city best known for bachelorette parties, professional conferences and boys' week- ends away. And it wasn't just the city's wide-open attitude that may have made it an i nviting target. The glitzy b oulevard is a symbOl Of our culture Of decadence: there's a reason that the lslamic State re- leased a 44-minute propaganda video ⅲ May calling for supporters t0 conduct at- tacks the re. But it is also now a place that exemplifies an American attribute, limited not just tO Nevada: resigned resilience. At 8 : 30 a. m. on Oct. 3 , less than 36 hours after the worst mass shooting in modern history began upstairs, guests at the Mandalay Bay were back on the A れ 10 れ ShieldS 0 W0n10 れ工 the threat ofgunfire casino floor. The SlOt machines were humming. Two poker tables were in んⅡ swing. Racing fans filled the sports b00k. lt was hard tO tell whether the reaction came from strength or acquiescence. But there it was: another roll Of the dice, another pull 0f the lever. —With reporting by SEAN GREGORY/ NEW YORK; 0 れ d TESSA BERENSON, NASH JENKINS, ZEKE J. MILLER 0 れ d MAYA RHODAN/ WASHINGTON 27

A BIG STORM CAN RAKE UPA L 〇工 Ten days after Hurricane Maria roared across PuertO Rico, joggers circling the capital's Condad0 lagoon were delighted by the sight 0f manatees, the gentle herbivores that sailors once mistook for mermaids. lt's not a routine sight in San Juan, and it was a rare uplifting one in a catalog 0f all the storm had laid bare: nearly every branch 0f every tree, with the interiors 0f homes opened like dollhouses—and, not least, the lopsided dynamic between Washington and the U. S. territory that might be best understood as America's Last C010ny. Maria could be the most destructive Atlantic storm on record. Research by the Climate lmpact Lab suggests that no larger area has been hit SO compre- hensively anywhere in the world in the past 60 years. Yet the storm somehow managed tO reinforce one thing: the historically paternalistic relationship be- tween mainland and island. The inequity became more pronounced with the passing 0f each muggy day in the storm's aftermath. The federal govern- ment's response was markedly slower and less at- tentive tO Puerto RiCO after Maria than tO Texas after Harvey and Florida after lrma. And when the devas- tation finally came home tO the White House, almost a week after Maria's Sept. 20 landfall, what President Trump most conspicuously dOled out tO the victims was tart advice followed by angry remonstration. TO the victims of Harvey, Trump contributed $ 1 million from his personal fortune. But faced with far worse damage in PuertO RiCO, he assumed the role ofput-upon overseer. Trump framed the disaster on Sept. 25 by tweeting about the island's financial debts. On Oct. 3 , he opened what was intended as a healing visit by observing, "You've thrown our budget a little out 0f whack. ” ln between, he lambasted San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulfn Cruz—"such poor leadership. they want everything to be done for them"—after she relayed PuertO Ricans complaints that aid was not reaching them. "Everything, I lost everything; ” said Diego Rivera, in the poor San Juan neighborhood directly below the Spanish battlements that are a symbol 0fPuert0 Rico. lt was Oct. 1 , 11 days after the storm ripped Off his roof. "And we're still waiting. They haven't done nothing yet. ” What ends up being done, and how, is an espe- cially momentous question for puertO RiCO because ofhow broken the island was even before the storm. Bankrupt but unable tO escape its debts, its position at landfall was as fragile as the electrical grid that a year ago collapsed entirely on its own. For nearly a 30 TIME October 16 , 2017

that had been a lifeline in disasters for decades would move the Maria response Offthe dime. RadiO stations broadcast a summons tO the mayors and 55 showed up the next day. When truckers heard the call, goods finally started leaving the port. Between Sept. 29 and Sept. 30 , Rosse116 says, the number oftrucks doubled from 400 to 800. lt was t00 late, however, tO salvage the political disaster. Bythen, acting Homeland Security Secretary Elaine Duke had called the stalled operation "really, a good news story. ' Watching 0 れ CNN, Mayor Cruz struggled tO contain her reaction. (l)amn it, this is not a good news story; she said. "This this is a people are dying' story ・ The reliefoperation that Cruz mounted from the arena named for R0bert0 Clemente (the baseball legend who died delivering earthquake relief) doubled as an insurgency. "I just dO not understand why FEMA can't seem to find their way out ofa paper bag," she said on Sept. 29 amid pallets 0f canned goods and diapers contributed by businesses. The next day, FEMA sent over several pallets as well, and it was all being packed into boxes as Cruz faced a stream ofcamera crews. Trump had attacked her on Twitter for criticizing the flailing effort. "politically motivated ingrates; ” he wrote. Cruz was fine with the attention, but she declined tO take the bait. "Seriously, I have more important things t0 d0 , ” she t01d Senator Elizabeth Warren, when the Massachusetts