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THE Scientists in Britain are using revolutionary gene - editing technology tO alter the future ofhumanity By M A D H U M I T A M U R G I A NEWSWEEK 26 ()1 / 13 / 2017

mitochondria have their own genome, which carnes only about 37 genes and is inherited from your mother alone. The severity ofmitochondrial disease depends on the fraction Of mutations in the 37 genes inherited; in steel's case, the news was not good. She had inherited 80 percent ofher mother's mutations. steel remains mostly healthy SO far, but her disease could progress to anything 仕 om diabetes to full-blown he aring 10S or extreme muscle detenoration. If Steel has children, they could be even more severely affcted. "When I was younger, I thought, Oh, it affects babies, that's bad. But I didn't think it actually 叩 plied t0 me," steel says. About one in 200 babies in the し K. technique could reduce the risk 0f passmg on defective mitochondrial DNA tO under 5 percent, far better than the 60 tO 90 percent risk other- wise. "For people wh0 just watch their child fall apart before their eyes, this is a hugely positive outcome, says Herbert. The Newcastle-based scientists started lobby- ing the HFEA tO 叩 prove their technique in 2012 , Even gene editing's strongest proponents agree that catastrophic are born with mitochondrial disease. ln the U. S. , the percentage is lower at roughly one ln 1 , 000 affcted babies born every year; many only live a few hours, while others begin t0 rapidly sicken after a few years, suffering from brain, heart or kidney disease. There iS no cure for mitochon- drial disease. For women who have the condi- tion and want tO have children, the only options are tO get pregnant and then screen out affected embryos—a heartbreaking process for would-be parents—or have an IVF baby using a donor egg ・ The man fighting hardest for Steel's future is her 64-year-01d doctor, Sir Douglass Turnbull, whO has been specializing in mitochondrial dis- ease for 35 years. Several of my patients l've known for 20 or 30 years, along with their entire families," he tells N 再ルた in his lab at Newcastle University. "There can be three generations in a family that are affected, many ofwhom lose three or four children due to the disease. For me, that's the bigge st motivation. Since 2001 , Turnbull, along with Newcastle embryologist Mary Herbert, has been working on a new IVF technique, known as mitochondrial donation, that Offers women like Steel—2,500 Of whom have been identified ⅲ the U. K. alone—a way t0 have biological children who do not have the mother's mutations. The technique is a bit like sw 叩 ping the yolk 0f an egg: lt involves removmg a healthy nucleus, or yolk, of the mother's fertil- ized egg, which contains about 99.8 percent 0f ge netic material that the child will inherit. This is transferred into the egg 0fa donor that has had its nucleus removed. The donor, whO does not have mitochondrial disease, will pass on her healthy mitochondria. This way the baby will inherit the vast maJority Ofits biological characteristics 仕 om its parents via its nuclear DNA, but will have the healthy mitochondrial genes ofthe donor. ln a paper published in Na this past sum- mer, Turnbull and Herbert found that their mistakes are possible. and came up against intense opposition. Because the mitochondrial transfer method passes on genetic change from one generation tO anothe r, Bntish MPs and even some scientists worried that it could give rise t0 unexpected problems. Cath- 01ic Church ethicists were also opposed to the introduction intO an embryo Of a third person s genes, arguing that this "dilutes parenthood. The Newcastle team argues that since the donor remams anonymous and has no nghts over the child, she shouldn't be considered a third parent. Othe r cntics are uncomfortable with the ide a of deleting disability out of the population com- pletely, believing it would affect the rights of the handicapped. Bioethicist Tom Shakespeare, who has dwarfism and uses a wheelchair, doesn t believe "fixing genetic mutations IS necessarily what the disabled community wants, although he doe sn t oppose mitochondrial donation, in