92 劭叩 / 催 5 S 加 De I 叩襯 e れた De 〃れⅲ the Concept Scheraga, J. and F. Sussman. "Discounting and Environmental Management"' in The われ記 わ 0 砿 E れれ襯例 I れ Resource Economics 7998 〃 999 , T. Tietenberg and H. F01mer' ed. (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar): 1 ー 31. A review 0f the state 0f the art on the role 0f discounting in environmental management. pezzey, J. C. V. and Michael A. Toman, "Progress and problems in the Economics 0f SustainabilitY" in T. Tietenberg and H. FoImer ed. The / れわれ記砿わ 00 ん砿 E れれ襯 e れ 1 れ d 0 ″尾 e ECO れ 0 襯 / c & ・員 S ″耀 e. 砿 C 尾な (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar' 2002 ) : An excellent sur- vey Of the economics literature on sustainable development. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES Chichilnisky, G. "What ls Sustainable Development?" んれ ECO れ 0 襯 / cs 73 ( 4 ) ( 1997 ) : 467791. Howarth, R. B. "Discount Rates and Sustainable Devel 叩 ment," ECO あグ c 記 MO 施″れ 0 92 ( 2 ー 3 ) ( 1996 ) : 263 ー 270. Munda, G. "Environmental Economics, Ecological Economics, And the Concept 0f Sustainable Develop- ment," E れ h0 れ襯 e れ I Values 6 ( 2 ) ( 1997 ) : 213 ー 233. Neumayer, Eric. Weak 阨 S 〃 0 れ 0 S 加市 . ・ E ゅん r 加 0 the 襯添砿 T 0 0 〃〃ⅲ P ra 襯 s (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 1999 ). pezzey, J. "Sustainability: An lnterdisciplinary Guide," Env か 0 れ襯 e れ I Values 1 ( 1992 ) : 321 ー 62. RawIs, J0hn. eo 砿 J ″ ce. (Cambridge, Ma. : Harvard UniversitY Press, 1971 ). stern, D. I. , M. S. Common, et al. "Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation: The Environ- mental Kuznets curve and Sustainable Devel 叩 ment. " Ⅳ Development 24 ( 7 ) ( 1996 ) : 1151 ー 1160. Tilton, J. E. "ExhaustibIe Resources and Sustainable Development—Two Different Paradigms. " Resources Po ″ c. 22 ( 1 ー 2 ) ( 1996 ) : 91 ー 97. DISCUSSION Qu S 第 ON 1. The notion of sustainability is not the same in the natural sciences as in economics. ln the natural sciences, sustainability frequently means maintaining a constant physical flOW Of each and every resource (). g. , fiSh from the sea or WOOd from the forest), while in economics it means maintaining the ん 2 Of those service flows. When might the tWO criteria lead t0 different choices? Why?

460 劭叩 r 幻 The Q for S 加 D el 叩襯例ー Howarth, Richard B. , and Richard B. Norgard. "lntergenerational Resource RightS"' んれ dEC0 れ 0 襯た s 66 (February 1990 ) : 1 ー 11. McNeeIey, Jeffrey A. , et al. "Strategies for Conserving Bi0diversitY," E れ ro れ e 32 (April 1990 ) : 16 ー 20 , 3640. parris, T. M. ℃ omparative lnternational lndicators 0f Sustainable Development," E れ ro れ襯ー 38 , NO. 4 ( 1996 ) : 3. pearce, David, et al. "Measuring Sustainable Devel 叩 ment: Progress on lndicators"' E れ ro れ襯例ね I れ d D 叩襯ー Eco れ om / cs 1 , NO. 1 ( 1996 ) : 85 ー 102. pezzey, JOhn. "Sustainable Development Concepts: An Economic Analysis," working P 叩 er. Washingt011' DC: World Bank Environment Department, 1992 ). Redclift, Michael. S 加 le De I 叩襯 e れた E ゆ I 加 the CO ra 市 c 朝れ s (New York: Methuem 1987 ). Toman, Michael A. "Economics and 'SustainabilitY': Balancing Trade-0ffs and lmperatives" んれ d ECO- れ 0 襯 / cs 70 ( 1994 ) : 399713. Turner, R. Kerry. S ね加 E れ ro れ襯例 I Ma れ ge 襯例た Principles ロれイ Practice (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988 ). Van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. , and M. W. H0fkes. "Economic M0dels 0f Sustainable Devel 叩 ment," in J. C. J. M. Van den Bergh, ed. 