The Addison-Wesle Series in Economics Abel/Bernanke Macroec れ 0 〃れ CS Bade/Parki FO ″れ d 0 ofEconomics Bierman/F rnandez Game T 20 盟″ん ECO れ om た Binger/Ho man Microec れ 0 襯た s 盟″ん C 記 c Boyer Principl Tr の〃 0 われ ECO れ 0 〃 2 CS Branson Macroe れ 0 〃 C Theory の PO ″彑 Bruce Public ・れ ce and the 員襯た 2 れ ECO れ 0 ~ れ Byrns/Sto e ECO れ 0 ・ CS Carlton/P rloff 0 施 m れイ″ / 記 0 2 れたロれ Caves/FrankeI/Jones ん e ロ ~ / 0 ECO れ 0 〃 CS ″ 0 れ / ECO れ 0 〃 2 / CS 砿 e ECO れ 0 襯 / 立 ollison んわ orEco れ 0 〃 CS Smith cracu 0 ~ れた Theoru ECO れ 0 〃れ CS 励 eo 〃〃″ ca 朝れ , an PO ″ c. 彑 例 / Eco れ om / . ・ 施れイ彑襯 e れな Gordon Ghiara m Gerber Fusfeld ECO れ 0 Ekelun Mo Ehrenber ofDe 襯 員れ Eco DO 、 ん盟れ Cooter/Ul E れど / ro Chap man Essent ロな砿 Eco れ 0 襯 / Gregory ー CO れ 0 〃 CS Gregory/Stuart R ″ SS / れれ d SO リ一 ECO れ 0 ~ れた P 催ん ~ 初れ ce れ S わ c ル HartwicWOIewiIer The Eco れ om 沁砿Ⅳル ral Resource 僑 2 Hubbard 0 れ e. 彑 , the F ⅲ 2 れ ci 記 S. 襯 , and the ECO れ 0 襯彑 Hughes/Cain 員襯たれ ECO れ 0 襯た〃なね Husted/Melvin 加 m れ ECO れ 0 襯た s JehIe/Reny 員 d れ ce イノ / croeco れ 0 〃れ C Theor1J KIein M ん 2 襯た記 Me 0 for ECO れ 0 ~ れ ~ CS Krugman/Obstfeld 加″ 0 れ記 ECO れ 0 襯た s Laidler The De 襯れイん rMO れ Leeds/von AIImen The Eco れ 0 襯沁砿 S, 〃な Lipsey/Courant/Ragan EconomlCS Melvin 加われ記 MO れ e. 彑れ d 尹加ロれ ce Miller ECO れ 0 襯た s TO 面彑 Miller れ d ⅲ 0 MO 施 ECO れ 0 〃 CS MiIIer/Benjamin/North The Eco れ 0 襯 / 砿ル″ c lssues Miller/Benjamin 2 Eco れ 0 襯 / ofMacro な Mills/Hamilton Ur わロれ ECO れ 0 〃 CS Mishkin The Eco れ 0 襯た s ofMO れ , Ba れれ切 dF れ ci 記 M ん e な Parkin EconomlCS Perloff MicroeconomlCS Phelps 〃 e 記 Eco れ 0 襯沁 Riddell/ShackeIford/Stamos/ Schneider Eco れ 0 襯 ~ : TOOI for 併″たロ U れれ市れ 0 SOC Ritter/Silber/UdeII PrincipIes 砿 0 れ , Ba れん加切 an イ F 加れ ci 記 M な Rohlf 加〃 0 イリ c ″ 0 れん ECO れ 0 襯に Re 0 がれ 0 Ruffin/Gregory 怦加が砿 ECO れ 0 襯 / Sargent R われ記 E ズ〃 ec ″ 0 加″ 0 れ Scherer Schotter Microecono,t721CS StocWWatson 加 0 イ″ c ″ 0 れね ECO れ 0 襯 cs Studenmund 豆れ 0 ECO れ 0 襯 cs Tietenberg E れ i•o れ襯 2 記 d Ⅳ 4 ル ra / Resource ECO れ 0 〃れ CS Tietenberg E れ 0 れ〃 ~ e れ一 IECO れ 0 〃 CS イ PO ″ c 彑 Todaro/Smith ECO れ 0 襯た De あ〃 men ー Waldman/Jensen / れイ / 0 れたわ Theory andPractice Weil Eco れ om た Growth Williamson ノロ croeco 〃 0 〃れ CS

D な c ″ s 豆 0 れ Q ″″ 0 79 Ostrom, EIinor. Go 加 0 the CO 襯襯 0 . ・ The E リ 0 ん″ 0 れ砿加 s ″ル″ 0 for CO 〃 ec ″ c ″ 0 〃 (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990 ). Ross, Lester. Env か 0 れ襯 e れね I PO ″ c. 加 C をれ (Bloomington, IN: lndiana UniversitY Press, 1988 ). Scheraga, J. and F. Sussman, "Discounting and Environmental Management," The 加われ記 - ろ 00 ん砿 E れ ro れ襯例ね I and 0 ce ECO れ 0 襯た s 7998 〃 999. T. Tietenberg and H. F01mer, eds. (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1998 ) : 1 ー 31. Weitzman, M. L. "On the Environmental Discount Rate," 面″記砿 E れ hO れ襯例 I ECO れ 0 襯た s れ Ma れ ge 襯例た V01. 