pnnci- ple. "Contrary t0 the prevailing assumptlon, most people with disabilities report a quality ofli that is equivalent t0 that ofnon-disabled people. Their priority is tO combat discrimination and preju- dice," he writes in a paper in Na 尾 . FelIow bio- ethicist and deaf researcher Jackie Leach Scully fe els particularly uncomfortable about genetic cure s as a solution for all disabilitie s, although she concedes it would be hard to find anyone opposed tO correctmg mitochondrial mutations, which are generally very nasty diseases. The Newcastle -b ased scientists strongly ob ド ct tO this re asoning—they believe every mother with genetic disease should have a chOice between hoping for the best, or using science tO screen for a healthy baby. We are often criticized because we don't value disability. I don't think that at all. I spend my whole life looking after disabled peo- ple but people should have the right to decide whether or not they want to have disabled chil- dren, ” says Turnbull. ln the し S. , fertility doctors in New Jersey per- NEWSWEEK 36 01 / 13 / 2017

A Big Year 応 r … Botswana THE WORLD WIDE Fund for Nature and the Zoological Society of London have JLlSt released a report stating that by 2020 the world is on track tO have lost two- thirds of the animal, fish, reptile and bird population it had in 1970. ln Africa, sig- nature species (lion, rhino, elephant and cheetah) are disappearing at an alarming rate, while the habitats they once roamed 十 ー in Botswana. 」 ouberts at work owners the and safari-camp Conservationists HIDE AND SEEK: overrun by safari-goers. SO, unlike in parts conservation and tourism POlicy, it S not thanks tO the government's progressive Botswana's habitat is spectacular and, the Okavango swamps within its borders, Holding both the Kalahari Desert and na's Offer the best all-round experience. have excellent wildlife parks. But Botswa- Zimbabwe, South Africa and Namibia all habitation and poaching. Kenya, Zambia, servancles combat encroaching human where national parks and adjacent con- nent, mainly in East and Southern Africa, islands Of biodiversity across the conti- are shrinking rapidly. But there are still of East Africa, you won't find lion prides surrounded by other vehicles, and you'll be out in the bush with just the fellow occu- pants Of your camp—in Botswana, these typically hOSt 12 tO 14 guests in six tents. Traditionally, Botswana safaris have been among the most luxurlous on the market, with prices to match. Wilder- ness Safaris' Mombo Camp and Great plains Conservation's zarafa are charging between $ 2 , 500 and $ 2 , 800 perperson per night during peak season (July through the end of October), but the wildlife experi- ence is without parallel. And at zarafa, if you are luckyyou can meet the owners, the NEWSWEEK 59 01 / 13 / 2017 NATURALSELECTION. TRAVEL COM, GREATPLAINSCONSERVATION ℃ OM and For more information ViSit WILDERNESS-SAFARIS. per person ⅲ peak season. ー G. B. ロ and Khwai parts of the country from $ 680 tion is offering camps in the Makgadikgadi Afnca, new safan specialists Natural SeIec- sonably priced. And in Cape Town, South northwest ofthe Okavango, is far more rea- Safaris' 10-bed Kwetsani camp, set ⅲ the $ 765 from now until March, Wilderness IS lncreasing. At $ 1 , 500 in peak season and But the number of less expensive camps ers Dereck and BeverIy Joubert. conservatlonists and acclaimed filmmak- D 0 W N T I M E / B E S T 0 F 2 0 17 MUSIC 5 MUSICIANS WORTH LISTENING TO FRANK OCEAN Hangout Music FestivaI, AIabama, May 19-21 : then touring Frank Ocean's album BIonde appeared on many best Of 2016 lists—a marriage Of remarkable, innovative R&B songwriting and ツⅱ c 引 prowess. 旧 2017 , after a three-year absence, he returns to the stage fo 「 dates vocals from hiS parents. coughs and guest jazz backing, spluttered music full of curveballs: Carner ( b 可 0 Ⅳ ) makes South London rapper AMFRecords, January Yesterday's Gone, LOYLE CARNER Spain and England. in America, Denmark,

