The Addison-Wesle Series in Economics Abel/Bernanke Macroec れ 0 〃れ CS Bade/Parki FO ″れ d 0 ofEconomics Bierman/F rnandez Game T 20 盟″ん ECO れ om た Binger/Ho man Microec れ 0 襯た s 盟″ん C 記 c Boyer Principl Tr の〃 0 われ ECO れ 0 〃 2 CS Branson Macroe れ 0 〃 C Theory の PO ″彑 Bruce Public ・れ ce and the 員襯た 2 れ ECO れ 0 ~ れ Byrns/Sto e ECO れ 0 ・ CS Carlton/P rloff 0 施 m れイ″ / 記 0 2 れたロれ Caves/FrankeI/Jones ん e ロ ~ / 0 ECO れ 0 〃 CS ″ 0 れ / ECO れ 0 〃 2 / CS 砿 e ECO れ 0 襯 / 立 ollison んわ orEco れ 0 〃 CS Smith cracu 0 ~ れた Theoru ECO れ 0 〃れ CS 励 eo 〃〃″ ca 朝れ , an PO ″ c. 彑 例 / Eco れ om / . ・ 施れイ彑襯 e れな Gordon Ghiara m Gerber Fusfeld ECO れ 0 Ekelun Mo Ehrenber ofDe 襯 員れ Eco DO 、 ん盟れ Cooter/Ul E れど / ro Chap man Essent ロな砿 Eco れ 0 襯 / Gregory ー CO れ 0 〃 CS Gregory/Stuart R ″ SS / れれ d SO リ一 ECO れ 0 ~ れた P 催ん ~ 初れ ce れ S わ c ル HartwicWOIewiIer The Eco れ om 沁砿Ⅳル ral Resource 僑 2 Hubbard 0 れ e. 彑 , the F ⅲ 2 れ ci 記 S. 襯 , and the ECO れ 0 襯彑 Hughes/Cain 員襯たれ ECO れ 0 襯た〃なね Husted/Melvin 加 m れ ECO れ 0 襯た s JehIe/Reny 員 d れ ce イノ / croeco れ 0 〃れ C Theor1J KIein M ん 2 襯た記 Me 0 for ECO れ 0 ~ れ ~ CS Krugman/Obstfeld 加″ 0 れ記 ECO れ 0 襯た s Laidler The De 襯れイん rMO れ Leeds/von AIImen The Eco れ 0 襯沁砿 S, 〃な Lipsey/Courant/Ragan EconomlCS Melvin 加われ記 MO れ e. 彑れ d 尹加ロれ ce Miller ECO れ 0 襯た s TO 面彑 Miller れ d ⅲ 0 MO 施 ECO れ 0 〃 CS MiIIer/Benjamin/North The Eco れ 0 襯 / 砿ル″ c lssues Miller/Benjamin 2 Eco れ 0 襯 / ofMacro な Mills/Hamilton Ur わロれ ECO れ 0 〃 CS Mishkin The Eco れ 0 襯た s ofMO れ , Ba れれ切 dF れ ci 記 M ん e な Parkin EconomlCS Perloff MicroeconomlCS Phelps 〃 e 記 Eco れ 0 襯沁 Riddell/ShackeIford/Stamos/ Schneider Eco れ 0 襯 ~ : TOOI for 併″たロ U れれ市れ 0 SOC Ritter/Silber/UdeII PrincipIes 砿 0 れ , Ba れん加切 an イ F 加れ ci 記 M な Rohlf 加〃 0 イリ c ″ 0 れん ECO れ 0 襯に Re 0 がれ 0 Ruffin/Gregory 怦加が砿 ECO れ 0 襯 / Sargent R われ記 E ズ〃 ec ″ 0 加″ 0 れ Scherer Schotter Microecono,t721CS StocWWatson 加 0 イ″ c ″ 0 れね ECO れ 0 襯 cs Studenmund 豆れ 0 ECO れ 0 襯 cs Tietenberg E れ i•o れ襯 2 記 d Ⅳ 4 ル ra / Resource ECO れ 0 〃れ CS Tietenberg E れ 0 れ〃 ~ e れ一 IECO れ 0 〃 CS イ PO ″ c 彑 Todaro/Smith ECO れ 0 襯た De あ〃 men ー Waldman/Jensen / れイ / 0 れたわ Theory andPractice Weil Eco れ om た Growth Williamson ノロ croeco 〃 0 〃れ CS

