 a son the first night she landed. The new batch of settlers included Robert Cushman, their old PiIgrim friend, who had remained with the abandoned Speedwell when they had set out om England in August 1620 : 'the お 0 れれ e contained Mr. Cushman ()o much spoken Of before) and with him 35 persons t0 remaine & live in the plantation; which did not a litle rqoyce them'. The new arrivals were relieved tO find the PiIgrim settlement flourishing many had begun tO doubt the viability 0f the new plant- ation: 'And they when they came a shore and found all well, and saw plenty 0f vitails ⅲ every house, were no less glade. For most Of them were lusty yonge men, and many Of them wild enough, wh0 litle con- sidered whither or aboute what they wente, till they came intO the harbore at Cap-C0dd, and ther saw nothing but a naked and barren place'. ln fact, the new settlers had been SO worried that the Pilgrims had not made a good start that they st01e the sails from the yards tO stOP the FO e leaving without them if they decided not tO stay. Bradford said the newcomers on the お 0 れ e 'then begane tO thinke what should become 0f them, if the people here were dead or cut 0f by the lndeans.

not elected Governor were 1633 , 1634 , 1636 , 1638 , and 1644 and on those occasions he was elected an assistant. UntiI 1639 when he was voted & 20 , he received no salary. Up t0 1651 he even had t0 feed and dine the court Of assistants at his own expense during their monthly sessions. He was by example the epitomy 0f the Pilgrim prmciples and values. He regarded the colony an overseas Congregational Church and conducted it such whenever possible, although the franchise was never restricted tO church members. His government could not be described truly democratic because in 1623 he declared that the generality were allowed tO share ⅲ the government only ⅲ some weighty matters, when we thinke good'. Nevertheless Bradford was always open tO debate and new ideas. ln practise the Pilgrim rank and file vested almost complete discretionary authority ⅲ their Governor. A man Of many talents Bradford was SO a fine writer. He expressed himself beautifully with a wide variety 0f referenc es , b0 山 religious and secular, and his words are a j0Y t0 read. From the start he had taken notes and had helped Winslow write the 1622 account 0f the Pilgrim settlement, which was edited by George Mourt, and subsequently re- ferred to MO ' S e 厄 0 ル This account was the first published story 0f the beginnmg and proceedings Of the English Plantation settled at PIymouth in New England by certain English adventurers, b0th merchants and others. lt tOld 0f their diffcult passage, safe arrival, joyful building 0f, and comfortable planting themselves ⅲ , the now well-defended town 0f New Plymouth, and concluded with stories on several discoveries made by some Of these English planters. Bradford's own, and considerably more complete, 0 工襯 0 厄れ協 0 れ , deals with the inception 0f the colony and its history tO 1 7. Bradford was also a self-made man and a thinker; a man 0f action; a fatherly figure 0f considerable charm, linguist, farmer, businessman, magistrate, diplomat and most Of all a man 0f GOd. He lived tO the age 0f sixty eight, dying on 19 May 1657. The 01d man 0f the colony bY then had seen many changes and sadly came t0 believe by the end 0f his life that the direction being taken by his descendants and the younger generation was away om the straight and narrow path. ln fact he died believing the G0d-given glory had departed from the Plymouth Colony. Edward Winslow After WilIiam Bradford, Edward Winslow was perhaps the most im- portant leader ⅲ the Pilgrim oup. Apart from Bradford, the main records 0f the M 佖〃 03 adventure were in fact written by Edward Winslow ⅲ the account known ー 0 れ ' s el 佖 0 れ . He was more 0f a man 0f the world than Bradford and was Just comfortable ⅲ the Royal Courts 0f England, the primitive colonies 0f America or on a mission tO the West lndies for Oliver Cromwell. AS a man 0f some substance, with a good and wealthy family background, 5

decided t0 call th1S place, which was right in the middle of the Eastham area, 'the place Of the first encounter . The Pilgrims did not think they were especially lucky to survive they believed G0d had given them special deliverance from the arrows. They claimed it was symbolic that, although their coats left hangmg ⅲ the trees were riddled with arrow hOles, they themselves went unharmed. Bradford said they had escaped 'by his spetiall provid- ence' and that G0d had protected them ensuring that 'not any one Of them were either hurte, or hitt, though their arrows came close by them, & on every side them, and sundry 0f their coats, which hunge up ⅲ the barricado, were shot throw & throw'. The party might have survived their first fight with the lndians but, even SO , they were still no clO ser tO finding a sp Ot on shore tO build their homes. They had been in the colony a month, an mcreasing number 0f people were sick and dying back on the crowded and infected M 佖″ ow and yet the men still dithered about looking for the ideal settlement spot. On the return of this latest land expedition, ⅲ fact, the explorers heard that a fourth person had died, James Chilton, whO was the head 0f a family household. His death reduced the PiIgrim numbers tO ninety-nine. If they did not move on shore and intO warm shelter soon their numbers would be seriously reduced and they would lack the labor t0 carve a settlement out Of the wilderness. Finding a settlement spot suddenly became a matter Of extreme urgency.