U. N. 's Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic Of Congo M SURVIVORS OF THE alleged that elements 0f the KILL NGS SPEAK OF FIGHTE military were in fact supporting DRE SED IN THE UNIFORM the ADF by providing the rebels With arms and 1 れ umtlon. ln OF T E NATIONAL ARMY. earlier reports, the U. N. group suggested army offcers were benefiting from timber felled in the rebels' jungle strongholds. Some Of Beni's residents suspect the govern- while others say that neighboring countries are ment iS using the chaos in the east as a distraction stoking the violence SO they can continue tO from a bitter political row over the postponement benefit from the flow ofgold through ADF areas. ofelections until 2018. (President Joseph KabiIa's The presence Ofan active Jihadi organization has legal mandate ran out on December 19. ) also proved a useful bargaining chip for nearby Others argue that Rwandan Hutus are driv- states looking t0 bring in foreign military aid. ing the violence in the hopes of snatching land ln a report published last March, the nonprofit traditionally owned by the ethnic Nande group, Congo Research Group said it had found N E W S W E E K 22 01 / 13 / 2017

W H 0 WA N T S T 0 P し AY G 0 0 ? LITTLE Layla was a ploneer, the first person saved by gene editing; and without the favorable enuronment created by British scientists and regulators over the past decade, Qasim s exper- lmental treatment, which gives special proper- ties tO cells, would never have been allowed. With recent advances in gene editing and gov- ernmental approvals, the U. K. is set tO become the unlikely pioneer in one Of the most contro- versial, yet astonishing spheres ofhuman knowl- edge: the manipulation Of our genetic code. WhiIe research labs around the world are work- ing on genetic cures t0 childhood and adult dis- eases, most have been wary Of interfering with the DNA of a human embryo, fearful of unin- tended consequences for future generations. Yet the U. K. achieved a double first in 2016 : lt became the first country t0 legally permit replacing part 0fan embryo with a third person s genes, and the first tO allow genetic modification in humans from the embryo stage ・ Opponents 0f the techniques, including the し S. National lnstitutes of HeaIth (NIH) as well as bioethicists and religious leaders, believe they herald a dystopian future 0f "designer babies ”—a world where parents will opt t0 edit their unborn child's genes tO make it stronger, taller and healthier. Molecular biologist and eth- icist David King, the founder of British watch- dog group Human Genetics Alert, believes that embryo manipulation opens up for the first time in human history, the possibility 0f consciously designing human beings, in a myriad 0f different ways. ” A recent report from the Nuffeld Coun- cil on Bioethics in London found that gene edit- ing—particularly in embryos— demanded further scrutiny. Ethical opposition has ansen especially where, it said, the for unforeseen conse- and to fight cancer. quences is considered tO be great or editing is The promise 0f gene editing goes beyond regarded as irreversible. curing adult disease—it could even be used tO AII humans have aunique genome sequence, modify human embryos and delete egregious the more than 3 billion molecule pairs known as genetic defects before birth. That would pre- DNA that define wh0 we are—from our physi- vent the transmisslon Of debilitating illnesses cal appearance tO biological characteristics and from parent t0 child, and could signal the end 0f even our personality. Mutations or mistakes in devastating inherited disabilities. this genetic COde can result in disease, such as The British government s recent endorse- diabetes or leukemia. Gene editing means we ment Ofgene editing research thrust the country can now find and correct genetic errors in a lab. tO the forefront Of the next revolution in health Once honed, the t001S could be used to fix mal- and science—whether the rest Of the world is adies like sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis, ready for it or not. 0 十 GENE-IUS: D 「 . Waseem Qasim's experimental treatment uses custom-designed molecular scissors to cut, edit and delete DNA.It has had staggering results. NEWSWEEK 30 01 / 13 / 2017