154 劭叩 / 催 8 刃れ催 Lind, Robert C. , et al. D な co ″れ″れ for 行襯 e ロれ R なん加 E れ 0 Po ″ c (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1982 ). MitcheII, Bridger M. Willard G. Manning, Jr. , and Jan Paul Acton, Pea ん - ん oadP c 加 European ん e 0 れ s for し & E. ゅれ ce (Cambridge, MA: BaIIinger, 1978 ). MitcheII, Robert Cameron, and Richard T. Carson, "Property Rights, Protest, and the Siting of Haz- ardous Waste Facilities, ”員襯 e c れ Eco れ 0 襯た R 盟 76 (May 1986 ) : 285 ー 90. Moreira, J. R. , and J. GoIdemberg. "The AIcohol Program," Energ1J Po ″ cy , VoI. 27 , No. 4 ( 1999 ) : 229-245. Myers, N. , and J. Kent, Perverse S ″房 / 市 : 〃 0 肥ズ Do ″ s Ca れ U れ施尾 the E れ ro れ襯 e れ the Eco れ 0 襯 (Washington, D. C. : lsland Press, 2001 ). Nichols, A. L. , and R. J. Zeckhauser. "Stockpiling Strategies and Cartel Prices," 召 e ″面″ m 記砿 Eco れ 0 襯 - ics 7 (Spring 1976 ) : 66 ー 96. OIiver, M. , and T. Jackson. "The Market for Solar Photovoltaics," Energy Po ″ cy , Vol. 27 , No. 7 ( 1999 ) : 371 ー 385. SaIant, S. W. , "Exhaustible Resources and lndustrial Structure: A Nash-Cournot Approach to the World OiI Market," Jo ″記砿 Pol 市 c 記 Eco れ 0 襯 84 ( 1976 ) : 1079 ー 93. Teisberg, Thomas, "A Dynamic Programming Model of the U. S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve, ” Be 〃面リた れ砿 Eco れ 0 襯 / cs 12 (autumn 1981 ) : 52676. Toman, MichaeI, and MoIIy K. MacauIey. 'Risk Aversion and the lnsurance Value of Strategic 0 ⅱ Stock- piling," Resources dE れ e 8 ( 1986 ) : 151 ー 65. U. S. Agency for lnternational Devel 叩 ment (AID). DecentraIized 〃市叩 0 加盥 D D el 叩襯例 / ホ s なれ化怦 00m 襯 (Washington, DC: AID, 1986 ). West, RonaId E. , and Frank Kreith. Eco れ 0 襯たれ口 s な砿 Sol er 襯記 E れ S 襯 s (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988 ). DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. ShouId benefit-cost analysis play the dominant role ⅲ deciding the proportion of U. S. electrical energy tO be supplied by nuclear power? Why or why not? 2. One economist (Lerner [ 1980D proposed that the United States impose a tariff on oil imports equal to 100 percent of the import price. This tariff is designed to reduce dependence on foreign sources as well as t0 discourage OPEC from raising prices (because, as a result of the tariff, the delivered price would rise twice as much as the OPEC increase, causing a large subsequent reduction in con- sumption). Should this become public policy? Why or why not?