26 , NO. 2 ( 1994 ) : 200 ー 09. DISCUSSION QLIES 0N5 1. ln a well-known legal case, Miller Schoene ( 287 U. S. 272 ) , a classic conflict 0f pr 叩 erty rights was featured. Red cedar trees, used only for ornamental purposes, carried a disease that could destroy apple orchards within a radius Of tWO miles. There was no known way Of curing the disease except by destroying the cedar trees or by ensuring that 叩 p 厄 orchards were at least tW0 miles away from the cedar trees. Apply the Coase theorem tO this situation. Does it make any difference tO the out- come whether the cedar tree owners are entitled tO retain their trees or the apple growers are enti- tled to be free of them? Why or why not? 2. ln primitive societies the entitlements tO use land were frequently possessory rights rather than ownership rights. Those on the land could use it as they wished, but they could not transfer it t0 anyone else. One could acquire a new P10t by simply occupying and using leaving the 01d P10t available for someone else. would this type Of entitlement system cause more or less incentive tO conserve the land than an ownership entitlement? WhY? Would a possessory entitlement system be more efflCient in a modern SOCiety or a primitive society? Why?

靃ⅲ 0 れ記 Re ル renc ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 357 Andreasson, I. M. "A Cost-Efficient Reduction of the Nitrogen Load t0 Laholm Bay," in A. Bubgard and A. Nielson, eds. , Eco れ 0 襯たホ〃 ec な ofE れ房れ襯 e れ I eg ″″ 0 加 gr / c ″〃″ (Kiel, Germany: Wis- senschaftsverlag Vauk, 1989 ). Ashworth, J0hn, lvy P 叩 ps, and David Storey. "Assessing the lmpact upon the British ChIor-AIkaIi lndus- try 0f the EEC Directive on Discharges of Mercury into Waterways," んれ d Eco れ 0 襯た s 63 (February 1987 ) : 72 ー 78. BockstaeI, N. E. , et al. "Measuring the Benefits of lmprovements in Water Quality: The Ches 叩 eake Bay, Marine R 0 ″尾 es Economics 6 ( 1989 ) : 1 ー 18. Bressers, H. "A Comparison Of the Effectiveness of lncentives and Directives: The Case Of Dutch Water Quality P01icy, ” PO ″ cu Studies R 盟 7 ( 1988 ) : 500 ー 518. Bressers, H. "The R01e of Effluent Charges in Dutch Water QuaIity PoIicy, ” in P. Downing and K. Hanf, eds. 加われ CO 襯〃な 0 加 / 襯が e 襯例″れ 0 PO ″われん (Boston: Kluwer Nijh0ff, 1983 ). Brown, G. M. , Jr. , and R. W. Johnson. "PoIIution Control by Effluent Charges: lt Works in the Federal Republic of Germany,Why N0t in the U. S. ? , ”ルル ral Resources 面レ m 記 2 イ ( 1984 ) : 929 ー 966. Eheart, J. Wayland, E. Downey BriII, Jr. , and RandoIph M. Lyon. "TransferabIe Discharge Permits for ControI 0f BOD: An Overview," in 召ⅵれ Better E れ ro れ襯例た Co - E &c ″ Reg われ ro ″ 4 ん R 催襯″ Tra 市れ Erhard F. Joeres and Martin H. David, eds. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983 ) : 163 ー 195. Freeman, A. Myrick III. 