〃れ 00 ん砿 E れ ro れ襯例 1 れ d Resource Ec 伽 0 襯た s (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar): 1108 ー 1122. world Resources lnstitute. Ⅳロル I E れ襯例な : F ⅲれ c 加 4 R 0 レ尾 e CO e 耀われん鑽 De あ〃襯 e れ一 (Washington, DC: World Resources lnstitute, 1989 ). DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the mechanism favored by Daly tO control population growth. What are its advantages and disadvantages? Would it be appropriate tO implement this policy now in the United States? For those who believe that it would be, what are the crucial reasons? For those whO believe it is not 叩 propriate, are there any circumstances in any countries where it might be appropriate? Why or why not? 2. "Every molecule Of a nonrenewable resource used t0day precludes its use by future generations. Therefore, the only morally defensible policy for any generation is tO use only renewable resources. ” Discuss. 3. generations can cast neither VOtes in current elections nor d()llars in current market deci- sions. Therefore, it should not come as a surprise tO anyone that the interests Of future generations are ignored in a market economy. ' Discuss.

靃ⅲ 0 れ記 Re ル renc ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 357 Andreasson, I. M. "A Cost-Efficient Reduction of the Nitrogen Load t0 Laholm Bay," in A. Bubgard and A. Nielson, eds. , Eco れ 0 襯たホ〃 ec な ofE れ房れ襯 e れ I eg ″″ 0 加 gr / c ″〃″ (Kiel, Germany: Wis- senschaftsverlag Vauk, 1989 ). Ashworth, J0hn, lvy P 叩 ps, and David Storey. "Assessing the lmpact upon the British ChIor-AIkaIi lndus- try 0f the EEC Directive on Discharges of Mercury into Waterways," んれ d Eco れ 0 襯た s 63 (February 1987 ) : 72 ー 78. BockstaeI, N. E. , et al. "Measuring the Benefits of lmprovements in Water Quality: The Ches 叩 eake Bay, Marine R 0 ″尾 es Economics 6 ( 1989 ) : 1 ー 18. Bressers, H. "A Comparison Of the Effectiveness of lncentives and Directives: The Case Of Dutch Water Quality P01icy, ” PO ″ cu Studies R 盟 7 ( 1988 ) : 500 ー 518. Bressers, H. "The R01e of Effluent Charges in Dutch Water QuaIity PoIicy, ” in P. Downing and K. Hanf, eds. 加われ CO 襯〃な 0 加 / 襯が e 襯例″れ 0 PO ″われん (Boston: Kluwer Nijh0ff, 1983 ). Brown, G. M. , Jr. , and R. W. Johnson. "PoIIution Control by Effluent Charges: lt Works in the Federal Republic of Germany,Why N0t in the U. S. ? , ”ルル ral Resources 面レ m 記 2 イ ( 1984 ) : 929 ー 966. Eheart, J. Wayland, E. Downey BriII, Jr. , and RandoIph M. Lyon. "TransferabIe Discharge Permits for ControI 0f BOD: An Overview," in 召ⅵれ Better E れ ro れ襯例た Co - E &c ″ Reg われ ro ″ 4 ん R 催襯″ Tra 市れ Erhard F. Joeres and Martin H. David, eds. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983 ) : 163 ー 195. Freeman, A. Myrick III. 