HIDDEN PERSUADERS Disinformation campaigns used through the ages 1517 REFORMATION LEAFLETS 旧 one ofthe earliest examples Of printed propaganda, Martin Luther turned the masses against the CathoIic Church by questioning its practices THE TROJAN HORSE 旧 the ultimate hack Of ancienttimes, the Greeks used the TrO. 」 an Horse tO 旧Ⅱ residents OfTroy intO a ね e sense Of security SO that they could slyly enter and destroy the city those most susceptible tO suggestion. had used thousands of covert human Current and former offlcials at the Propagandists can then manually craft FBI, at the CIA and in Congress now be- agents and robot computer programs messages t0 influence them, deploying tO spread disinformation referencing lieve the 2016 Russian operation wasjust covert provocateurs, either humans or the stolen campaign emails of Hillary the most visible battle in an ongoing in- Clinton, amplifying their effect. Now formation war against glObal democracy. automated computer programs known as b0ts, in hopes 0f altering their behavior. counterintelligence 0 価℃ ials wondered: And they've become more vocal about What chaos could Moscow unleash their concern. "lf there has ever been That is what Moscow is doing, more with thous ands of Twitter handle s that a clarion call for vigilance and action than a dozen senior intelligence offcials against a threat tO the very foundation Of spoke ⅲ real time with the authority 0f and Others investigating Russia's influ- our democratic political system, this ep- ence operations tell TIME. The Russians the armed forces of the United States? isode is it; ” former Director Of National 'target you and see what you like, what At any given moment, perhaps during you click on, and see if you're symp athetic a natural disaster or a terrorist attack, lntelligence James CI 叩 per testified be- Pentagon Twitter accounts might send fore Congress on May 8. or not sympathetic; ” says a senior intel- out false information. AS each tweet ligence 0 伍 cial. Whether and how much corroborated another, and covert Russian IF THAT SOUNDS ALARMING, it helps they have actually been able to change agents amplified the messages even tO understand the battlescape Of this Americans' behavior is hard tO say. But as further afield, the result could be panic new information war. As they tweet and they have investigated the Russian 2016 and confusion. like and upvote their way through social operation, intelligence and Other offlcials For manyAmericans, Russian hacking media, Americans generate a vast trove have found that Moscow has developed of data on what they think and how they remains a story about the 2016 election. sophisticated tactics. But there is another story taking shape. respond t0 ideas and arguments—literally ln one case lastyear, senior intelligence Marrying a hundred years of expertise thousands 0f expressions 0f belief every offlcials tell TIME, a Russian soldier in influence operations tO the new world second on Twitter, Facebook, Reddit and based in Ukraine successfully infiltrated 0f social media, Russia may finally have Google. AII ofthose digitized convictions a U. S. social media group by p tending gained the ability it 10 Ⅱ g sought but are collected and stored, and much ofthat t0 be a 42-year-01d American ho sewife never fully achieved in the CoId War: to data is available commercially tO anyone and weighing ⅲ on political debat s with alter the course of events in the U. S. by with suffcient computing power to take specially tailored messages. ln a manipulating public opinion. The vast advantage Of it. case, 0 価℃ ialS say, Russia created 、 openness and anonymity Of SOCial media That's where the algorithms come in. Facebook account tO spread story has cleared a dangerous new route for American researchers have found they political issues like refugee resettlem antidemocratic forces. "Using these can use mathematical formulas tO seg- tO targeted reporters they believed wer 、 technologies, it is possible to under- ment huge populations intO thousands susceptible tO influence. mine democratic government, and of subgroups according to defining char- As Russiaexpands its cyberpropaganda becoming easier every day," says Rand acteristics like religion and political be- efforts, the U. S. and its allies are only Waltzman of the Rand Corp. , who ran liefs or taste in TV shows and music. just beginning to figure out how to fight a maJOr Pentagon research program to Other algorithms can determine those back. One problem: the fear of Russian understand the propaganda threats posed groups' hot-button issues and identify influence operations can be more by social media technology. "followers" among them, pinpointing damaging than the operations themselves. 26 TIME May29, 2017