市″ 0 れ Re 尼れ c 307 Tietenberg, T. H. The Eco れ 0 襯 / cs 砿 G / 励記Ⅳ砿襯ⅲ 0 (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1996 ). A collection of 31 essays dealing with all economic aspects of dealing with global warming. Van lerland, Ekko, ed. んわれ記 E れ ro れ襯例 I Eco れ 0 襯た s (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994 ). Contains five essays on the economics Of climate change. ADDITIONAL R を庇 R を NC を 5 Adams, Donald D. , and WaIter P. Page. c D 印 os ″われ . ・ E れ ro れ m 例 4 Eco れ 0 襯 / c , and Po ″ c. な (New York: PIenum, 1985 ). Azar, C. , and S. H. Schneider ( 2002 ). "Are the Economic Costs of StabiIizing the Atmosphere Prohibi- tive? ” Eco わ c 記 Economics 42 ( 1 ー 2 ) : 73 ー 80. Barrett, S. "The ProbIem of GIobal Environmental Protection, ' 0 ズん R 卲た砿 Eco れ 0 襯た Po ″ cy 6 , No. 1 (Spring 1990 ) : 68 ー 79. Blackman, A. , and W. Harrington. "The Use of Economic lncentives in Developing Countries: Lessons from lnternational Experience. " 面″ m 記砿 Env か 0 れ襯 e & D ツ叩襯 e 9 ( 1 ) ( 2000 ) : 574. Bohm, Peter. "lncomplete lnternational Cooperation to Reduce C02 Emissions: Alternative Policies, 面″ rn 記砿 E れ盟れ襯例 I Economics dMa れ agem 例 / 24 , No. 3 (May 1993 ) : 258 ー 71. Burtraw, D. , and E. Mansur. "Environmental Effects of S02 Trading and Banking. ” E れ ro れ襯 e れね / Sci- ence & ch れ 0Z004 33 ( 20 ) ( 1999 ) : 3489 ー 3494. Brown, Peter G. "Policy Analysis, Welfare Economics, and the Greenhouse Effect, ”面″記砿 Po ″ c. 員れ s な口れ Ma れ 00e 襯 e 7 (spring 1988 ) : 471 ー 75. Crocker, Thomas D. , ed. ECO れ 0 襯た Perspectives 0 れ c D 印″われ Co れ〃 ol (Boston: Butterworth, 1984 ). Grubb, M. The G e れん 0 2 Effect: Ⅳ e00 ″加 0 e な (London: Royal lnstitute of lnternational Affairs, 1989 ). ICF Resources. "Economic, Environmental, and CoaI Market lmpacts of S02 Emissions Trading under Alternative Acid Rain Control Proposals," a report prepared for the Regulatory lnnovations Staff U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (March 1989 ). lntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( 2001 ). C ″襯 e Change 2 側 7. ・ S. れ肱な R 印 0 (Cam- bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press). Jorgenson, D. W. , and P. J. Wilcoxen. "Reducing U. S. Carbon Emissions: An Assessment 0f Different lnstruments, ”面″記砿 PO ″ c. MO 施 I 加 (Oct0ber-December 1993 ) : 491 ー 520. Lave, Lester B. "The Greenhouse Effect: What Government Actions Are Needed? ”面″ rn 記砿 PO ″ c. れ口な Ma れ ge 襯 e 7 (spring 1988 ) : 460 ー 70. Manne, Alan S. , and Richard G. Richels. 召″れ G 例乃 0 e れ ce. ・ The ECO れ 0 襯た C な砿 C02 E 襯な豆 0 れ襯添 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992 ) : 89 ー 99. Meyer, Richard, and Bruce Yandle. "The P01itical Economy 0f Acid Rain," C 0 面レ m 記 7 (Fall 1987 ) : 52775. NationaI Research Council. C んれグれ C ″襯な R 0 砿 the C わ 0 れ D わ豆 e 襯 e CO 襯襯襯 ee (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983 ). Nordhaus, William D. , and Gary W. Y0he. "Future Paths 0f Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emissions,' in National Research Council C んれグれ C ″襯な R 印 0 砿 e C 砿わ 0 れ D わ施 e 襯 e CO 襯襯″ - tee, (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983 ) : 87 ー 153.