Newsweek J A N IJA R Y 13 , 2 017 / V0 L . 1 6 7 / N 0 . 2 5 ー N T E R N A T ー 0 N A L 十 WALK THIS WAY: Muhammad AIi became MusIim about 20 years ago, at a time when few Cubans converted to 恰 m. But in the past few years, the number Of MusIims in Cuba has grown significantly. 癆壘荢をーーー : 16 Media The Murdochs PIay Game of Thrones 20 Congo Rebel Hell 24 North Korea Delusional Disorder 、、り当をは N E W W O R L D 44 Worms End of the Line 46 Trump Trump's Right! 48 Po ⅱ 0 KiIIing PO ⅱ 0 50 PIague Back in Black 52 Species The Spider Wore Black F E A T U R E S D E P A R T M E N T S The Baby Makers 田 G S H 0 T S 26 Scientists in Britain are using revolutionary gene-editing technology tO alter the future of humanity. 切 M “れ Morgia Cuba's Quiet Converts lt's a Mad, Mad, Bad, Bad WorId Every year has war and bloodshed, chaos and tumult. But few riva12016. は wasn't just Brexit, Trump, fake news and police shootings. は was 旧旧 , and howour nightclubs were turned intO crime scenes. And Prince is reallydead. Welcome to 2017. 4 D 0 W N T ー M E 38 On this tiny, largely CathoIic island, most people have no idea that thousands of their fellow citizens are MusIim. 切カれなな 0 ん可 og Ⅲな切 70 “ル 4 ん“ 54 Best of 2017 Cinema TV and Food Sport and Travel Music and Books Art and Design 64 Rewind 25 Years PA G E 〇 N E COVER CREDIT: ILLUSTRATION BY BEN WISEMAN Newsweek 0SSN2052-1081 ). is published weekly except one week in 」 anuary, 」 uly, August and October. Newsweek (EMEA) is published by Newsweek Ltd (part of the 旧 T Media Group Ltd), 25 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London E14 5LQ, UK. Printed by Quad/Graphics Europe Sp z 0.0. , Wyszkow, Poland Fo 「 Article Reprints, Permissions and Licensing www.旧Treprints.com/Newsweek FOR MORE HEADLINES, GOTO NEWSWEEK ℃ OM 12 China War Clouds Over China 3 N E W S W E E K 01 / 13 / 2 017

type 1 , 2 and 3 ). The new formula contained ing on their risk Of outbre ak. The three countne s only types 1 and 3. The campaign removed type that still harbor wild poIio—Afghanistan, Nigeria 2 because that strain has been eradicated in the and Pakistan—are at the top of the list to rece lve wild—it has not been picked up by any surveil- IPV. Countnes at the bottom will not receive any lance mechanisms since 1999 ー・ and because lt IPV doses until the supply situation improves; was more likely to mutate into the disease-caus- 0ther manufacturers that bid to supply the cam- ing type, compared with the Other two strains. palgn are supposed tO deliver vaccines in 2019. Planners acknowledged the strategyheld some The two companies that fell short on deliveries risk; it raised the possibility of a type 2 outbreak, are BiIthoven BioIogicals BV in the Netherlands, if that strain Of virus reappeared or if a vaccine owned by the Serum lnstitute oflndia, and Sanofi VIrus still in someone s system mutated and escaped. That risk was supposed t0 be nullified by a second strategy: ln every country still using OPV, children were also supposed to recelve one PLANNERS WORRY shOt Of the injectable vaccine, because it con- OUNTRIES WILL tains all three strains and, being a killed-virus LOSE MOMENTUM vaccine, does not lead tO reproduction. That plan was working, but now IPV is running ON ERADICATION— short. "Every child born since May, ifthey live in a AND CHILDREN WILL countrythat does not have access tO IPV, is notget- ting any immunity against the type 2 poliovirus, GO UNPROTECTED. said Dr. Stephen Cochi, a pediatrician who leads the CDC's polio eradication effort. "lf we get an THE LAST CASES: increased supply 0f IPV, we can catch up tO those A child receives children. Before then, we have to depend on no PO ⅱ 0 vaccine in Karachi, Pakistan, vaccine-denved poliovirus outbreaks occurring. where misinforma- TO cope with the shortfall, the c amp aign has tri- tion and violence have complicated aged countnes still using OPV into tiers, depend- efforts to wipe out the disease. 