6 October 7 October 8 October 9 October 10 October 11 October 12 October 13 October 14 October 15 October 16 October these stormes the winds were so feirce, & the seas so high, they could not beare a knote Of saile, but were forced to hull, for diverce days togither'. Storms continued forcing the little 佖 / to sit tight and ride out the waves. EIizabeth Hopkins, wife of Master Stephen Hopkins, gave birth to a son whO, ⅲ honor Of the circumstances Of his birth was named Oceanus. He was the first child born on board the グ佖の low , and the only child born on high seas. Now there were 103 Pilgrims setting out for America. With the new baby well-wrapped up against the seas breaking into the ship, the 4 佖″ 0 pressed on. She was setting more sails to catch favorable winds. The leaks increased despite the new caulking and it was by now impossible for the PiIgrims t0 keep dry The Sunday prayer service was held despite the cramped conditions. Elder William Brewster gave thanks for the new born child and their progress across the Atlantic. The Pilgrims had been at sea for five weeks and the M 佖 had now crossed the Atlantic Ocean far as Longitude 40 degrees west. So far they had weathered all the storms without losing any of the passengers. ln fact, their number had grown from 102 t0 103 through the birth of Oceanus. Even so, high seas and following winds tossed the ship about and kept the Pilgrims wet. The M 佖″ ow had now reached a point that was on a line below GreenIand and those on board could take heart at her progress. The water splashing into the ship extinguished the galley fires. With no heat for cooking, the PiIgrims had to eat cold food. Again many 0f the Pilgrims were wet through with little chance of drying their clothes and some began to fall sick. Some of the Pilgrims began to despair and became depressed due to the long period away from the sight of land. A general state of melan- choly had set in. The wet and soggy food was becoming monotonous and some of the Pilgrims began to complain of a general feeling of weakness. Early signs Of scurvy were setting in.

men before the mast. This gave her a t0tal complement 0f fifty. The グ佖 Z02 remained ⅲ the colony for several months before returning t0 England and embarking on a series 0f successful commer- cial ventures. She then dlsappeared om the records. As a ship, she was rather squat, though not unshapely, built with high POOP 田 ld forecastle, broad Of beam, short ⅲ the waist, confined between decks and designed for carrymg cargo rather than for speed ー which was a characteristic Of the square rig Of her time, when little use was made of the fore and aft sails. the highest at the stern called the poop She had four main decks deck, the main deck out ⅲ the open running from the bow tO the stern and then a deck below this where the people lived, slept and ate; and finally another deck further below where the supplies were stored. There were so cabins of different sizes. The Captain's cabin was of course the largest and most comfortable but there was alSO a main cabin for the PiIgrims and Other more makeshift cabins built between decks tO accommodate all the extra people on the voyage. FamiIy groups had a cabin where possible; J0hn Billington certainly enjoyed one but most Of the single men and boys slept ⅲ bunks between decks. ln addition there was a galley area with a hearth box where meals could be cooked on a fire and people could huddle around and keep warm. Buckets served toilets and had tO be tipped out over the side 、 used. The 外佖 low carried guns, of course, t0 protect herself from pirates. ln fact the second ship t0 bring PiIgrims t0 the colony, the 0 れ e was captured by pirates. There were a magazine, and car- penters' and sailmakers' lockers. There were also compasses and Other navigational equipment in general use by most ships. On board the 盟 0 〃 0 the Pilgrims also carried a boat of their own called a shallop. This open sloop 0f thirty feet and about ten tons had both 0 s and a sail. There was also a smaller boat, and the Captain had a skiff for his own use.

lntroduction: The Vine oflsrael ・ s 0 こ可 s わ eg れれ gs 0 砒 e 市れ gs ん佖 e been produced わ 4 んなん佖 d 砒襯佖 e au れ gs 可 0 0 , 佖 gives われ 0 0 〃市を gs 市佖佖 , ・ 0 れ d one s 襯佖〃 c 佖襯 e 佖 4 1 ん佖 0 s 佖 d , so the I 厩ん e kindled ん硯ん shone to 2 れれ既 ye 佖れ SO 色 e SO e 0 0 ) ん ol,e 佖 0 れ , ・ let the 0 0 s 佖襯 e 可 e ん 0 佖 ん佖 0 〃 the 盟佖な e. ' William Bradford The Pilgrim story is an astonishing saga of hero ic men and women battling agamst the elements tO realize an impossible dream. If a modern writer presented the story a novel he may have difficulty finding a publisher, the epic drama seems inconceivable. But the adventures of this brave little band struggling towards their noble goal were all true. As a tale it is dramatic Homer's mythical UIysses fighting his way back home from Troy t0 lthaca; and a story it is more lmportant, because the story 0f the miracle Of the PiIgrims' settlement is alSO the story Of the miracle Of America. When the Pilgrims founded their settlement at Plymouth ⅲ 1620 , they planted se eds from which modern America grew. The character 0f that original settlement, more than anything else, has mfluenced the fundamental character 0f Americans and their way Of life. ConsequentIy the story Of the PiIgrims is 0f great significance tO every modern . American. The period in which the PiIgrims lived was oppressive. PeopIe were burnt at the stake for saying things that upset the church or state authorities. There was no freedom 0f religion. People died for believing ⅲ the wrong GOd. ln fact the Spanish lnquisition was developed t0 hunt down and torture people wh0 were suspected Of not having the right religious beliefs. The Roman Cath01ic church dominated the world and the armies 0f Europe enforced its rules and regulations. The Thirty Years War tore Europe apart during the period CathoIics and Protestants fought over the fundamental questions Of religion. For decades it was an uncertain and violent world the Spanish