を THE JOBS THAT WEREN'T SAVED Nation A mile fronp the Carrier plant President Trump helped keep open, another factory is moving tO Mexico and putting 300 Americans out Of work By Sean Gregory/Indianapolis PHOTOGRAPHS BY INZAJEANO LATIF FORTIME
0 support Trump. But that includes more return tO hiS primary mission, regardless than 70 % 0f Republicans ⅲ recent polls. ofthe questioning ofhis motives. "I tOOk "There is an overwhelming percentage an oath tO preserve, protect and defend of Republican [voters] who are still loyal the Constitution Of the United States,: ” t0 Trump, ' explains lllinois Senator Dick Rosenstein said in a May 15 speech tO Durbin, the chamber's second-ranking business owners in Baltimore. iS Democrat. SO it unnerves themwhen nothing in that oath about my reputation. ” the time. But in SOttO voce conversations they think about retaining control 0f the TWO days later, Deputy Attorney across the Capitol, Republican lawmakers are venting about the president's reckless- House and Senate. General Rosenstein acceded tO the ness. At a minimum, they are fed up with Republican leaders have mostly gone demands Of Democrats in Congress by his antics. Some question his suitability t0 ground. House Spe aker Paul Ryan has appointing a special counsel, former FBI Director Robert S. Mueller III, to take for the job. "ProbabIy two-thirds of the tried t0 change the subject, holding apress over direction Of the Rus S ia investigation, Republicans ⅲ the Senate are deeply conference about tax reform in the midst creating a new buffer tO protect the probe worried about President Trump, says of the uproar and offering only a weak from political interference. Mueller ran Senator Tim Kaine, the Virginia Democrat assurance that he maintains confidence the FBI from 2001 to 2013. WhO was Clinton's running mate in 2016. in the President. Senate maJority leader "A handful have been willing to say so. Mitch McConnell has repeated his patient THE SYSTEM DEMANDS a different role But the past few weeks have done requests for less White House drama. to be played by the elected members 0f little t0 dent Trump's popularity among Others have begun t0 break ranks more Congress, wh0 pledge allegiance t0 the Republican voters. White House aides forcefully. "The White House has got to Constitutio n but are directly answerable remain confident that most Trump dO something soon tO bring itself under tO VOters. Here, tOO, tWO weeks Of supporters see the scandals primarily as control and in order,: ” said Senator BOb disturbing revelations from the White media creations. shock absorbers Corker Of Tennessee, chairman Of the are thiclg ” says one senior white House House have begun tO shift calculations. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Offcial, citing campalgn controversies like For Democrats, the pressure tO oppose "Obviously, they're in a downward spiral the Access HO wood tape. When Richard Trump is overwhelming. For most right now. ” ln an interview with TIME RepubIicans, loyalty to the President will Nixon resigned 仕 om 0ffce in 1974 , 24 % of SenatorJ0hn McCain exhorted colleagues last as long as their interests align. the American public still approved ofhis t0 stop carrying water for the President. "I SO far, the GOP's 52 Senators have all pre sidency. That was more than tWO ye ars can't relate tO those people whO weather- voted ⅲ accordance with the Trump Ad- after the Watergate break-in. As it stands, vane," fumed McCain. "DO what's right. ” ministration's preferences at least 88 % Of according t0 Gallup, 38 % 0f Americans He later tOld an audience that the waves 22 TIME May 29 , 2017 McMaster 砒 the briefing-room 0 市 um , defending Trump's decision tO share intelligence with Russia
1 TIME ~ トをを←「← 0 3 The View Time Off The Features 2 ー Conversation 4 ー For the Record President Trump What tO watch, read, 慊 s with see and dO Russian Foreign Minister Sergei 40 ー Summer Movie Lavrov at the Preview: 31 reasons WhiteHouse on tO go tO the movres, Ma. 10 from comic-book Photograph 妙 extravaganzas tO heartfelt indie films. Russian Foreign Ministry/EPA Plus , Sir Patrick Stewart talks about what itwas like to take on the role of a lifetime, the poop em0J1 5 幻 JoeI Stein competes with D リ可 Wimpy Kid authorJeff Kinney for his son s attention 52 ー 8 Questions for Hong Kong pro-democracy icon Joshua Wong ldeas, opinion, innovations 1 引 With the News ″ om the し S. and director Ofthe around the Ⅳ 0 「 / d U. S. Census out, 引 What the late st can. Americans global cyberattack count on its data