78 劭叩 r 4 怦叩催 R んな , E em 液 , dE 〃 ro れ襯 e れ I 怦励た襯 s Lueck, Dean, "The Extermination and Conservation 0f the American Bison," 面″ rn 記砿ん eg 記 S ル市 31 ( 2002 ) : 5609 ー 5652. Ostrom, EIinor. Cra ″加 / 蹴わ for 立 GO 加 / ″われ S. 襯 s (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992 ). Argues that common-pool problems are sometimes solved by voluntary organizations rather than by a coercive state. Among the cases considered are communal tenure ln meadOWS and forest, irrigation communities, and fisheries. Sandler, T0dd. CO ″ ec 加 c ″ 0 れ . ・ eo イ〃が / c わ (Ann Arbor: UniversitY 0f Michigan, 1992 ). A formal examination Of the forces behind collective action's failures and successes. stavins, R0bert N. "Harnessing Market Forces t0 Protect the Environment," E れれ襯 e 31 ( 1989 ) : 4 ー 7 , 28 ー 35. An excellent, nontechnical review Of the many ways in which the creative use 0f eco- nomic policies can produce supenor environmental outcomes. 立川 I わ 00 暦 0 な ea 市れのカ ce れ厖 2 れ〃励″ 0 砿靃液 0 れ記襯 / 記ね ⅲ / ぉイ施 . e 加 c ん the ん〃 0 面れ Bromley, Daniel W. The 〃れ 00 ん砿 E れ ro れ襯例 IECO れ 0 / cs (Cambridge,MA: Blackwell, 1995 ). Krishnan, RaJaram, Jonathan M. Harris, and Neva G00dwin, eds. S ″砿 ECO わグ c 記 Economics (Washington, DC: lsland Press, 1995 ). Markandya, Anil, and Julie Richardson, eds. E れ ro れ men ー記 Economics: Reader (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992 ). Oates, Wallace E. , ed. The Economics 砿 e Environment(Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992 ). van den Berg, Jeroen C. J. M. Ed. 〃ロれ 00 た砿 E れ ro れ襯 e れ I and 0 ce Economics (Cheltenham, UK: Edward EIgar, 1999 ). ADDITIONAL R を庇を NC を 5 Anderson, Terry L. and P. J. Hill. "The Ev01ution 0f Property Rights: A Study 0f the American West," The 面レ記砿ん and Economics 18 (April 1975 ) : 163 ー 179. Anderson, Terry L. and Randy T. Simmons, eds. 2 PO ″″記 ECO れ 0 襯彑砿 C ね襯 s and C ルゴれん翔 2 記 SO 朝ね the CO 襯襯 0 片襯 (Lanham, MD: Rowman&Littlefield Publishers, lnc. , 1993 ). BoIotin, Frederic N. rn われ記乃ル″ c PO ″ c. 彑 SO c 0 . VOI. 2 , Ed ″ c われれ E れ ro れ襯 e (BouI- der, CO: Greenwood Press, 1989 ). Bromley, Daniel W. ECO れ 0 襯た尾 s なイ / ″ル″ 0 れ s. ・ 2 CO れ c 印ル記 0 ″れ″ 0 砿 P レわ″ c PO ″ c, (Oxford: BasiI Blackwell, 1989 ). Coase, Ronald. "The Problem 0f Social Cost," The 面″ rn 砿んイ Eco れ 0 襯 3 (Oct0ber 1960 ) : 174. Gordon, H. Scott. "The Economic Theory of a Common Pr 叩 erty Resource: The Fishery, ”″ m 記砿 Po ″″ c 記 Eco れ 0 襯 62 (April 1954 ) : 124 ー 142. Griffin, James M. and Henry B. Steele. E れ硼 Economics PO ″ cy (New York: Academic Press, 198 の : 85 ー 86. J0hnson, Stanley P. The E れれ襯 e れ / PO ″ cy 砿肱 e E 叩れ CO 襯襯″れ襯 (London: Graham & Trot- man, 1989 ). McKenzie, Richard B. and Gordon Tullock, "Rent Seeking," in the New Ⅳ砿 Economics: E. ゅあ - rations 加ね the 〃″襯れ Experience, 3rd ed. (Homewood, IL: Richard D. lrwin, 1981 ) : Chapter 15. OECD. E れ ro れ襯 e れ一れ Economics (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and DeveIop- ment, 1985 ).