耘れ d Ⅳ催 PO ″われ Contr01: ス Be れ e 〃 CO e 襯 e (New York: WiIey, 1982 ). Griffin, RonaId C. "EnvironmentaI PoIicy for SpatiaI and Persistent PoIIutants," 面″記砿 E れリか 0 れ襯例ー talEconomics 4 れ M れ叩 e 襯ー 14 (March 1987 ) : 41 ー 53. Hanley, N. , and D. Oglethorpe. "Emerging P01icies on Externalities from Agriculture: An Analysis for the European Union , ' 凵襯催た面レ rn 記砿た″〃″ ral Economics 81 ( 1984 ) ( 5 ) : 1222 ー 1227. J0hnsen, F. H. "Economic Analyses of Measures to ControI Phosphorous Run-Off from Nonpoint Agri- cultural Sources," E 叩 ea れた砿員 gr / 硼〃″川 I Economics 20 ( 1993 ) : 399718. Johnson, Edwin L. "A Study in the Economics of Water Quality Management, ”Ⅳ催 R 0 ″尾 es R e 3 (second quarter 1967 ) : 291 ー 305. Koch, C. James, and Robert A. Leone. "The CIean Water Act: Unexpected lmpacts on lndustry, ' 〃川池 E れ ho れ襯 e れ I ん R 3 ( 1979 ) : 84 ー 111. Kraemer, A. , and K. M. Banh01zer. "Tradable Permits in Water Resource Management and Water P011u- tion Contr01,' / 襯が e 襯 e れ″れ 0 DO 襯″ c Tra わ P 催襯添 for E れ ro れ襯 e れね I Pro c ″ 0 れ (Washing- ton, DC: OECD, Organization for Economic C0-operation and Devel 叩 ment, 1999 ) : 75 ー 107. Leone, R0bert A. , and J0hn E. Jackson. "The P01itical Economy 0f Federal Regulatory Activity: The Case of Water P011ution Contr01s," in S ル市加 Public ″″ 0 れ , Gary Fromm, ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1981 ). Letson, David. "lnvestment Decisions and Transferable Discharge Permits: An Empirical StudY 0f Water Quality Management under P01icy Uncertainty," E れ *0 れ襯例 I ロれ d 0 ce Economics 2 ( 1992 ) : 441758. Magat, wesley A. , and W. Kip Viscusi. "Effectiveness 0f the EPA's Regulatory Enforcement: The Case 0f lndustrial Effluent Standards, ”面″ rn 砿ん肥ロれ ECO れ 0 襯 / cs 33 ( 1990 ) : 331 ー 360.

のな c 豆 0 れ Q ″″ 0 431 Cobb, CIifford W. , and John B. Cobb Jr. , eds. The Green われ記片 0 面 c た片叩 ed 加 x 砿 S ね加 - Eco れ 0 襯たⅣ尾 (Lanham, MD: University Press ofAmerica, 1994 ). Dasgupta, Ajit K. Growth, D 卲 el 叩襯 / Ⅳ . ・れ Essay 0 れ加な砿んか (Oxford, UK: BasiI BlackweII, 1988 ). G00dstein, E. "J0bs and the Environment—an Overview," E れ ho れ襯例 I れ e 襯 e 20 ( 1996 ) ( 3 ) : 313 ー 321. Hansen, Stein. "Macroeconomic PoIicies and Sustainable Development in the Third World, ”面″ m 記砿 加 rn われ記 Development 2 ( 1990 ). Lint0tt, J. "Environmental Accounting: UsefuI to Whom and for What?" Eco わグ c 記 Eco れ 0 襯 / cs 16 , No. 3 ( 1996 ) : 179 ー 90. Markandya, A. 'Employment and Environmental Protection—The Trade-offs in an Economy in Transi- tion," E れⅵれ襯 e れ I ー Resource Eco れ 0 襯た s 15 ( 2000 ) ( 4 ) : 297 ー 322. MeIIor, John W. "The lntertwining of Environmental Problems and Poverty, ” Env か 0 れ襯例 / 30 ( 1988 ) : 8 ー 13. Neary, J. Peter, and Sweder Van Wijnbergen, eds. Natural eso c and 肱 2 Macroeco れ 0 襯 (Cam- bridge,MA: MIT Press, 1986 ). Perrings, Charles. ECO れ 0 襯れイ E れ″か 0 れ襯例た員 eo ″ c 記 E ロ 0 れ the 加 r 施〃 e れ施れ化砿 Eco- れ 0 襯たれ dE れ ro れ襯 e れ I S 襯 s (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987 ). Van Dieren, Wouter, ed. Ta ん加Ⅳル加 cco 盟た R 印 0 ん 2 C わ砿 Rome (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995 ). Van lerland, Ekk0 C. åcroeco れ 0 襯たれ s な砿 E れれ襯例ね I Po ″ cy (Amsterdam: EIsevier, 1993 ). DISCUSSION QLIES 0N5 1. "Economic growth has historically provided a valuable vehicle for raising the standard of living. NOW that the standard Of living is so high, however, further economic growth is unnecessary. When the undesirable side effects are considered, it is probably counterproductive. Economic growth is a process that has outlived its usefulness. ” Discuss. 2. ls affluence part of the problem or part Of the solution when it comes tO environmental prob- lems? Why?