tO says about the be accurate? next one 15 ー The surprising 引 The most popular origins ofpolicing new baby names 16 ー NO, you won't 8 llan Bremmer: marry your soul what bigwins for mate German Chancellor Angela Merkel's 17 ー How states are party mean for her countering Trump future 10 ー Chasing storms in Texas ロ The Trump Test The President's behavior is forcing offlcial Washington to choose betweenbad andworse ByMichaeI Scherer れ d AlexAltman 18 The New Propaganda HOW Russian hackers use bOts and SOCial mediato influence A. mericans ByMassimo Calabresi 24 Not Built to Last One factory's fate showsjust how tough it will be to revive a dying way oflife By Sean Gregory 30 The New Family Business Parents can make a lOt ofmoney putting home videos on YouTube, ON THE COVER. but the fame comes at a cost lllustration BrobelDesign or By Belinda Luscombe 36 TIME TIME Asia is published TIME Asia (Hong Kong) Limlted. TIME publishes eight double issues. Each counts as tWO Of 52 issues in an annual subscription. TIME may publish 0(MEional extra issues. ◎ 2017 Time Asia (Hong Kong) Limited. AII 「 ights reserved. in ⅷ 10 厄 or in 代 wlthout wntten permission is prohibited. TIME and the Red Border Design are protected 新 rou 1 trademark regstration in the lJ. S. and in the countnes where TIME magazine circulates. Member, Audit Bureau Of Circulations. 0 : げ物 e postalservices alertusthatyourmagazine is undeliverable,we have nofurtherobllgation unlesswe receivea corrected addresswithintwoyears. CUSTOMERSERVlCEANDSUßCRlPTlONS: F 24 / Ⅳ紀 0 , tO am 「 0 代 s ー s OI 曲肥忙わ : / / 、、、、 w. 物 ne . / ′ⅵ 8. p わ p. You may SO email ou 「 Customer Services Center at 日期ⅵ′魅@物れe田始.00n10 「 call ( 852 ) 312 & 5688 , orwrite tO Tme Asia (Hong Kong) LimIted, 3 〃 F, 0 対 0 「 d House,Taikoo Place, 979 Kings Road,Quarry Bay, Hong Kong.ln 」 apan はhesea「eeれqⅵ村$物*れ@けれ冶おね.c似れ 0 「 012066 & 236 (Free Dia り 0 「 2-51-27FAtago , Minato-ku,Tokyo 105 お 227. Advertising Forinformation and rates, Hong KongTelephone ( 852 ) 312 & 5169. Orvisit: せ tn 可れ 0.00n1 / h 肥引 ak 肥 Reprint: lnformation is 訓 ab に at ne. co れレれ 10 / ′ ep れお . TO request custom reprints,visit 物れ e ′ e . *. Mailitg üst: We make a ⅲ on Ofour mailing listavailableto reputablefirms. lfyou would prefer that we not include your name, please contact our Customer Serviæs Center. TIME Asia is edited in Hong Kong and pnnted in and HOI 喝 Kong. Singapore MCI (P) NO. 07 〃 08 / 2015. Malaysia KKDN no. PPS 676 / 03 / 2013 ( 022933 ). The Brief 1
By 1943 , ⅲ the midst 0fWorld War Ⅱ , nearly 4 ⅲ 10 0fAmerica's nonagricultural workers were employed in manufactur- ing, producing steel, ships and aircraft for the U. S. war effort; later, such work- ers produced homes, cars and air condi- tioners for the ascendant postwar mid- dle class. The jobs were often steady and unionized, the pay good, and the require- ments rarely more than a high school di- ploma and a solid work ethic. But all that started t0 die ⅲ the early 1980S. Some 19.5 million Americans held manufacturing j0bs in 1979 , an all-time down t0 about 16.7 million. By 2024 , ac- cording tO projections from the Bureau Of Labor Statistics, Just 7.1 % Of Americans will work in manufacturing. The reasons are many, but the prime culprits are globalization and automation. ln 1991 , China accounted for 2.3 % 0fthe world's manufacturing exports. ln 2001 , the country joined the World Trade Or- ganization, and by 2013 , China's share 0f global exports was 18.8 % , according t0 a 2016 study in the A れれ u Review 0fEC0- nomics. countrie S such as Mexico and the Philippines have also increased their ex- ports. Labor in these markets tends tO be substantially cheaper than in the U. S. , and trade deals like NAFTA make it easy for American companies tO produce goods ⅲ far-flung locales. TO economists, however, America S shrinking manufacturing j obs have le s s to do with free trade than with robots. The U. S. still produces world-class air- planes, car parts and heavy machin- ery. Companies Just need fewer people tO make them. The result, according tO the Brookings lnstitution, is that whereas it tOOk 25 jObs tO generate $ 1 million in manufacturing output in 1980 , tOday it takes just 6.5 jobs. Many of the nation's factories are more productive than ever, and there is growing demand for work- ers in so-called advanced manufacturing roles. From 2013 tO 2015 , 132 , 000 such jobs were added, according t0 Brookings ・ But these positions increasingly re- quire specialized technical training after high school, with preference often going tO those with degrees in science, technol- 0 engineering and math. And the work will be less about fitting pieces