376 劭叩 r 78 Solid Ⅳイ Req c ″れ 0 Of government control are bOth inaccurate. The efficient role for government in achieving a balance between the economic and environmental systems requires less in S01 e areas and more in others. FURTHER READIN G Bohm, peter. D os ″ - Re ルれイ S. 襯 . ・ eo and 〃〃″ c われね E れ ro れ襯 l, , CO れ翔われ , れイ CO れ襯 PO ″ c. (Baltimore, MD: J0hns Hopkins UniversitY Press, for Resources for the Future' 1981 ). A highly readable and analytically sound exploration 0f the experience with and potential 叩 plications for deposit-refund systems. curlee, T. Randall. The ECO れ 0 襯た Fe ″″砿 Rec. c ″れ 0. ・ Case S ル 0fPlastic Ⅳ (New York: praeger, 1986 ). Analyzes in nontechnical language the incentives for, and barriers t0' recycling plastic. Dinan, Terry. "Economic Efficiency Aspects 0f Alternative P01icies for Reducing Waste Disposal' 面″記砿 Env か 0 れ襯例 I Economics イ Ma れ ge 襯 e 25 ( 1993 ) : 242 ー 256. Argues that a tax on virgin materials iS not enough tO produce efficiency; a subsidy on reuse iS alSO required. Jenkins, R0bin R. The Eco れ 0 襯た s SO ″ d Ⅲ Red 乢″ 0 れ . ・ The / 襯〃 ct 砿 Fees (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1993 ). An analysis that examines whether user fees d0, in fact, encourage people t0 recycle waste. Using evidence derived from nine U. S. communities, the author concludes that they dO. Kinnaman, T. C. , and D. Fullerton. "The Economics 0f Residential S01id Waste Management," in 2 加 m われ記砿わ 0 砿 E れ ro れ襯例 I Resource ECO れ 0 襯た s 20 側 / 20 . T. Tietenberg and H. FoImer, eds. (Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar, 2000 ) : 100 ー 147. A survey 0f the economics litera- ture that reviews trends in residential solid waste and the effectiveness Of policies designed t0 com- bat inefficiencies. Repetto, R0bert, et al. Green Fees: ・〃 0 Ta ェ S ん″ C れⅣ 0 for the E れ ro れ襯例ーれ the ECO れ om (Washington, DC: World Resources lnstitute, 1992 ). One 0f the case studies involves an examina- tion 0f pay-by-the-bag disposal pricing. Reschovsky, J. D. , and S. E. Stone. "Market lncentives t0 Encourage Househ01d Waste Recycling: Paying for What You Throw Away," 面″砿 PO ″ c. れ s なイ M れ e 襯 e 13 ( 1994 ) : 120 ー 39. An examination Of ways tO change the zero-marginal-cost-of-disposal characteristic Of many current disposal programs. Roxburgh, Nigel. PO ″ C Re 0 ね Resource D 印″ 0 れ . ・ The Case 砿 M 催 c ″ (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1980 ). An intensive examination Of the depletion experience with one particular material— mercury. lncludes chapters on the resource base, extractive and scrap metal industries, and various industries that are heavy users Of mercury. TiIton, J0hn E. , ed. Mineral Ⅳ〃ん and ECO れ 0 襯た Development(Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1992 ). Explores why a number Of mineral-exporting countries have seen their per capita incomes decline or their standards Of living stagnate over the last several decades. ADDITI ONAL REFERENCES AIIen, J. , et al. "Using Coupon lncentives in RecycIing AIuminum: A Market Approach to Energy Conser- vation P01icy , " 面″ m 記砿 CO れ襯 27 ( 1993 ) : 300 ー 318.