358 C ん叩 r 77 Ⅳ催 Po ″″″ 0 れ MaIik, A. S. , et al. "P0int/Nonpoint source Trading 0f pollution Abatement: Choosing the Right Trading Rati0," m 催 / c ロれ面″ rn 記砿 / c ″〃″川 I Economics 75 ( 1993 ) : 959 ー 967. McConnell, Virginia D. , J0hn H. Cumberland, and patrice L. Gordon. "Regional Marginal COSts and Cost savings from Economies 0f scale in Municipal waste Treatment: An Application t0 the Chesapeake Bay," Growth C んれ ge 19 (fall 1988 ) : 1 ー 13. Naysnerski, wendy, and Tom Tietenberg. 'Private Enforcement 0f Environmental Law," んれ ECO れ 0 襯 - ics 68 ( 1992 ) : 2878. Opaluch, James J. , and Thomas A. Grigalunas. ℃ ontrolling Stochastic P011ution Events with LiabilitY Rules: Some Evidence from OCS Leasing,' Ra れ d 面″記砿 ECO れ 0 襯 / cs 15 ( 1984 ) : 142 ー 151. peskin, Henry M. , and Eugene p. seskin. CO - B 例 e れ s な口れ d Ⅳ PO ″″″ 0 れ Confr01 PO ″ c. (Washington, DC: Urban lnstitute, 1975 ). Raucher, Robert L. "The Benefits and Costs of PoIicies Related to Groundwater Contamination," んれ Economics 62 (February 1986 ) : 3375. Ribaudo, Marc O. "Targeting the Conservation Reserve Program t0 Maximize Water QualitY Benefits, ん d Economics 65 (November 1989 ) : 320 ー 332. Segerson, Kathleen. "Liability for Groundwater Contamination from Pesticides," 面″ rn 記砿 E れ h0 ル 襯 e れね I Economics イ Ma れ襯 e 19 ( 1990 ) : 227 ー 243. Segerson, Kathleen. "Uncertainty and lncentives for Nonpoint P011ution Control," 面″記砿 E れ ro ル 襯 e れ I Economics れ M れ ge 襯 e 15 (March 1988 ) : 87 ー 98. Shortle, I. , and J. Dunn, "The Relative Efficiency of Agricultural Source Water P011ution control P01i- cies," 襯催たれ面″記砿員 gr / c 記ル ralEco れ 0 襯 / cs ( 1986 ) : 668 ー 677. Spurlock, S. R. , and I. D. Clifton. "Efficiency and EquitY Aspects 0f Nonpoint Source P011ution Controls," Southem 面″記砿 / c ル ralEco れ 0 襯 / cs 14 (December 1982 ) : 123 ー 129. Wetzstein, M. E. , and T. J. Centner, 'Regulating Agricultural Contamination 0f Groundwater through strict Liability and Negligence Legislation," 面リ m 記砿 Env か 0 れ 2 れね I Economics れイれロ ge - ment 22 ( 1992 ) : 1 ー 11. DISCUSSION QLIES 0N5 1. "The only permanent solution to water pollution control will occur when all production by-prod- ucts are routinely recycled. The zero discharge goal recognizes this reality and forces all discharg- ers t0 work steadily toward this solution. Less stringent policies are, at best, temporary palliatives. Discuss. 2. "ln exercising its responsibility tO protect the nation's drinking water, the government needs to intervene only in the case Of public water supplies. Private water suppliers will be adequately pro- tected without any government intervention. ” Discuss.