together manually than overseeing the rob Ots that do it. Today, according t0 research from 34 TIME May29, 2017 ・ DO れ Zering, Rexnord's u ⅲ 0 れ rep, 砒 the United Steelworkers も oc 1999 ゞ he's worked 砒 the companyfor 44 ツ e 肝 s the Boston Consulting Group, robots per- form about 10 % Of manufacturing work around the world. By 2025 , they are pro- jected t0 account for about 25 %. "High- skill workers in factories will be managing processes; says DavidAutor, aprofessor ofeconomics at the Massachusetts lnsti- tute of Technology (MIT), "rather than showing off manual dexterity. Autor's research shows that Ameri- can workers WhO lOSt their manufactur- ing jobs as a result of trade shocks, like competition from Chinese imports, are likely to make less money and collect more disability benefits over the ensu- ing decade. He predicts a similar fate for the women and men at Rexnord. "Unless they get very lucky, there won't be an- other employer out there saying, 'Great, I can use a few more ball-bearings guys, says Autor. Even the rescued Carrier jobs may be vulnerable. ln an interview about the deal with CNBC in December, UTC chairman and CEO Greg Hayes said a $ 16 million investment tO automate tasks in the plant would ultimately reduc e the workforce. And the company is moving ahead with the closure 0f another plant in Huntington, lnd. , which workers had 0 House Speaker Paul Ryan, as part of the on domestic sales and imports favored by cluding the bo rder adj ustment tax, a levy his Rexnord tweet, has Trump backed in- has been in place since 1994. Nor, despite agreement among the three nations that want tO re negotiate the sweep ing trade not t0 terminate NAFTA, though he does ers 0fCanada and Mexico, he has agreed mies. And after consulting with the lead- between the world's two largest econo- the value Of the strategic relationship manipulator, a sign that he recognizes longer publicly calls China a currency Sive stances on trade. The president Ⅱ 0 has softened some Of his most aggres- the nation S economic carnage, Trump But after pledging to put an end to ofbusiness-friendly Cabinet Secretaries. ln addition, he has appointed a number tions in the name ofspurringJ0b growth. and workplace safety reporting regula- rolled back Obama-era environmental Australia and Japan. The President also ment among a dozen countries including Partnership, the 2016 free-trade agree- pulling the U. S. out 0f the Trans-Pacific most notable move on trade has been SO far, the Trump Administration's Reagan, Clinton and George 、 M. Bush. workplace commissions under Presidents town's carnevale, WhO served on national Ⅱ 0 easy way out 0f this; ” says George- some 700 people will be laid 0 圧 deal. When it shutters by early next year, hoped would be included in the Trump
TheView ・ WHENIHEAR A PRESIDENT SAY HE DOESN'T TRUSTFEDERAL NUMBERS OR THEY'RE MADE UP, I'M CONCERNED. ' —NEXT PAGE POLITICS Why the Census matters now more than ever By HaIey SweetIand Edwards THE QUESTION OF HOWMANYMEN, women and children live within our borders seems an academic one. A factoid, easily answered by the U. S. Census Bureau, which, by constitutional decree, updates its tally every decade using an army Of635 , 000 enumerators ” whO are employed tO walk door-to-door, clipboards ⅲ hand. Of course, the Census results are more than trivia. They inform the very foundation Of our electoral process: how state and federal political districts are drawn; WhiCh Americans are counted for representation; and how federal dollars, many ofwhich are allocated per capita, are spent. "lt is vital, it is critical, that the public has confidence in the Census, says Terri Ann Lowenthal, a former staff director ofthe House Census PHOTO-ILLUSTRATION BY MARIAANTONIETTA MAMELI Oversight Subcommittee. "Anything that compromises that compromises the whole mission. And so when Census Bureau director JOhn Thompson announced on May 9 that he will leave his post at the end ofJune, it caused a stir. Thompson whO served at the bureau for more than 30 years, was expected tO stay on through 2017. But colleagues say he was hobbled by intense pressure from Congress about COSt overruns 0 Ⅱ a new lnternet-based questionnalre and by Commerce S ecretary Wilbur ROSS'S wavermg confidence in him. ln a statement tO TIME, the Commerc Department, which oversees the Census, declined t0 elaborate. ) Regardless Ofthe reason for Thompson's exit, his departure leavesl the bureau rudderless, .not only in the 13