十 Pasteur in France. Bilthoven Biologicals did not respond t0 a request for comment. Ashleigh Koss, Sanofi Pasteur's head ofmedia relations for North America, emailed a statement that acknowledged the shortage but did not explain it. TO stretch the supply, the WHO is urging coun- tries tO try "fractional doses" ofthe injectable, a tricky maneuver that involves injecting vaccme intO the skin instead Of intO muscle. But that requires training and constitutes an off-label use, SO some countries have been reluctant tO dO it. Preparing t0 add the injectable vaccine tO existing national immunization programs was not a small task for countries, SO in addition tO the epidemiological risk ofpossibly sparking out- breaks, planners are concerned the reputation Of the eradication campalgn—which already has consumed billions 0f dollars and occupied mil- lions Of volunteers—will suffer as countnes put what they did on hold. I have had tO personally visit several countries and explain t0 them why they are deprived ofvac- C1ne whe n Other countrie S are gettlng it," Michael Zaffran, the WHO's director of P01i0 eradication, says. We insisted on countries introducing IPV for very good reasons, and now we are finding ourselve s without e nough vaccine tO comply. Despite the setback, researchers are hopeful that they can complete the mission. But tO do it, the campaign will need a little luck. And luck is never something tO count on when dealing with infectious diseases. ロ 第 0 0 NEWSWEEK 49 01 / 13 / 2017

D 0 W N T 工 M E / B E S T 0 F 2 0 1 7 BOOKS A Big Year 応 r … Felicia Yap HOW DO YOU SOlve a murder when you can only remember yesterday? The question popped into Felicia Yap's mind as she was making her way to a ballroom-dance practice in Cambridge, EngIand, in the summer of 2014 and stopped her in her tracks. Yap ( わ elo ル ) worked out "the early contours" of 立ビア , a pacy thriller that will be published in August, before she'd left the dance floor. The book took 15 months to write; then the bidding began. Eight agents fought t0 represent her, and several publishers bid to buy the book. ln the し K. , Head- line PubIishing Group eventually secured it for a six-figure sum. I meet Yap—pretty, p etite and VlVaClOUS—in Headline's London offlces. Y' ビビ′ d 叩 ) turns on the nature Of memory. lt holds up a mirror, ” Yap says, tO hOW we make memones, What choose tO forget, what we choose tO believe. These are themes, she believes, that resonate widely, perhaps why rights to the book have already been sold in 11 countrieé' outside Brit- ain. Yap has just four malll characters, but the plot is complex—a murder myste ry that takes in cot death, plas- tic surgery, a psychiatric hospital in the Hebrides and Belmarsh prison in London—and it ends with a magnificent twist. Most surpnsing of all, perhaps, is that what begins as a tale of serial adultery morphs into a love story. SO what next? After a childhood spent in Kuala Lumpur, Yap, 36 , has been a biochemist, a radioactive-cell biologist, a lecturer at Cam- bridge University and a technology journalist. But now all she wants is tO concentrate on writing books; her next one is a prequel, Toda. ツ . Yesterday, today, perhaps even tomorrow—it 100kS as if these will be dates to remember. —MAGGIE FERGUSSOND Yesterday will be published in August in the U. K. and America. 5 BOOKS WORTH READING 4 3 2 1 by PauIAuster January 31 G 第 0 ド 員 ER A titan of し S. fiction returns with his grandest, most generous novel yet: a panoramic saga Of modern America seen through the four possible lives of the same hero. Auster puts a unique stamp on (almost) the same formula behind Kate Atkinson's Life After Life—reminding us that there's no copyright on plots. THE BESTWE COULD DO: AN ILLUSTRATED MEMOIR ÄA H 10 R Y ー H F P R を N す overturned the post—CoId War global consensus. Where does their rage come from, and where will it end? RELEASE by Pa trick Ness May17 NO young-adult writer blends intimacy and enchantment better than Ness. After his BBC TV series CIass (a Doctor Ⅳわ 0 spinoff) and the film version Of hisA Monster Ca 〃 s, he sets 0 幵 in a fresh direction with a novel— inspired by Virginia W00 げ ' s Mrs. Da 〃 oway— set on a single day in its gay, teenage hero's life. THE MINISTRY OF UTMOST HAPPINESS by 新 / Bui March 7 Fans Of Alison Bechdel or Marjane Satrapi know that the best graphic novels are Often memoirs. Touching and elegant in word and image, Thi Bui's story traces her family's flight from Vietnam, their new life in America and the transforming impact Of motherhood. AGE OFANGER: A HISTORYOF THE PRESENT byArundhati Roy June ] TWO decades after The GOd Of Sma 〃 Things, Arundhati Roy's long- awaited, and long- delayed, second novel will probably make a bigger splash than any Other work Of fiction in 2017. She promises a tale Of "souls that have been broken by the world we live in and then mended by love. —BOYD TONKIN by Panka] Mishra February 7 One Of the sharpest cultural critics and political analysts releases his landmark ・ history Of the present. ” Around the world, both East and West, the insurrectionary fury Of militants, zealots and populists has NEWSWEEK 61 01 / 13 / 2017