Democrat called tO ask what Congress should d0 for Puert0 Rico. Cruz brought up theJones Act, a 1920 statute unknown tO most Amer- icans but a household term in PuertO RiCO. Cruz says it raises prices on the island by 30 % because it bars foreign vessels from transporting U. S. cargo between U. S. ports. Trump suspended it to help the aftermath Of lrma and Harvey, but initially hesitated tO give PuertO Rico the s ame b reak, explaining that "the re are a 10t 0f people who work ⅲ the shipping indus- try that don't want the Jones Act lifted. " On Capit01 Hill, the President's inelegance may actually help PuertO RiCO. The Hisp anic VOte matters tO the House Republicans facing re-election in com- petitive districts, and as the recovery package takes shape, political benefit may flow from taking the side ofthe shattered island. ln any event, only a massive infusion of federal funds will produce the kind of reconstruction that, as Rosse116 put it, "shows a way forward, tO make ofthis catastrophe in the long term a story of rebuilding, rethinking and putting puerto RiCO in the vanguard. ” lt may not even be wishful thinking. If both mainland and island agree that it's possible, a new future could be sketched on a slate, and a territory, thatMariawiped clean. —With reporting 妙 MASSIMO CALABRESI, ELIZABETH DIAS, PHILIP ELLIOTT 0 れ d ZEKE J. MILLER/WASHINGTON; 0 れ d TARA JOHN/ ロ LONDON 34 TIME Oct0ber 16 , 2017

Essay The Pursuit Of Happy-ish The tragedies Of 2017 will test the bonds that connect us, now and for years tO come By Susanna Schrobsdorff IF YOU COULD SEE GRIEF ONA MAP, THERE WOULD BE RINGS ofanguish radiating from whole regions ofthe U. S. right now,. From Texas to FIorida to Puerto Rico and Las Vegas, the hurt would expand with each person affected to the people they're connected with in all parts Ofthe country. NO state would remain untouched by the events Of2017. The magnitude of the suffering over the past few months is unfathomable tO those whO haven't spent time ⅲ a war zone or ln countries where nature's most brutal assaults are even more frequent. Houston and Florida are still reeling from sequential hurricanes. PuertO RiCO hasn't gotten tO its feet in the wake 0f Maria. The people 0f Char10ttesviIIe, Va. watched hate march intO town and take one oftheir own— an eve nt from which they 're still re covering. NOW a man has hauled a cache ofweapons into a hotel room in Las Vegas and unleashed a hailstorm 0f death on concertgoers below, killing dozens and wounding hundreds. We have run out Of adjectives for these kinds of events. Last year's deadliest mass shooting in American history has been overtaken by this year's deadliest mass shooting in American history. The last set Of catastrophic hurricanes has been eclipsed by this year's set Of catastrophic hurricanes. These tragedies are accumulating SO fast, we forget that many Ofthe ramifications arejust starting tO unfurl. The hospital staffmembers, first responders and brave samaritans in Las Vegas will have t0 le arn to live with the horror of what they've seen. Puert0 Rico's children may lose a whole school year; ifwe're having trouble getting them food and water, it will be even longer before they're back in class. And it's clear that the most vulnerable ofthose hit by the storms ⅲ Texas and FIorida will struggle economically for years. ONE WONDERS IF IT'S POSSIBLE for us tO expand our hearts and minds tO embrace this level Of hurt and destruction— a trail ofstricken families and communities that stretches from the Gulfto the Atlantic and parts in between. lt must be said that the trail ofkindness and courage reachesjust as far. But I worry that our capacity for empathy has been worn thin and that our attention spans are now SO tweet-size that we won't be able tO focus long enough on any one ofthese tragedies tO provide long-term help. We talk a lot about "the resistance ” in this battered country Of ours, but the most important thing we need tO resist now might be the urge tO let the next outrage or tragedy erase the images 0f those whO are still suffering. lfl were religious, l'd know where t0100k t0 find guidance on how △ not tO lose touch with the feeling Of connection I had with all those families whose suffering we ve seen SO intimately. Their lives and homes and hearts have been broken open on our screens; their faces should be etched in our consciousness. But that human link is diluted daily by the torrent of news, insults and scandals. The question now is whether we're capable Of a sustained response once the TV drama stops. AND WHERE DO WE START? DO you fight for aid tO rebuild every crushed community first, or put your efforts intO something that might mitigate the damage next time? ()e know there will be more once- in- a-lifetime flOOds and hurric anes and shootings. ) Prevention iS tough When we agree on the causes ofthese tragedies. lt seems pretty obvious tO me that we shouldn't have laws that allow almost anyone t0 buy a machine gun and unlimited ammunitio n. But that notion iS far from universal. We could focus on climate SCience and hOW tO StOP the oceans from warming SO quickly, but there again, there will be disagreement. If all we can agree on is strengthening our ability tO respond tO disasters, then O. K. , let's dO that: beefup emergency protocols and trauma centers, build sea walls and houses that can better withstand the inevitable. But just doing that feels like giving up, which would be its own tragedy ・ Maybe the answer is for each Ofus tO choose one thing t0 fix and not let go. Take a tiny piece 0fa larger disaster and make it your responsibility, whether it means agitating for funding in Washington or sending a holiday package to a child wh0 lost their home or a parent wh0 lost their child. And not just this year, but next year tOO and the year after. Because that's what it's going tO take tO heal a nation. 