耘れ d Ⅳ催 PO ″われ Contr01: ス Be れ e 〃 CO e 襯 e (New York: WiIey, 1982 ). Griffin, RonaId C. "EnvironmentaI PoIicy for SpatiaI and Persistent PoIIutants," 面″記砿 E れリか 0 れ襯例ー talEconomics 4 れ M れ叩 e 襯ー 14 (March 1987 ) : 41 ー 53. Hanley, N. , and D. Oglethorpe. "Emerging P01icies on Externalities from Agriculture: An Analysis for the European Union , ' 凵襯催た面レ rn 記砿た″〃″ ral Economics 81 ( 1984 ) ( 5 ) : 1222 ー 1227. J0hnsen, F. H. "Economic Analyses of Measures to ControI Phosphorous Run-Off from Nonpoint Agri- cultural Sources," E 叩 ea れた砿員 gr / 硼〃″川 I Economics 20 ( 1993 ) : 399718. Johnson, Edwin L. "A Study in the Economics of Water Quality Management, ”Ⅳ催 R 0 ″尾 es R e 3 (second quarter 1967 ) : 291 ー 305. Koch, C. James, and Robert A. Leone. "The CIean Water Act: Unexpected lmpacts on lndustry, ' 〃川池 E れ ho れ襯 e れ I ん R 3 ( 1979 ) : 84 ー 111. Kraemer, A. , and K. M. Banh01zer. "Tradable Permits in Water Resource Management and Water P011u- tion Contr01,' / 襯が e 襯 e れ″れ 0 DO 襯″ c Tra わ P 催襯添 for E れ ro れ襯 e れね I Pro c ″ 0 れ (Washing- ton, DC: OECD, Organization for Economic C0-operation and Devel 叩 ment, 1999 ) : 75 ー 107. Leone, R0bert A. , and J0hn E. Jackson. "The P01itical Economy 0f Federal Regulatory Activity: The Case of Water P011ution Contr01s," in S ル市加 Public ″″ 0 れ , Gary Fromm, ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981 ). Letson, David. "lnvestment Decisions and Transferable Discharge Permits: An Empirical StudY 0f Water Quality Management under P01icy Uncertainty," E れ *0 れ襯例 I ロれ d 0 ce Economics 2 ( 1992 ) : 441758. Magat, wesley A. , and W. Kip Viscusi. "Effectiveness 0f the EPA's Regulatory Enforcement: The Case 0f lndustrial Effluent Standards, ”面″ rn 砿ん肥ロれ ECO れ 0 襯 / cs 33 ( 1990 ) : 331 ー 360.

78 劭叩 r 4 怦叩催 R んな , E em 液 , dE 〃 ro れ襯 e れ I 怦励た襯 s Lueck, Dean, "The Extermination and Conservation 0f the American Bison," 面″ rn 記砿ん eg 記 S ル市 31 ( 2002 ) : 5609 ー 5652. Ostrom, EIinor. Cra ″加 / 蹴わ for 立 GO 加 / ″われ S. 襯 s (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992 ). Argues that common-pool problems are sometimes solved by voluntary organizations rather than by a coercive state. Among the cases considered are communal tenure ln meadOWS and forest, irrigation communities, and fisheries. Sandler, T0dd. CO ″ ec 加 c ″ 0 れ . ・ eo イ〃が / c わ (Ann Arbor: UniversitY 0f Michigan, 1992 ). A formal examination Of the forces behind collective action's failures and successes. stavins, R0bert N. "Harnessing Market Forces t0 Protect the Environment," E れれ襯 e 31 ( 1989 ) : 4 ー 7 , 28 ー 35. An excellent, nontechnical review Of the many ways in which the creative use 0f eco- nomic policies can produce supenor environmental outcomes. 立川 I わ 00 暦 0 な ea 市れのカ ce れ厖 2 れ〃励″ 0 砿靃液 0 れ記襯 / 記ね ⅲ / ぉイ施 . e 加 c ん the ん〃 0 面れ Bromley, Daniel W. The 〃れ 00 ん砿 E れ ro れ襯例 IECO れ 0 / cs (Cambridge,MA: Blackwell, 1995 ). Krishnan, RaJaram, Jonathan M. Harris, and Neva G00dwin, eds. S ″砿 ECO わグ c 記 Economics (Washington, DC: lsland Press, 1995 ). Markandya, Anil, and Julie Richardson, eds. E れ ro れ men ー記 Economics: Reader (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992 ). Oates, Wallace E. , ed. The Economics 砿 e Environment(Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992 ). van den Berg, Jeroen C. J. M. Ed. 