・こを Today, its clean air, manicured towns and emphasis on local food feelfresh and desirable. AlIin all, the country makes an apt 5 PLACES setting fO 「 the boom WORTH in wellness centers, typified by the newly VISITING expanded Clinique La Prairie on Lake Geneva. ST. LUCIA BHUTAN St. Lucia is coming Britain's Duke and intO itS own as a way tO Duchess Of Cambridge avoid the cruise ship gave lndia's tiny crowds—plus it's t00 neighbor their royal mountainous tO ever seal Of approval with become as built up a visit in 2016 , that's as, say, Barbados. The bound to lead to an Viceroy Sugar Beach uptick in visitors. ( b 可 0 Ⅳ ) is perhaps the Not that the land of quietest resort; the happiness, as it calls newest will be the over- itself, needed any 18S -0 ⅲ y Royalton St. help—no less than five Lucia Hideaway, due tO five-star Aman resorts open early this year. and the soaring HimaIayas are enough NEW ORLEANS of an attraction. The live musicians Of this city are as good as QATAR you'll hear anywhere, Qatar is turning itself but there's now an into the Arabian Gulf's added, culinary reason next major hotspot. for visiting: The fusion lt's due to host—not food-scene in New uncontroversially—the Orleans iS booming. WorId Cup in 2022. New openings such Before then, there's as Vessel combine the opening Of several local specialties with new culturallandmarks Mediterranean cuisine to look forward to, to delicious effect. including the Museum of lslamic Art, built by SWITZERLAND architect I.M. Pei, and 」 ean Nouvel's NationaI Twenty years ago, MUSeUm Of Qatar. Switzerland was GRAHAM BOYNTON shorthand fO 「 stuffy. TRAVEL A Big Year 応 r … Fizzy-Drink F00tball WHEN GERMAN football club RB Leipzig played away at Dynamo Dresden on August 20 , home fans threw the b100d- ied head 0f a bull at the pitch. lt was an unusual protest, 0f an unusual situation. That day was the beginning OfRB Leipzig s first season in the Bundesliga, the top tier 0f German football. lt had taken Just seven seasons for the team tO complete its colossal rise from the fifth to first division in Germany. That might have been enough tO irritate the Dresden fans. But what was really bothering them was how the opposition got there. RB Leipzig was formed in May 2009 , after Austrian energy drink-maker Red Bull bought fifth-division outfit SSV Markranstädt. Red BuII subsequently pumped millions of euros int0 the team, building a 29 million euro ( $ 31 mil- lion) training complex and taking over a 43 , 000- seat arena in Leipzig originally built for the 2006 World Cup. The club has continued its ascent. At the time Of writ- ing, RB Leipzig is level-pegging at the t0P 0f the table with Bayern Munich, four-time consecutive Bundesliga Winner. Some see Leipzig as a welcome challenge tO Bayern's dom- ination, but tO many opposing football fans the team is sim- ply an extravagant form ofadvertising. Germany is not the only country where Red Bull has pri- vate sponsorship 0f football clubs. ln 2005 , the company bought SV Salzburg in Austria and renamed it FC Red Bull Salzburg; a year later, it looked toward the し S. , purchasing the New York MetroStars and rebranding it the New York Red BuIIs. Both clubs' badges include the company 10g0. ln the past few years, there have been rumors 0f Red Bull moving into English football, where Premier League televi- sion rights are worth 毛 5.14 billion ( $ 6.35 billion).With sums like that at stake, global companies using football clubs as advertising vehicles is a trend that's likely tO continue. Red Bull Rotherham, anyone? ー TOM RODDYN kann man nlcht SPORT NEWSWEEK 58 01 / 13 / 2017