一トエ 0 」 Z3 コ 9 一 HOOH コ 303 Å8 NO 一トくエト snn ョ ロ 51

THE CASE FOR SUPPRESSOR TECHNOLOGY much more important tO Trump s base: government power VS. rights. Many 0f the most fervent gun- rights advocates are also furious that the Government—Big G—makes them buy health coverage or pay a fine or pay taxes that underwrite large federal programs. TO many Of those voters, unfettered access tO guns is a gesture Of prote st that mirrors the nation's anxiety about the next century—one where many Americ ans may think Of their firearms as a defense against change. BUT THAT'S NOT what Stephen Paddock was about, at least as far as anyone has been able to determine so far. Wealthy and white, he was an accountant and real estate investor with no apparent criminal record and no history 0f mental illness, according t0 his family. He lived in a re- tirement community in Mesquite, Nev. , about 90 miles northeast 0fLas Vegas, SO fresh that it appears to have been built yesterday. The manicured golf course at sun City Mesquite iS an oasis ofgreen in the surrounding desert. The parking lot by the rec center is filled with Jeeps and Kias. Neighbors say paddock—who lived with his girlfriend, a high-limit casino hostess who hailed from the Philippines but had Australian citizenship—mostly kept t0 himself. According t0 his younger brother Eric, Paddock liked cruises and Mexican food and taking trips t0 Vegas tO play high-stakes video poker. He mailed cookie s t0 his elderly mother in Florida. what we do know is that Paddock planned his mass murder meticulously. AII of Paddock's 47 guns—recovered by law-enforcement offlcials from his hotel suite, his home in Mesquite and another ⅲ Reno—appear t0 have been legally purchased across four states. After arriV- ing at the Mandalay Bay on Sept. 28 , he set about building his bunker. Over the course of three days, he ferried 23 guns, the hallway to give him a warning when two tripods and hundreds of rounds 0f police approached. As law enforcement ammunition up tO hiS room, one or tWO closed in, he put a handgun ⅲ his mouth bags at a time. Be10W, ⅲ his car, he had and pulled a trigger for the last time. bags ofammonium nitrate, which can be The ease with which Paddock evaded used to make a powerful explosive. As a security is a reminder OfbOth hOW hard it high roller, he may have had his pick 0f is tO stop a determined killer whO hasn't the unclaimed rooms, free ofcharge. The set Off alarms in advance. Casinos have elevators to his car bypassed the lobby. cameras everywhere, and Off ℃ ialS are NO one bothered him until his massa- now reviewing hours Of surveillance fOOt- cre was in progress. He knew they were coming; he had rigged video cameras in age tO see hOW he spent his weekend in a BY REPRESENTATIVE JEFF DUNCAN What happened that fateful Sunday evening in Las Vegas is beyond words. Ⅲ the days immediately following the shooting, lintentionally avoided saying much, not because ー didn't have opinions, but because lfeelthat we as a society are Often t00 quick tO politicize a situation. The days after the shooting should have been spent grieving, coming together and looking for answers. UnfortunateIy that's not what happened, and now lfeel compelled tO correct the record on some Of the over-the-top rhetoric. As the Washington POSt's Fact Checker unit confirmed in 2015 , practically none Of the then existing legislation made a difference in recent attacks. That is particularly true when it comes tO the 代 ' s attacks on my sportsmen's legislation (the SHARE Act), which among many Other things reclassifies gun suppressors. Even though at the time Of this writing, no suppressor has been found in the possession Ofthe Las Vegas shooter, suppressors on weapons firing full-automatic, even simulated as in thiS most recent case, can cause significant challenges forthe shooter, Often making them unfeasible. The truth is that the only place a suppressoris silent is on a HOllywood soundstage. Hearing IOSS begins at 85 decibels (dB). A roaringfootball stadium is around 100 dB, ajackhammer is about 130 dB, a suppressed firearm around 130 dB and an unsuppressed hunting riflearound 155dBt0 160dB. l'm not aware ofanyone WhO would consider ajackhammerto be silent. TO suggest otherwise is nothing more than political posturing. Suppressors are usefultools for protecting the hearing Of recreational shooters, hunters and theirdogs, whO Often can't use traditional hearing protection due tO the nature oftheir activity. げ mylegislation were tO become law, suppressors would actually be more regulated than they currently are in Europe. We need tO stick tO the facts. Duncan iS a Republican congressman ″ om South Carolina 0