29 December 30 December 31 December 1 January 1621 Winslow wrote that ⅲ the afternoon, they went to measure out the grounds. Then they calculated how many families there were, per- suading all single men t0 j0in a family 0f their chOice SO that they might build fewer houses. When this was done it reduced the PiIgrim groups t0 nineteen families. AIthough family households got more land than single men, all the PiIgrims received land grants which were allocated on a democratic basis. Single men got house block frontages of a little over eight feet with a depth of nearly fifty feet. The larger families were allotted bigger plots, but person received half a pole ⅲ breadth, and three ⅲ length. Having agreed on this, 10 were then cast and the land allo- cations were staked out. The land grants were small given the space available but, Winslow explained, they were feeling weaker by now and wanted tO make sure they could erect protective barricades around their homes, so they kept the area small possible. He said most 0f them thought this proportion was large enough tO begin with for houses and gardens. By now many Of them were growing ill. ln fact, having waited on the cold and cramped ship infecting each Other with their ailments, they were now ⅲ no fit state tO c ome ashore in midwinter tO start constructing houses out Of the forest. That would have been a jOb at the best 0f times. From the very first delay in leaving EngIand, their program had been put back and back t0 the point where they were founding the colony at the very worst possible time Of year. The boat was sent ashore with the building party but once again bad weather soon stopped work, forcing them tO spend more time cooped up on the グ佖″ ow . WinsIow wrote that however much they had prepared themselves for their labor, their people on shore were much troubled and dis- couraged with the constant rain and cold. The lndians by contrast were apparently keeping warm Winslow reported they saw great smokes of fire about six or seven miles from them. The weather improved but again storms blew up and it rained. As it was the Sabbath, they made no further progress on that d . AII they could dO was pray and watch the winter setting ⅲ . Although the disease which was affe cting the Pilgrims during this first winter has never been clearly identified, it is likely that most Of them were dying from either scurvy or pneumonia or a combination Of bO 山 . Their diet was grossly inadequate and the extreme cold took its to Ⅱ . Many Of them had been weak even on departure and with inadequate f00d would have deteriorated further during the journey. With few warm clothes and weeks crowded together ⅲ an unhealthy, unventi- lated ship, they easily succumbed t0 disease and cold. 91

21 December 22 December 23 December 24 December there were many good fish. AISO, on the further side 0f the river, a good deal 0f corn ground had been cleared. Most Of the PiIgrims were pleased with their choice, especially nearby Burial Hill would give them such a commanding aspect over their surroundings. Winslow said that ⅲ one field there was a great hill on which they agreed t0 make a platform and t0 establish a fort with their guns which would command 'all round about'. From there they could see intO the Bay and out tO sea with a clear view Of Cape C0d. ln fact there seemed t0 be few drawbacks apart from finding fuel for e. WinsIow predicted that their greatest labor would be fetching the wood, which was a quarter 0f a mile away. At least the lndians did not seem tO be a problem. Having made the decision tO settle at this spot twenty people were selected tO .go ashore the next day and tO start to build houses. The Pilgrims spent the day on the boat sorting out their equipment. The weather deteriorated and WinsIow wrote that it was so stormy and wet that they could not go ashore. They could do nothing. The climate could not have beenless welcommg and, all that night, it blew hard 田•d rained. lt was SO tempestuous that the shallop could not even land, let alone ferry supplies t0 the shore. FinaIIy, the shallop was able t0 get Off with prousions and was able to reach shore. But it could not return because the wind blew so strongly. MeanwhiIe Richard Britterige died. UnfortunateIy he could not be buried for two days because 0f stormy weather. His death reduced their numbers tO mnety-four. Their plans tO begin building were then upset by yet another storm. Those still on the 外佖 could not get onto land, while those on land could not get back on board. During the height 0f this storm goodwife Mary Allerton was delivered Of a son. Ominously, it was still-born. WinsIow wrote that everyone was willing tO s ねれ work on the settle- ment and, the weather improved, a building p went ashore and felled and carried timber, to provide themselves 'stuff' for building. MeanwhiIe the women mourned for the dead baby and comforted Mary AIIerton; they made preparations tO take the tiny bOdy ashore tO be buried along with that of Richard Brittenge. The Sabbath called a halt to the building program. AII the Pilgrims attended prayer services, thanked G0d for their deliverance and for guiding them t0 Plymouth, and prayed for guidance for the building task they were tO start the next d . During the day the more nervous Pilgrims t00k fright, Winslow said,