〃ロれ 00 た砿 E れ ro れ襯 e れ I and 0 ce Economics (Cheltenham, UK: Edward EIgar, 1999 ). ADDITIONAL R を庇を NC を 5 Anderson, Terry L. and P. J. Hill. "The Ev01ution 0f Property Rights: A Study 0f the American West," The 面レ記砿ん and Economics 18 (April 1975 ) : 163 ー 179. Anderson, Terry L. and Randy T. Simmons, eds. 2 PO ″″記 ECO れ 0 襯彑砿 C ね襯 s and C ルゴれん翔 2 記 SO 朝ね the CO 襯襯 0 片襯 (Lanham, MD: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, lnc. , 1993 ). BoIotin, Frederic N. rn われ記乃ル″ c PO ″ c. 彑 SO c 0 . VOI. 2 , Ed ″ c われれ E れ ro れ襯 e (BouI- der, CO: Greenwood Press, 1989 ). Bromley, Daniel W. ECO れ 0 襯た尾 s なイ / ″ル″ 0 れ s. ・ 2 CO れ c 印ル記 0 ″れ″ 0 砿 P レわ″ c PO ″ c, (Oxford: BasiI Blackwell, 1989 ). Coase, Ronald. "The Problem 0f Social Cost," The 面″ rn 砿んイ Eco れ 0 襯 3 (Oct0ber 1960 ) : 174. Gordon, H. Scott. "The Economic Theory of a Common Pr 叩 erty Resource: The Fishery, ”″ m 記砿 Po ″″ c 記 Eco れ 0 襯 62 (April 1954 ) : 124 ー 142. Griffin, James M. and Henry B. Steele. E れ硼 Economics PO ″ cy (New York: Academic Press, 198 の : 85 ー 86. J0hnson, Stanley P. The E れれ襯 e れ / PO ″ cy 砿肱 e E 叩れ CO 襯襯″れ襯 (London: Graham & Trot- man, 1989 ). McKenzie, Richard B. and Gordon Tullock, "Rent Seeking," in the New Ⅳ砿 Economics: E. ゅあ - rations 加ね the 〃″襯れ Experience, 3rd ed. (Homewood, IL: Richard D. lrwin, 1981 ) : Chapter 15. OECD. E れ ro れ襯 e れ一れ Economics (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and DeveIop- ment, 1985 ).

308 劭叩 r 75 c R れイ 0 平んた Mo 市 c われ Parry, I. W. H. , R. C. WiIIiams, et al. "When Can Carbon Abatement Policies lncrease Welfare? The Fun- damental R01e 0f Distorted Factor Markets, ” JO ″記砿 E れリか 0 れ襯 I ECO れ 0 襯た s M れロ ge - 襯例ー 37 ( 1 ) ( 1999 ) : 52 ー 84. Pearce, David. "The RO 厄 0f Carbon Taxes in Adjusting to G10bal Warming," ECO れ 0 襯た″記 101 (JulY 1991 ) : 93878. Piggott, J. , et al. "HOW Large Are the lncentives t0 J0in Subg10bal Carbon-Reduction lnitiatives?" 面″砿 PO ″ cy MO 施″れ 15 (Oct0ber-December 1993 ) : 473 ー 90. Rosenberg, Nathan J. , William E. Easterling Ⅲ , Pierre R. Crosson, and Joel Darmstadler, eds. G e れん 0 e Ⅳ襯加 0. ・わ e 襯ーれ d d 叩″ 0 れ (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1989 ). Tietenberg, Tom. "lmplementation lssues: A General Survey, ” in United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, ed. , CO 襯″れ Global Ⅲ襯加 S ル 0 れ Global S. 襯砿 Tra Car- わ伽 Em われ E れ蹴襯例な (New York: United Nations, 1992 ) : 12779. Victor, D. G. "Limits of Market-Based Strategies for SIowing GIobaI Warming: The Case of TradeabIe Permits, ” PO ″ cu Sciences, 24 , NO. 2 (May 1991 ) : 199 ー 222. WhaIIey, John, and Randall WigIe. ℃ utting C02 Emissions: The Effects 0f Alternative P01icy Approaches, ” E れ硼面″ m 記 12 ( 1991 ) : 109 ー 24.