員靃市 0 れ記 2 ル尾れ c FURTHER READING 459 Battie, Sandra S. "SustainabIe Development: Challenges to the Agricultural Economics profession, 襯たれ″記砿 c ″〃記 Economics 71 (December 1989 ) : 1083 ー 1101. Contrasts the view- points 0f 'deep ecology" sustainable development advocates with those of traditional economists and suggests some things each can learn from the other. Costanza, R0bert et al. "The Ec010gicaI Economics of Sustainability: Making Local and Short-Term Goals Consistent with GIobaI and Long-Term Goals," Working P 叩 er No. 32 (Washington, DC: World Bank Environment Department, 1990 ). A catalogue containing abstracts of nearly 200 works in ecological economics presented at a 1990 conference on sustainability in Washington. Jansson, Ann Mari, et al. , eds. 加 s ″れ加Ⅳ記 C 叩″記 . ・ The Eco あグ c 記 Eco れ 0 襯 / cs 〃〃 roac んん Sus- 加市 (Washington, DC: lsland Press, 1994 ). Proceedings of an international workshop involv- ing ecologists and economists in a jOint search for new approaches tO sustainable development. OECD. The E れ ho れ襯 e れ I Effects 砿行 2 施 (Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and DeveI- 叩 ment, 1994 ). Contains background documents for OECD discussions on the environmental effects Of trade, including sector studies on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, endangered species, and transp ort. Pearce, David, and Edward B. Barbier. B ん for S ね加 Eco れ 0 襯 (London: Earthscan, 2000 ). Seeks tO answer the question, "lfwe accept sustainable devel 叩 ment as a working idea, what does it mean for the way we manage a modern economy? ” Sterner, Thomas, ed. Eco れ 0 襯た P01icies for S 加 DeveIopment(Norwell, : KIuwer Academic PubIishers, 1994 ). A collection of 17 essays that describe the state of the art in the use of new eco- nomic instruments tO achieve sustainable development. Stewart, Richard B. "Environmental Regulation and lnternational Competitiveness, ” Yale ん 2 盟面″ , 102 (June 1993 ) : 2039 ー 2106. A comprehensive survey of the trade and environment literature. Weiss, Edith Brown. "ln Fairness t0 Future Generations," E れれ襯 e 32 (April 1990 ) : 7 ー 11 , 30 ー 31. A lawyer proposes a new doctrine tO protect the interests Of future generations and a set Of principles and procedures for implementing that doctrine. ADDITI ONAL R 一を NC S Aniansson, Britt, and Uno Svedin. TO 砿れ ECO わグ c 記 S 加ロわ ECO れ 0 襯 (Stockh01m: Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination 0f Research, 1990 ). Baum01, William J. "On the Possibility 0f Continuing Expansion 0f Finite Resources,' KI んん s 39 ( 1986 ) : 167 ー 179. Becker, R0bert A. "lntergenerational Equity: The C 叩 ital-Environment Trade-Off," 面″ rn 記砿 E れル 襯例ね I ECO れ 0 襯 / cs M れ e 襯 e 9 (June 1982 ) : 165 ー 185. Brown, Lester R. , Christopher Flavin, and Sandra Postel. "Picturing a Sustainable SocietY," in Lester R. Brown et al., eds. S 砿 e Ⅳロ 990 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990 ) : 173 ー 190. DaIy, Herman E. "The Economic Growth Debate: What Some Economists Have Learned But Many Have Not," 面レ記砿 Env / ro れ襯例 I ECO れ 0 襯た s d れ ge 襯 e 14 (December 1987 ) : 323 ー 336. GOIdin, lan, and L. Alan Winters, eds. The Economics 砿 S ⅲわ Development (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995 ). Hawken, p. , A. Lovins, et al. ル記 C 叩″記な襯 . ・ C 尾加 0 the ル鸞加 d / 記 0 ん″ 0 れ (Boston: Lit- tle, Brown and Company, 1999 ).

