But the Trump plan, at least what little we know suburbs and the mass adoption Ofthe car. All those politicians knew that infrastructure prOJ- about it, seems unlikely t0 get anyone safely 0 代 that ects make an economy hum. When done well (as Victonan-era bridge, let alone fix the many other oppose d t0 de molishing neighborhoods or building infrastructure blights, like the nation's ele ctrical gnd ・ bridges to nowhere), they make life better for many. The germ Of it is a paper written by economist peter And in times Of econonuc recesslon, puttlng people Navarro, a business schOOl professor turned trade tO work on shovel-ready JObs provides an important adviser in the protectionist Trump White House, and Keynesian sfimulus—albeit one that has less punch Wilbur Ross, the zillionmre secretary of commerce. lt's a crifique 0f Hillary Clinton's traditional call for a near-full employment economy, when you re Just turning baristas int0 bricklayers. That was the government-financed infrastructure spending and idea behind the Obama stimulus package 0f 2009 , instead promotes tax cuts as awayto getpnvate indus- which would have had more road monies if Republi- try t0 pay for road, bndge, sewer and 0ther repairs. cans hadn't insisted that the package be scaled down. Translation: Trump doesn't want the federal gov- The United States IS no longer ln a grinding reces- ー ernment t0 spend a 10t 0f money hiring people to sion, but Trump was right tO focus on infrastructure pave roads and build bridges. He likes a tax-cut plan during the preside ntial campaign. The country had designed t0 get the private sector t0 build roads and bridges that would turn a profit for ビ襯 . The cre- ative accounting is that you give $ 167 billion in tax 「 oR A PRESIDENT WITH cuts over 10 years, and it spurs something like $ 1 tril- lion in private mvestment. HIGH NEGATIVES, A ln the 0 Ⅳ , there 's nothing wrong with private inve st- 期 S ル三一 NFR R リ 0 ・ ment ⅲ infrastructure, but many desperately needed pr0Jects have little chance Of ever profiting investors. 刊 R 三一す E に EN れ 0 The folks who helped build a toll lane in suburban HAS す H 三 0 US リ AL Washington, D. C. , stand t0 get a good return on their APPEAL 0 ド BEING POP リ・ lnvestment because the roads there are crowded, and there are plenty ofwealthy drivers willing to pay LAR WITH EVERYBODY. for the so-called Lexus lanes. But there's no realis- tic prospect 0f a payout for fixing, say, a rural road ー in West Virginia. Speaker of the House Paul Ryan been spending about 20 percent less on water and blithely ignores such inconvenient truths as he touts transportation infrastructure than in 1959 —and his belief that every $ 1 in targeted tax cuts can spur that's while having to meet the demands of today's $ 40 Of infrastructure spending. Buried in an inter- much 01der and bigger network ofroads and sewers. ー view Trump did with The Ⅳ物 Times is his skep- The cost ofbringing it up tO a better standard is "the ticism about private financing. 'We haven t made a determination as tO public/private," he said. "There price 0f a latte per day, per family—not even for an individual," says Greg DiLoret0, the former head of the TuaIatin VaIIey Water District ⅲ Oregon and infrastructure chair at the ASCE. THE BRIDGE FROM 1840 When the Oroville dam burst in Northern California earlier this year, it was yet another reminder (like the collapse 0f an interstate highway bridge in Minne- SOta in 2007 ) that infrastructure repairs are urgently needed—north, south, east and west, red state and blue state, big city and small town. ln Washington, D. C. , the famed MemoriaI Bridge needs serious repairs. ln northern New Jersey, the Portal Bridge on the northeast rail corridor is 104 years Old, based on a design popular in Britain in the 1840S and partly made 0f wood. Across the country, ASCE found 60 , 000 bridges that are structurally deficient. Jenni- fer COhan, Delaware 's transp ortation se cretary, car- ries around a piece Of concrete that Ⅱ from one Of the state's bridges. She doesn't need t0 be hit over the head with a brick t0 know America is falling apart. TOOLTIME: Repairing America's infrastructure iS a good issue fo 「 Trump, WhO iS known (rightly 0 「 wrongly) as a successful developer. 衄 1 Ⅱ N E W S W E E K 44 M A Y 0 5 . 2 017