d 市″ 0 れ記 e ル r 例 c 283 posed (with emissions posing the greatest risk being reduced more) produce substantially lower risks for the same expenditure as uniformly applied standards do. One reform proposal based on this analysis would impose an exposure ()s opposed to an emission) charge on emit- ters that would take into account not only the concentration of the emission (and the result- ing health risk t0 each exposed person), but also the number of people exposed. FURTHER READING Joeres, Erhard F. , and Martin David, eds. B ″れ Better E れ ho れ例た Co Effective R 記われ ro レ 0 P 襯″ T 川市れ (Madison: University 0f Wisconsin Press, 1983 ). An excellent collection of essays on aspects 0f permit trading including permit design, distributional matters, and dealing with uncertainty. Kosobud, Richard F. , WiIIiam A. Testa, and Donald A. Hanson, eds. Co E e Co れケ ol 砿併ろ an S 襯四 (Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 1993 ). The proceedings 0f a conference providing background information for the lllinois smog-trading program. Nich01s, Albert L. 可加 Eco れ 0 襯た加 c 例″ s for E れ ro れ襯 I 怦 0 c ″ 0 れ (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984 ). An excellent review of the use of economic incentives to control pollution, with a detailed treatment Of the use Of exposure charges tO control airborne carcinogens. ADDITI ONAL REFERENCES Anderson, R0bert J. , Jr. , et al. "An Analysis of Alternative P01icies for Attaining and Maintaining a Short- Term N02 Standard, ” a report prepared by MATHTECH, lnc. , for the Council on Environmental Quality (September 17 , 1979 ). Anderson, R0bert, and Andrew L0h0f. 1997. The United States Experience with Economic lncentives in Environmental P011ution Control P01icy. Environmental Law lnstitute, Washington, DC. Krupnick, Alan J. "Costs 0f Alternative P01icies for the Control 0f N02 in the Baltimore Region, ”面″ m 記 砿 E れ ro れ men I ECO れ 0 襯た s れ Ma れ gem 例ー 13 (June 1986 ) : 189 ー 97. Marcus, Alfred A. "Japan, ' in 加 m われ記戸励″ c PO ″ c. SO c 0 , VOI. 2 , E イ″ c われロれイ Environ- 襯 e れれ Frederic N. B010tin, ed. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989 ) : 275 ー 91. McGartland, Albert M. "Marketable Permit Systems for Air P011ution Control: An Empirical Study, Ph. D. dissertation, University of Maryland, 1984. Oates, Wallace E. , Paul R. Portney, and Albert M. McGartland. "The Net Benefits 0f Incentive-Based Reg- ulation: A Case Study 0f Environmental Standard-Setting, ”襯たロれ ECO れ 0 襯た R 79 (December 1989 ) : 123372. portney, Paul R. "Air P011ution P01icy, ' in P ″わ″ c PO ″ ci for E れ ro れ襯例 I 怦 ec れ , Paul R. Pormey, ed. (Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1990 ) : 27 ー 96. Roach, Fred, Charles Kolstad, Allen V. Kneese, Richard T0bin, and Michael Williams. "Alternative Air Quality P01icy Options in the Four Corners Region," SO レ肱 e R 卲 1 (Summer 1981 ) : 29 ー 58. Roumasset, James A. , and Kirk R. Smith. "Exposure Trading: An Approach t0 More Efficient Air P011u- tion Contr01," JO ″記砿 E れ ro れ襯 e れ I ECO れ 0 襯た s Ma れロ ge 襯 e 18 (May 1990 ) : 276 ー 91. ScheIling, Thomas C. , ed. lncentives for Env 0 れ襯例 I 怦 ec ″ 0 れ (Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 1983 ).

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