1 6 0 01 ON MARCH 2 , A DISTURBING REPORT HIT the desks of U. S. counterintelligence offcials in Washington. For months, American spy hunters had scrambled to uncover details of Russia's influence operation against the 2016 presidential election. ln offlces in both D. C. and suburban Virginia, they had created mas- sive wall charts to track the different players ⅲ Russia's multipronged scheme. But the report in early March was something new. lt described how Russia had already moved on from the rudimentary email hacks against politicians it had used in 2016. Now the Russians were running a more sophisticated hack on Twitter. The report said the Russians had s ent exp ertly tailored messages carrying malware tO more than 10 , 000 Twitter users in the Defense Department. Depending on the interests Of the targets, the messages offered links tO stories on recent sporting events or the Oscars, which had taken place the previous weekend. When clicked, the links took users to a Russian-contr011ed server that downloaded a program allowing Moscow's hackers t0 take control Of the victim's phone or computer— and Twitter account. As they scrambled to co ntain the damage from the hack and regain control of any compromised devices, the spyhunters realized they faced a new kind ofthreat. ln 2016 , Russia ILLUSTRATION BY BENWISEMAN FOR TIME 1 0 0 0 な P 0 づ -ent
1 NATION less stringent approaches t0 drug offenders. Sentencing reversal Their efforts have been encouraged by a once unlikely criminal-justice-reform coalition led angers bOth sides by conservative donors Charles and David Koch and the liberal-leaning American CiviI Liberties Union. ln a rare act ofWashington ON MAY 12 , TWO DAYS AFTER PRESIDENT Trump fired FBI Director James Comey, cooperation, members Of Congress 仕 0n1 U. S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions dropped both sides of the aisle have been working a bombshell of his own: FederaI prosecutors on federal sentencing legislation that should pursue the most serious possible would reflect the emphasis on treatment charges in all criminal cases, no matter the over lncarceration. C1rcumstances. The sweeping llh-page Ⅱ 1en10 Many ofthese supporters have been reversed an Obama-era policy that allowed strongly critical Of Sessions' memo. "We for more leniency, particularly for first- should be treating our nation's drug epidemic time nonviolent drug offenders, and threw for what it is: a public-health crisis, not an a wrench intO bipartisan plans tO reform the excuse tO send people tO prison and turn a criminal-justice system. mistake int0 a tragedy; ” Republican Senator Sessions said the new directive iS bOth Rand PauI ofKentucky wrote in an op-ed for necessary for public safety and the "right and CNN. A Republican colleague, Utah Senator moral thing tO dO,: ” citing upticks in violence Mike Lee, said, "TO be tough on crime, in some American cities and surges in drug- we have tO be smart 0 Ⅱ crime,: ” in a tweet 、 0000000 、、 00 000000 0 0 0 、 0 、 0000 ・ 000 ! overdose deaths. "lfyou are a drug traffcker, criticizing the policy. we will not look the other way. We will not With Sessions' memo in effect be willfully blind to your conduct; ” Sessions said. "These are not low-level offenders. will return tO Congress. Last year, when he was still a Senator 仕 om Alabama The se are drug dealers, and you drug dealers are going tO prison. ' Sessions helped block a sentencing- The rigid stance is at odds with reform measure. AS Attorney General the broader political consensus that he can order an about-face for the has emerged in recent years. With nation's prosecutors—but he re search showing that mandatory- can no longer bottle up a bill. Says Jason Pye, public-policy minimum sentences and Other director for FreedomWorks, methods used in the war on drugs a Tea Party—aligned group tended t0 disproportionately that supports criminal-justice punish people 0f color and reform: "ThiS iS a moment fO increase prison populations without reducing crime, offcials conservatives in Congress tO acros s the nation have adopted step up ・ —MAYA RHODAN M es ま 0 取 es DIED Powers Boothe, Emmy- winning character actor known fO 「 playing complex villains, including "Curly BiII" Brocius in Tombstone and brothel owner Cy ToIIiver on HBO's Deadwood, at 68. 