d 市″ 0 れ記 e ル r 例 c 283 posed (with emissions posing the greatest risk being reduced more) produce substantially lower risks for the same expenditure as uniformly applied standards do. One reform proposal based on this analysis would impose an exposure ()s opposed to an emission) charge on emit- ters that would take into account not only the concentration of the emission (and the result- ing health risk t0 each exposed person), but also the number of people exposed. FURTHER READING Joeres, Erhard F. , and Martin David, eds. B ″れ Better E れ ho れ例た Co Effective R 記われ ro レ 0 P 襯″ T 川市れ (Madison: University 0f Wisconsin Press, 1983 ). An excellent collection of essays on aspects 0f permit trading including permit design, distributional matters, and dealing with uncertainty. Kosobud, Richard F. , WiIIiam A. Testa, and Donald A. Hanson, eds. Co E e Co れケ ol 砿併ろ an S 襯四 (Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 1993 ). The proceedings 0f a conference providing background information for the lllinois smog-trading program. Nich01s, Albert L. 可加 Eco れ 0 襯た加 c 例″ s for E れ ro れ襯 I 怦 0 c ″ 0 れ (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984 ). An excellent review of the use of economic incentives to control pollution, with a detailed treatment Of the use Of exposure charges tO control airborne carcinogens. ADDITI ONAL REFERENCES Anderson, R0bert J. , Jr. , et al. "An Analysis of Alternative P01icies for Attaining and Maintaining a Short- Term N02 Standard, ” a report prepared by MATHTECH, lnc. , for the Council on Environmental Quality (September 17 , 1979 ). Anderson, R0bert, and Andrew L0h0f. 1997. The United States Experience with Economic lncentives in Environmental P011ution Control P01icy. Environmental Law lnstitute, Washington, DC. Krupnick, Alan J. "Costs 0f Alternative P01icies for the Control 0f N02 in the Baltimore Region, ”面″ m 記 砿 E れ ro れ men I ECO れ 0 襯た s れ Ma れ gem 例ー 13 (June 1986 ) : 189 ー 97. Marcus, Alfred A. "Japan, ' in 加 m われ記戸励″ c PO ″ c. SO c 0 , VOI. 2 , E イ″ c われロれイ Environ- 襯 e れれ Frederic N. B010tin, ed. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989 ) : 275 ー 91. McGartland, Albert M. "Marketable Permit Systems for Air P011ution Control: An Empirical Study, Ph. D. dissertation, University of Maryland, 1984. Oates, Wallace E. , Paul R. Portney, and Albert M. McGartland. "The Net Benefits 0f Incentive-Based Reg- ulation: A Case Study 0f Environmental Standard-Setting, ”襯たロれ ECO れ 0 襯た R 79 (December 1989 ) : 123372. portney, Paul R. "Air P011ution P01icy, ' in P ″わ″ c PO ″ ci for E れ ro れ襯例 I 怦 ec れ , Paul R. Pormey, ed. (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1990 ) : 27 ー 96. Roach, Fred, Charles Kolstad, Allen V. Kneese, Richard T0bin, and Michael Williams. "Alternative Air Quality P01icy Options in the Four Corners Region," SO レ肱 e R 卲 1 (Summer 1981 ) : 29 ー 58. Roumasset, James A. , and Kirk R. Smith. "Exposure Trading: An Approach t0 More Efficient Air P011u- tion Contr01," JO ″記砿 E れ ro れ襯 e れ I ECO れ 0 襯た s Ma れロ ge 襯 e 18 (May 1990 ) : 276 ー 91. ScheIling, Thomas C. , ed. lncentives for Env 0 れ襯例 I 怦 ec ″ 0 れ (Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 1983 ).

市″ 0 れ記 Re ル r 例 c 115 Kelley, AlIen C. "Economic Consequences of population Change in the Third world," 面″ rn 記 ofEco- れ 0 襯 / c ん″ era ル 26 (December 1988 ) : 1685 ー 728. Excellent review of a complex literature. lncludes a detailed bibliogr 叩 hy. Kelley, AIIen C. , and Robert M. Schmidt. P 叩記われ and 加 co 襯 e 朝れ ge : c 例ー Evidence (Washing- ton, DC: World Bank, 1994 ). An excellent review of the theory and evidence underlying the rela- tionship between population growth and economic development that is complemented by some original empirical studies that reveal distinct new emerging patterns. Schultz, T. PauI. Economics 砿 P 叩″れ (Reading,MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981 ). lntended for undergrad- uates, an intensive introduction tO the field. Gives a sense of the controversies existing in the field. Simon, JuIian L. Po 〃記われれ dD 2 あ〃襯行れ Poor Co ″れ否 . ・立 c イ Es (Princeton, NJ: prince- ton University Press, 1992 ). A collection of essays from the primary pr 叩 onent of the idea that mod- erate ()s opposed tO zero or high) population growth may be helpful to developing countries. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Becker, Gary. "An Economic Analysis of Fertility," in De 襯 00r 叩ん c れ d Eco れ 0 襯た C, んれ加 D ツ - 叩 e CO 盟〃た s (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University press, 1960 ) : 209 ー 31. Caldwell, John C. "Fertility in Africa," in ″″ Decline 加 the ん e D e あイ Co ″れ〃 s , Nick Eber- stadt, ed. (New York: Praeger, 1981 ) : 97 ー 118. Commission on P 叩 ulation Growth and the American Future, R ea 尾ん R 印な , vols. I—VII, Elliot R. Morss and Richie H. Reed, eds. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1972 ). Davis, Kingsley, et. al. , 召 elo R ce 襯ー″″加〃 / 記 Soc ″ . ・ Ca , Co れ 4 ″ e れ c , po ″ - c 5 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987 ). Easterlin, Richard A. P 叩記朝れ , ん F 化れん 0 れ S 盟加の加 Eco れ 0 襯た G 盟 (New York: C01umbia University Press, 1968 ). Easterlin, Richard A. "The Economics and Sociology of Fertility: A Synthesis," in た記 S ル市砿 C んれグれ R ″″ , Charles Tilly, ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978 ) : 57 ー 133. EasterIin, Richard A. , ed. 戸 0 〃″″ 0 れ 2 れイ Eco れ 0 た C ん 2 れ ge 加のツ叩加 Co ″れケ s (Chicago: Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1980 ). Eberstadt, Nick. ″″ Decline 加 the ん e Developed Co ″れ s (New York: Praeger, 1981 ). Espenshade, Thomas J. 豆加 0 加 C ん″市例 . ・ New Es ″襯砿 R e れ I E. ゆ e れ市ル s (Washington, DC: Urban lnstitute Press, 1984 ). Goldberg, David. "Residential Location and FertiIity, ' ⅲ P 叩記われイ D 卲叩 m 例た The 立 ch for Selective e れれ , RonaId Ridker, ed. (BaItimore, MD: Johns H 叩 kins University Press, 1976 ) : 387728. Hardee-Cleaveland, Karen, and Judith Banister, "Fertility PoIicy and lmplementation in China, 1986 ー 88 , " Po 〃記われ dD 叩襯 e た 14 (June 1988 ) : 245 ー 286. J0hnson, D. Gale, and Ronald D. Lee. PO 〃″″ 0 れ Growth Eco れ 0 襯た D 卲叩襯 e れたなイ Evi- den 化 (Madison: University 0f Wisconsin Press, 1987 ). Kuznets, Simon. P 叩″な″ 0 れ , C 叩″記 , Gro 盟 . ・立 cte E (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973 ). Lapham, R0bert J. , and W. Parker Mauldin, "Contraceptive Prevalence: The lnfluence of Organized Fam- ily Programs," S ル否加 Fa 襯 P れれ加 16 ( 1985 ).

市″ 0 れ Re 尼れ c 307 Tietenberg, T. H. The Eco れ 0 襯 / cs 砿 G / 励記Ⅳ砿襯ⅲ 0 (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1996 ). A collection of 31 essays dealing with all economic aspects of dealing with global warming. Van lerland, Ekko, ed. んわれ記 E れ ro れ襯例 I Eco れ 0 襯た s (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994 ). Contains five essays on the economics Of climate change. ADDITIONAL R を庇 R を NC を 5 Adams, Donald D. , and WaIter P. Page. c D 印 os ″われ . ・ E れ ro れ m 例 4 Eco れ 0 襯 / c , and Po ″ c. な (New York: PIenum, 1985 ). Azar, C. , and S. H. Schneider ( 2002 ). "Are the Economic Costs of StabiIizing the Atmosphere Prohibi- tive? ” Eco わ c 記 Economics 42 ( 1 ー 2 ) : 73 ー 80. Barrett, S. "The ProbIem of GIobal Environmental Protection, ' 0 ズん R 卲た砿 Eco れ 0 襯た Po ″ cy 6 , No. 1 (Spring 1990 ) : 68 ー 79. Blackman, A. , and W. Harrington. "The Use of Economic lncentives in Developing Countries: Lessons from lnternational Experience. " 面″ m 記砿 Env か 0 れ襯 e & D ツ叩襯 e 9 ( 1 ) ( 2000 ) : 574. Bohm, Peter. "lncomplete lnternational Cooperation to Reduce C02 Emissions: Alternative Policies, 面″ rn 記砿 E れ盟れ襯例 I Economics dMa れ agem 例 / 24 , No. 3 (May 1993 ) : 258 ー 71. Burtraw, D. , and E. Mansur. "Environmental Effects of S02 Trading and Banking. ” E れ ro れ襯 e れね / Sci- ence & ch れ 0Z004 33 ( 20 ) ( 1999 ) : 3489 ー 3494. Brown, Peter G. "Policy Analysis, Welfare Economics, and the Greenhouse Effect, ”面″記砿 Po ″ c. 員れ s な口れ Ma れ 00e 襯 e 7 (spring 1988 ) : 471 ー 75. Crocker, Thomas D. , ed. ECO れ 0 襯た Perspectives 0 れ c D 印″われ Co れ〃 ol (Boston: Butterworth, 1984 ). Grubb, M. The G e れん 0 2 Effect: Ⅳ e00 ″加 0 e な (London: Royal lnstitute of lnternational Affairs, 1989 ). ICF Resources. "Economic, Environmental, and CoaI Market lmpacts of S02 Emissions Trading under Alternative Acid Rain Control Proposals," a report prepared for the Regulatory lnnovations Staff U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (March 1989 ). lntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( 2001 ). C ″襯 e Change 2 側 7. ・ S. れ肱な R 印 0 (Cam- bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press). Jorgenson, D. W. , and P. J. Wilcoxen. "Reducing U. S. Carbon Emissions: An Assessment 0f Different lnstruments, ”面″記砿 PO ″ c. MO 施 I 加 (Oct0ber-December 1993 ) : 491 ー 520. Lave, Lester B. "The Greenhouse Effect: What Government Actions Are Needed? ”面″ rn 記砿 PO ″ c. れ口な Ma れ ge 襯 e 7 (spring 1988 ) : 460 ー 70. Manne, Alan S. , and Richard G. Richels. 