an ulcer and organ damage from his opioid use. But, he added, optimistically, "l'm deal- ing with it, you know?" Another middle-aged man drew murmurs Of encouragement When he announced his wife had recently helped him get an appointment tO see a psychiatrist. people fighting addiction are, on average, more likely t0 alSO suffer from Other serious health conditions, such as mental illness. Their drug use takes a t011 on their bodies, leading t0 problems like gas- tritis and liver disease. And they are at greater risk Of congestive heart failure and pneumo- ma, according tO the Association for Behavioral HeaIth and Wellness. Heroin addicts are at high risk for HIV, AIDS and hepatitis C because of their use ofneedles. ln addition to ramping up Medicaid funding and getting more people insured, one 0f the primary ways Obamacare has tried tO combat drug use is by making it easier for addicts t0 get the health care they need. ln addition to requir- ing insurers tO cover mental health and addic- tion-related servlces, the law has created new programs tO encourage care that brings all the doctors treating a patient together in one coor- dinated system. "We need to find ways to get them intO comprehensive and well-coordinated treatment," Saloner says, "[but] if there aren t the resources t0 make it happen, it s probably not going t0 happen ・ lt takes time tO deploy a network Of case man- agers or t0 enroll people in programs like Agus's that help those in treatment get on Medicaid and link them tO primary care physicians. Several states, including Maryland, have pilot programs tO better centralize care, including for people battling addiction. But they're not widespread. And Frank, the Harvard economist, says it will take more time before the supply Of treatment facilities catches up with demand. Even with the surge msurance coverage and public and pri- vate investment since Obamacare, 'those things don't come up overnight," he says. And you need the workforce tO dO it. The funding pipeline has also been slow to reach providers. Agus says she's struggling t0 find funding to expand her programs, which ・ ncludeproviding -me art- nering with local jails tO help treat inmates leav- ing prison. Though Baltimore has the highest rate 0f opioid-related deaths in Marylandßhe's been unable tO secure money from the city and is instead turning tO private foundations. The concern now is that the threats tO Obamacare will continue tO SIOW or even halt the progress being made. The Trump White House asestablishedaOmnuss10mondrug addictio and opioids. And the Health and Human Ser- vices Department has started tO hand out state grants funded by a bill Congress passed lastyear. But as Frank pointed out in a January op-ed, that law's $ 1 billion in funding for opioid treatment is a fraction 0f the estimated $ 5.5 billion worth 0f mental health and addiction treatment funding Obamacare covers for low-income people each year. And if the latest version 0f the GOP plan, currently under negotiation, becomes reality, states would be allowed tO waive the "essential health benefits, ” which would add another road- block t0 treatment. "We know what happens tO... addiction and mental health care under msurance when you don't have those types Of requirements," says Frank. "You're looking at significant cutbacks. Miller understands why people might be pushing t0 repeal Obamacare. She believes the law has hurt some Americans, including her, by increasing health insurance costs. But she's UNDER OBAMACARE, ADDICTS HAVE STARTED TO RECEIVE MORE ACCESS TO TREATMENT, BUT PROGRESS HAS BEEN SLOW. willing t0 pay that price. "lt affected a 10t more people in a better way," Miller says, particularly when it comes tO mental health and addiction. while she doesn't think the government is responding tO the opiOid crisis with the urgency it should, it'sstill farADettevthan the alterna- tive—repealing Obamacare and shrinking fed- eral health care funds. "l'll put it this way, Miller says, before Obamacare, there's noth- ing tO talk about be c ause [tre atme nt option are] nonexistent, SO at least there's [now] some- ng there for our loved ones. ”ロ P A G E 0 N E / D R U G S NEWSWEEK 21 MAY05, 2017