E 厖た〃耀な 219 FIGURE 12.1 The Relationship between the Fish Stock and Growth Growth in Fi sh Stock (tons) G(SD Fish Stock (tons) S* This natural equilibrium would persist belause it is stable. A stable eq レ市房襯 is one in which movements away from this population level set forces in motion to restore it. lf, for example, th stock tem 0 exceeded S, it would be exceeding the capacity of its habitat (call c ″ . AS a result, mortality rates or out-migration wouldincrease until the stock was once again within the confines of the carrying capacity of its habitat at S. This tendency for the p 叩 ulation size to return to S works in the other direction as well. SuPPOSe the population is temporarily reduced below S. Because the stock is now smaller, growth would be positive and the size of the stock would increase. Over time, the fishery pop- ulation would move along the curve to the right until S were reached again. What about the other points on the curve? S, known as the 襯加 / 襯″ m ″わ〃 0 〃″″ 0 れ , represents the level Of population below which growth in population is negative (). e. , eaths and out-migration exceed births and in-migration). ln contrast to S, this equilibrium is unstable. Population sizes to the right of S lead to positive growth and a movement along the curve tO S and away from S. When the population moves to the left of S the population declines until it eventually becomes extinct. ln this region no forces act to return the popula- tion to a viable level. A catch level is said tO represent a s 加房 yield whenever it equals the growth rate of the population, because it can then be maintained forever. As long as the population size remains constant, the growth rate (and, h nce, the catch) will remain constant as well. S* is what is known in biology as the 襯襯 s 襯ろ yield opulation, defined as the population size that yields the max ・ mum rowt ; hence, the maximum sustainable yield is growth, an lt represents the largest catch that can be perpetually sustained. If the catch is equal tO the growth, the sustainable yield for any population size between S and S can be determined by drawing a verticalline from the stock size 0f interest on the horizontal axis t0 the point where it intersects the function and then drawing a hori- zontalline over tO the vertical axis. The sustainable yield is the growth in the biomass defined 0

のな c 豆 0 れ Q ″″ 0 431 Cobb, CIifford W. , and John B. Cobb Jr. , eds. The Green われ記片 0 面 c た片叩 ed 加 x 砿 S ね加 - Eco れ 0 襯たⅣ尾 (Lanham, MD: University Press ofAmerica, 1994 ). Dasgupta, Ajit K. Growth, D 卲 el 叩襯 / Ⅳ . ・れ Essay 0 れ加な砿んか (Oxford, UK: BasiI BlackweII, 1988 ). G00dstein, E. "J0bs and the Environment—an Overview," E れ ho れ襯例 I れ e 襯 e 20 ( 1996 ) ( 3 ) : 313 ー 321. Hansen, Stein. "Macroeconomic PoIicies and Sustainable Development in the Third World, ”面″ m 記砿 加 rn われ記 Development 2 ( 1990 ). Lint0tt, J. "Environmental Accounting: UsefuI to Whom and for What?" Eco わグ c 記 Eco れ 0 襯 / cs 16 , No. 3 ( 1996 ) : 179 ー 90. Markandya, A. 'Employment and Environmental Protection—The Trade-offs in an Economy in Transi- tion," E れⅵれ襯 e れ I ー Resource Eco れ 0 襯た s 15 ( 2000 ) ( 4 ) : 297 ー 322. MeIIor, John W. "The lntertwining of Environmental Problems and Poverty, ” Env か 0 れ襯例 / 30 ( 1988 ) : 8 ー 13. Neary, J. Peter, and Sweder Van Wijnbergen, eds. Natural eso c and 肱 2 Macroeco れ 0 襯 (Cam- bridge,MA: MIT Press, 1986 ). Perrings, Charles. ECO れ 0 襯れイ E れ″か 0 れ襯例た員 eo ″ c 記 E ロ 0 れ the 加 r 施〃 e れ施れ化砿 Eco- れ 0 襯たれ dE れ ro れ襯 e れ I S 襯 s (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987 ). Van Dieren, Wouter, ed. Ta ん加Ⅳル加 cco 盟た R 印 0 ん 2 C わ砿 Rome (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995 ). Van lerland, Ekk0 C. åcroeco れ 0 襯たれ s な砿 E れれ襯例ね I Po ″ cy (Amsterdam: EIsevier, 1993 ). DISCUSSION QLIES 0N5 1. "Economic growth has historically provided a valuable vehicle for raising the standard of living. NOW that the standard Of living is so high, however, further economic growth is unnecessary. When the undesirable side effects are considered, it is probably counterproductive. Economic growth is a process that has outlived its usefulness. ” Discuss. 2. ls affluence part of the problem or part Of the solution when it comes tO environmental prob- lems? Why?

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