召″れ G 例乃 0 e れ ce. ・ The ECO れ 0 襯た C な砿 C02 E 襯な豆 0 れ襯添 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992 ) : 89 ー 99. Meyer, Richard, and Bruce Yandle. "The P01itical Economy 0f Acid Rain," C 0 面レ m 記 7 (Fall 1987 ) : 52775. NationaI Research Council. C んれグれ C ″襯な R 0 砿 the C わ 0 れ D わ豆 e 襯 e CO 襯襯襯 ee (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983 ). Nordhaus, William D. , and Gary W. Y0he. "Future Paths 0f Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emissions,' in National Research Council C んれグれ C ″襯な R 印 0 砿 e C 砿わ 0 れ D わ施 e 襯 e CO 襯襯″ - tee, (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983 ) : 87 ー 153.

376 劭叩 r 78 Solid Ⅳイ Req c ″れ 0 Of government control are bOth inaccurate. The efficient role for government in achieving a balance between the economic and environmental systems requires less in S01 e areas and more in others. FURTHER READIN G Bohm, peter. D os ″ - Re ルれイ S. 襯 . ・ eo and 〃〃″ c われね E れ ro れ襯 l, , CO れ翔われ , れイ CO れ襯 PO ″ c. (Baltimore, MD: J0hns Hopkins UniversitY Press, for Resources for the Future' 1981 ). A highly readable and analytically sound exploration 0f the experience with and potential 叩 plications for deposit-refund systems. curlee, T. Randall. The ECO れ 0 襯た Fe ″″砿 Rec. c ″れ 0. ・ Case S ル 0fPlastic Ⅳ (New York: praeger, 1986 ). Analyzes in nontechnical language the incentives for, and barriers t0' recycling plastic. Dinan, Terry. "Economic Efficiency Aspects 0f Alternative P01icies for Reducing Waste Disposal' 面″記砿 Env か 0 れ襯例 I Economics イ Ma れ ge 襯 e 25 ( 1993 ) : 242 ー 256. Argues that a tax on virgin materials iS not enough tO produce efficiency; a subsidy on reuse iS alSO required. Jenkins, R0bin R. The Eco れ 0 襯た s SO ″ d Ⅲ Red 乢″ 0 れ . ・ The / 襯〃 ct 砿 Fees (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1993 ). An analysis that examines whether user fees d0, in fact, encourage people t0 recycle waste. Using evidence derived from nine U. S. communities, the author concludes that they dO. Kinnaman, T. C. , and D. Fullerton. "The Economics 0f Residential S01id Waste Management," in 2 加 m われ記砿わ 0 砿 E れ ro れ襯例 I Resource ECO れ 0 襯た s 20 側 / 20 . T. Tietenberg and H. FoImer, eds. (Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar, 2000 ) : 100 ー 147. A survey 0f the economics litera- ture that reviews trends in residential solid waste and the effectiveness Of policies designed t0 com- bat inefficiencies. Repetto, R0bert, et al. Green Fees: ・〃 0 Ta ェ S ん″ C れⅣ 0 for the E れ ro れ襯例ーれ the ECO れ om (Washington, DC: World Resources lnstitute, 1992 ). One 0f the case studies involves an examina- tion 0f pay-by-the-bag disposal pricing. Reschovsky, J. D. , and S. E. Stone. "Market lncentives t0 Encourage Househ01d Waste Recycling: Paying for What You Throw Away," 面″砿 PO ″ c. れ s なイ M れ e 襯 e 13 ( 1994 ) : 120 ー 39. An examination Of ways tO change the zero-marginal-cost-of-disposal characteristic Of many current disposal programs. Roxburgh, Nigel. PO ″ C Re 0 ね Resource D 印″ 0 れ . ・ The Case 砿 M 催 c ″ (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1980 ). An intensive examination Of the depletion experience with one particular material— mercury. lncludes chapters on the resource base, extractive and scrap metal industries, and various industries that are heavy users Of mercury. TiIton, J0hn E. , ed. Mineral Ⅳ〃ん and ECO れ 0 襯た Development(Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1992 ). Explores why a number Of mineral-exporting countries have seen their per capita incomes decline or their standards Of living stagnate over the last several decades. ADDITI ONAL REFERENCES AIIen, J. , et al. "Using Coupon lncentives in RecycIing AIuminum: A Market Approach to Energy Conser- vation P01icy , " 面″ m 記砿 CO れ襯 27 ( 1993 ) : 300 ー 318.