came in 2005 , when C45 豆れ i made itS closest approach yet t0 the moon. As the spacecraft flew through the plume , an instrument known as an ion and neutral mass spectrometer—" Think Of it as a gas smffer, ” says Glein, a member 0f the C 川 team and another author on the study—registered hydrogen among the gases it detected. But the source Of that gas was a mystery. The ocean was a candidate, but not the only one. The force 0fthe collision between spacecraft and plume, which releases gas at a force 0f800 miles per hour, could also have generated the hydrogen, says Glein. ln late 2015 , when Ca ⅲら on its loop through Saturn, itS rings and several Of itS n100n returned tO Enceladus for the last time, the astronomers directing the m1SS10n made sure tO Obtain the data needed tO determine exactly where the hydrogen was coming from. Even afte r Cassini detecte d copious amounts of the element, several explanations were still plausi- ble. Jupiter and Saturn have hydrogen, but they don't have hydrothermal vents," Glein says, and the birth of the solar system could have planted hydrogen inside the moon. Plus, hydrothermal vents are hOt, WhiCh means some energy source would have tO be present in the rocky core Of Enceladus beneath the ocean. Again, there was reason to be skeptical that the moon had hydro- thermal vents: A heat source big enough to power such an explosive process seemed unlikely for a n100n that measures Just 300 miles across. After months Of ruling out alternatives, the researchers came tO the only conclusion that made sense: The ocean IS making hydrogen. Ocean water reacting with minerals in hydro- thermal vents is generating the element, an ecosystem found on Earth. "lt has all the requirements for life," says McKay, whO was not involved with the new study. Note that habitable is not the same as inhab- ited. Ca [ 襯 was not designed tO detect life, and will burn up in Saturn's orbit on September 15 , 2017. Lunine and Glein are developing proposals for future missions, such as the Enceladus Life Finder, t0 search for life. The investigation would take at least 20 years—10 years out tO Saturn and 10 years back—and even if NASA approves the mssion, the soonest it would begin is the early N E W W 0 R L D / S A T U R N 2020S. Lunine says the wait is worth it. We should go back to Enceladus because there is the chance tO discover there a truly alien biota," he says, a completely new kind oflife. The first alien we meet could be a hydrogen-dependent organ- ism that has evolved over billions of years on an 1Ce- encased n100n orbiting Saturn. ln addition tO a return mlsslon, though, scien- tists also need tO find a safe way tO carry Ence- ladean microbes backt0 Earth for study. Current technology can bring them close, but, says McKay, "we don't have the last-mile problem solved. ” That last mile is the one that includes landing on Earth, and scientists have not yet created a container guaranteed tO remain lntact during the severest possible impact. A broken container could release a potentially dangerous alien microbe. "lfyou're bringing back live bugs from Enceladus that love to live in the ocean and you crash, that is not acceptable," he says. The risk of contamination must be completely eliminated. Three spacecraft have brought THE FIRST ALIEN WE EET COULD BE AN ORGANI M THAT HAS EVOLVED O R B ILLIONS OF YEARS O AN ICE-ENCASED MOON. material back tO Earth, but those samples were not alive. And, McKay points out, one Of those machines crashed. While NASA considers its next outer space move, SC1entists are examining Earth-bound methane producers for clues about hOW such alien ⅱ could function. McKay is part of a team studymg Lake Untersee, in Antarctica, which is a dead ringer" for Enceladus. Their next mlsslon 1S planned for December 2017. Astronomers are also continumg t0 study Titan, the large st 0f S aturn's 62 moons, and Europa, a moon ofJupiter, both Of which have liquld water under ice. However astronomers pursue the question Of whether Enceladus is not only habitable but also inhabited, the pursuit must go on, says planetary scientist Carolyn porco, whO heads the Ca i 襯 lmagmg team. Porco, an expert on Enceladus, iS hoping for a return miSS10n as soon as possible. "The next steps at Enceladus," she says, "could be the most consequential steps ever taken in the history ofplanetary exploration. ”ロ NEWSWEEK 50 MAY05, 2017