》 Award-winning reporter 」 a ⅵ部 VaIdez, WhO spent hiS career fearlessly investigating Mexican drug cartels, at 50. Valdez is thought tO be the sixthjournalist murdered in Mexico this year. British serial murderer lan Brady, whO with his girlfriend Myra HindIey sexually tortured and killed five children in the Yorkshire m00 「 s in the 1960S , at 79. Brady, whO wasjailed 51 years ago, never revealed where he had hidden the remains of his third victim, 12 ツ ear -0 旧 Keith Bennett. F をを D CheIsea Manning, from a Kansas military prison, after serving seven years Of a 35-year sentence for disclosing archives Of classified files to WikiLeaks. Granting Manning clemency was one of Barack Obama's final acts as U. S. President. >Puerto Rican nationalist Oscar Löpez Rivera , from house arrest, after more than 35 years Of incarceration for hiS ro in FALN, the mi(itant pro-independence group. SOLD A bronze Constantin Brancusi head named La Muse Endormie, for $ 57.4 million at the auction house Christie's in New York City. The sale set a record for the artist's work. dV 】一工 ONV9 2S39VNl A1139 】 NVOV2U 'U3f11Vd -38V9 コ - 一「 0W3 ~ SH3 トコ】の NO 一のの 3 の ~ S39 《一 A トト 39 、 d 」くー NNVR83 っ工 OS くエ 0 の VS 【 NO 一ト V トのココ Od 0 POLITICS Best excuses for sleeping on the jOb Nobody could blame Zimbabwe's 93 ッ ear -0 President Robert Mugabe (below,left) for repeatedly drifting 0 行 during events, but on May 11 his spokesman said the dictatorwas in fact merely resting his eyes. Here Other excuses politicians have given for nodding 0 幵 . —Tara 丿 0 わ n 2016 , a colleague unconsciousness let reporters know he after being captured was in factlooking bytelevision down to check his cameras taking a cell phone. nap in ParIiament in 2014. 0 0 U. S. President Ronald Reagan's habit Of snoozing during overseas events— most notably during a 1982 speech by Pope 」 Ohn PauIII ・一 was blamed on his inability tO sleep on planes. 9
For more on these stories, visit time.com/ideas SNAPSHOT Sweden's SOIar Egg sauna Residents ofKiruna,the northernmosttown in Sweden, routinelygoto great lengthsto staywarm. Buttheirnewgolden sauna serves a higher purpose.ln a change that has unsettled some locals, the town's city center is quite literally being moved two miles east—a relocation necessitated by the town's unstable foundation. TO ease the transition, a Swedish developercommissioned art duo Bigert& Bergstrom tO build a community meeting spotwhere people could gatherto discuss the changes. The result: SOIar Egg, a golden egg-shaped sauna thataims to promote "thoughts Of rebirth. " Ofcourse, inside it still functions like an actual sauna; a wood burner keeps the temperature between 167 and 185 —Julia Zorthian DATA THIS JUST IN A roundup Of new and noteworthy insights from the week's most talked-about studies: 0 TEENS ARE DRINKING LESS CDC data shows that the prevalence Of underage teen drinking in 2015 was 32.8 % ーー its lowest point since 1991 , when the rate was 50.8 %. 0 PEOPLE WITH HIV ARE LIVING LONGER A report in Lancet HIV that analyzed data from over 88 , 000 people in 18 cohort studies worldwide showed that people infected with HIV in recent years are living roughly 10 years longer than those whO were infected in the 1990s,Iargelythanks tO anti-HlV drugs and improved health care. The birth of the U. S. police force the first having been created ⅲ 1838 ⅲ WHEN PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY NAMED BOSton. As the city's commerce boomed, the week of May 15 as National P01ice Week, businesses campaigned tO transfer the cost Of he noted that law enforcement had been a permanent property-protecting force tO the protecting Americans since the nation's birth. citizenry, arguing that it was for the collective But in fact, the U. S. police force is not SO 01d. good. Other major U. S. cities followed suit, ln colonial times, the closest analog was prompted ⅲ part by the rise 0f organized usually avolunteer night watch. Watchmen labor and the arrival ofwaves Of immigrants. got abad rap for drinking on duty, so when Those made anxious by such changes called towns tried mandatory service, citizens would for law and order. But the rise 0f political Often pay someone else tO serve instead—・ machines and then Prohibition opened police ironically, a cnminal or a community thug, forces up tO new kinds Of corruption. says Gary POtter, a crime historian at Eastern lt was later, in Kennedy's lifetime, that a Kentucky University. The best early example movement tOOk hOld tO professionalize the oforganized policing is one today's offcers U. S. police force, which ultimately enabled might prefer not tO see as a comparison point: the system we have in place today. slave patrols, the first ofwhich was formed ⅲ the Carolina colonies in 1704. —OLIVIA B. WAXMAN police forces as we would recognize them now date tO the mid—19th century, For more on these stories, visit time.com/history 0 HISTORY EXERCISE KEEPS YOUR CELLS YOUNGER A large, multiyear study in Preventive Medicine found that people's telomeres—the parts of DNA that get shorter as we age—were significantlylonger in those WhO exercised Often, compared with those whO were sedentary. ー丿 . Z.