D な c ″われ Q ″″ 0 ? 377 Banks, Ferdinand E. Ba レズ″ e and 盥″襯加″襯 . ・れ加ケ 0 面 c ″ 0 れね the Economics 砿Ⅳ 0 れん el M 加 e な (Lexington, MA: Lexington B00ks, 1979 ). Conrad, K. "Resource and Waste Taxation in the Theory of the Firm with Recycling Activities, Env 0 れ襯 e れ / 記 dR 0 ceEco れ 0 襯 / cs 14 ( 1999 ) ( 2 ) : 217 ー 242. FoIey, Patricia T. , and Joel P. Clark. "The Effects of State Taxation on United States copper Supply," んれ dEC0 れ 0 襯 / cs 58 (May 1982 ) : 153 ー 180. GuIIey, D. A. "Severance Taxes and Market Failure," Natural R 0 c 面″ 22 (July 1982 ) : 597 ー 617. Harris, DeVerIe P. 加記 0 ″ rc 〃〃 ra な記 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984 ). Hazilla, Michael, and Raymond J. K 叩 p. "Assessing U. S. Vulnerability to Raw Material supply Disrup- tions: An Application t0 Nonfuel Minerals," So ″ e Eco れ 0 襯た Jo レ記 52 (October 1984 ) : 341 ー 355. Hong, S. , and R. M. Adams. "Household Responses to Price lncentives for Recycling: Some Further Evi- dence," んれ Economics 75 ( 1999 ) ( 4 ) : 505 ー 514. Kakela, Peter J. "lron Ore: From DepIetion to Abundance," Science 212 (April 10 , 1981 ) : 132 ー 136. Lee, D. R. , P. E. Graves, and R. L. Sexton. "On Mandatory Deposits, Fines, and the Control of Litter, ルロル ral R 0 c 面″記 28 (fall 1988 ) : 837 ー 847. McCIure, CharIes, and Peter Mieszkowski, eds. な c 記鹿施れ d the T 朝れ砿Ⅳ記 R 0 ″尾 (Lexington, MA: Lexington B00ks, 1983 ). Mikesell, Raymond F. Ⅳ 0 れル M 加 era な . ・ 0 衫れ Dependence イルわれ記 Security (Ann Arbor: Uni- versity 0f Michigan Press, 1987 ). Page, Talbott. CO れ耀われ dEco れ 0 襯た Efficiency: れ〃〃 roac んねな Po ″ c. (Baltimore, MD: J0hns H 叩 kins University Press, for Resources for the Future, 1977 ). Peck, Merton J. , ed. The Ⅳん襯加″襯加 d 〃加 C カれれ E れ e Era (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1988 ). StoIIe , Kenneth R. "MineraI Depletion with Cost as the Extraction Limit: A Model Applied to the Behavior of Prices in the NickeI lndustry, 面″記砿 E れ ro れ襯 e れ I Economics イ口れ ge 襯例 / 10 (June 1983 ) : 151 ー 165. TiIton, John E. ed. M I S ″房われ . ・ん 2 0 庁 0 襯 T 加 - 加 0 / れ〃た s (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1985 ). Tilton, John E. , R0derick G. Eggert, and Hans H. Landsberg, eds. Ⅳ MineraI E. ゅ lo 川″ 0 れ . ・ れ d Eco れ 0 襯たな s ″ (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1988 ). VanHoutven, G. L. , and G. E. Morris. "Househ01d Behavior Under Alternative Pay-as-You-Throw Sys- tems for S01id Waste DisposaI," んれ dEco れ 0 襯 / cs 75 ( 1999 ) ( 4 ) : 515 ー 537. Versteege, Hetty M. "Variable Rates for the C011ection of Househ01d Waste, ”Ⅲ砿襯召″″可加 43 (November 1994 ) : 7. DISCUSSION QLI を 5 0N5 1. Glass bottles can be either recycled (crushed and remelted) or reused. The market will tend to choose the che 叩 est path. What factors will tend t0 affect the relative cost Of these options? ls the market likely tO make the efficient choice? Are the "bottle bills" passed by many 0f the states requir- ing deposits on bottles a move toward efficiency or not? WhY?