Deep bags sag 取 er Brian Bousum's eyes as he Sips whiskey a 取臧 water in a 取臧 ' apartment 0 取 a recent Sunday evening. Fifty-one years 0 ー , he has s e 取亡亡 e past 亡 WO decades operating screw machines an setting 0 取 earing ー a 取亡 0 取亡 e west e Of 夏取 ia 取 a20 s , a mile from 亡 e Carrier factory made famous by President Trump. を 上 For a guy who didn't go t0 college, he says, the work is hard tO beat: the union offeredjob security and enough overtime t0 make up t0 $ 75 , 000 ayear, a salary that enabled him to buy his own home with an in-ground POOI. Bousum's son jOined him at the plant after graduating from high school. By the end of the summer, however, they'll both be out of a job. Rexnord, a $ 1.9 billion company based in Milwaukee, is closing the lndianapolis plant and moving itS operations tO MexiCO. There, labor costs about $ 3 an hour, rather than the $ 25 Rexnord pays its longest-serving union employees in lndiana. The 1 れ ove will put more than 300 Americans out of work. Before that happens, some 0f the workers here are taking advantage Of Rexnord's Offer Of an extra $ 4 tO $ 10 an hour tO train their Mexican replacements. Others are tOO pained and tOO proud. The outsourcing Of America's factory jobs is nothing new, ofcourse. Since 1999 , the nation's manufacturing workforce has dropped 28 % , from 17.3 million jobs t0 12.4 million, as companies flee tO coun- tries with cheaper labor costs. Between 2001 and 2016 , the U. S. had a net loss 0f nearly 54 , 000 manufacturing businesses. ln those that remain, more and more work 32 TIME May 29 , 2017 is being done by robots and advanced computers, which are usually overseen by engineers, programme rs and Others With at least four-year college degrees. "This is a runaway train; says An- thony Carnevale, director 0fthe George- town University Center on Education and the Workforce. "ln the end, technology and global markets improve productivity and benefit all of us. Sadly, it hurts some Ofus even 1 れ ore. DonaId Trump promised t0 make the pain stop, and he owes his election in part tO the Midwestern factory workers who believed he would make good 0 Ⅱ the pledge. "I absolutely got sucked into this message; ” says Rexnord machinist Gary Canter, 46 , wh0 has started delivering pizza for Papa J0hn's three nights a week tO SOCk away extra money before his im- pending layo 圧 For Bousum, the rationale was simple: "I voted for Trump based on the fact that he could save our jobs. ” They had reason t0 hope in early De- cember, just weeks after Trump's victory, when the President-elect announced a deal with nearby heating- and cooling- equipment manufacturer Carrier tO keep 1 , 100 j0bs ⅲ lndianapolis rather than move them t0 Mexico (although some 300 Of those "saved ” jObs were はドイトま三ご dianapolis community," Rexnord said our associates, their families and the ln- Sion and we understand itS impact on "This has been a very dffcult deci- false hope; ” Donnelly tells TIME. prieve is unlikely. "I don't want tO create President, cautions that a last-minute re- who has discussed the closure with the Joe Donnelly, a Democrat from lndiana, is pressing ahead with its move. Senator More than five months later, Rexnord country. NO more! ” tweeted. "This is happening all over our Of its 300 workers; ” the President-elect Mexico and rather viciously firing all plan. "Rexnord Of lndiana is moving tO had already announced its relocation turne d his ire toward Rexnord, which slated t0 move). The next day, Trump white COllar positions that were never