TheBrief THE RISK REPORT ans could even decide tO continue tO honor the Trump's desire for a deal's terms , vindicating lran and creating a rift between the U. S. and Europe evenbigger better deal with lran than the one that followed George W. Bush's co 収ー住 isolate the U. S. decision t0 invade lraq in 2003. (Though Bush, at least, had backing from the U. K. By lan Bremmer Tony Blair. ) Trump may feel he has enough on THE IRAN NUCLEAR DEAL IS IN REAL TROU- U. S. allies his plate with North ble. Signed inJuly 2015 by lran, the U. S. , Brit- don't want ain, France, Germany, Russia, China and the Korea without pick- tO see their E. U. the agreement waived nuclear-related ing another fight hard work econom1C sanctions on lran in exchange for with few good op- tions. But he might limitations on itS uranium-enrichment pro- torn up. If ] ust instruct his gram. lnternational inspectors say lran is Trump walks keeping its end ofthe deal. But the Trump Ad- national-security away, he'll team tO refuse tO ministration must certify the country's com- probably issue a formal certifi- pliance every three months , and the president walk alon e cation ofcompliance, has hinted that he won't recertify the agree- even while holding ment by the next deadline 0fOct.15. back from killing the deal completely. He can Trump wants a better deal. He wants tO extend the time frame on lran's compliance. then demand that lran Offer concessions by a given deadline, while promising tO continue tO He wants expanded acce s s tO military sites. He says it must stop testing ballistic missiles, waive sanctions ifit bargains in good faith. which were not part ofthe deal, and halt its lran's leaders have good reason tO compromise, whatever they say publicly. The support for organizations that Washington lifting Of sanctions has given the regime an classifies as terrorist groups, like Hizb011ah and Hamas. P01iticaIly, Trump wants to show extra $ 17 billion per year in Oil revenues, and that Obama made a bad deal and he can make foreign investment has begun tO return tO the country. Risking new sanctions at a time Of abetter one. The President's key Cabinet members don't still-high unemployment is not an appealing agree. Defense SecretaryJames Mattis told the prospect, and lran doesn't want blame for Senate Armed Services Committee on Oct. 3 breaking the deal. that he thinks the U. S. should stick with the But lran could call what it sees as Trump's blu 圧 lts leaders can see the Europeans aren't deal. Trump's bigger problem is that U. S. allies don't agree with him either. They say that lran h 叩 pywith him, and that even some members has kept its side ofthe bargain and don't want of his own party would criticize him for put- t0 see their hard work torn up. If Trump walks ting a diplomatic milestone at risk. That's hOW away, he'll probably walk alone. The Europe- the deal could still fall apart. ロ TICKER TO 々リ 0 governor won't cha llenge PM TO 0 Governor YurikO KOike ruled out running against Prime Minister ShinzoAbe in 」 apan's Oct. 22 election. Koike launched her new Party ofHope on Sept. 25 , just hours before the national election was called. は is thought she will run in the next election instead. Ⅳ 0 lawsuitsfor Black Lives Matter A Louisiana judge ruled that Black Lives Matter iS a social movement— much like the civil rights, Tea Party and LGBT movements— and therefore can't be sued. A police officer had anonymously tried tO sue the movement after he was injured by a small Object thrown during a Black Lives Matter protest in 2016. Refugee charged ⅲ Canada attack A SomaIi-born refugee, 30 , was charged with five counts Of attempted murder in connection with a car and knife attack on a police officerin Edmonton, Alberta. Prime Minister 」 ustin Trudeau had called the incident a terrorist attack. L()e not 0 computer simulation Despite what fans Of The Matrix may believe, a team of Oxford University scientists claimed tO have proved itwas ・・ impossible in any physical setting fO 「 human beings tO be unknowingly living in a computer simulation. FASHION Cameos on the catwalk Spanish fashion house BaIenciaga turned heads on Oct. 1 when it sent models down the runway wearing platform Crocs ( わ e Ⅳ , the much イ idiculed CO 汁 u gs. Here, Other unlikely items that have appeared during fashion weeks. —Kate SamueIson JELLY SANDALS The plastic shoes belöved by ' 90S kids made a comeback duringAIberta Ferretti's Milan Fashion Week show in September, where they were worn by models Gigi Hadid and Bella Hadid. IKEA BAG DHL T-SHIRT Balenciaga SO When French design made headlines on house Vetements showcased a $ 330 the PariS runway in 」 une 2016 when it version Of the debuted a $ 2 , 145 yellow T-shirt worn large blue leather by employees Of bag that bore a German courier giant striking resemblance DHL at Paris Fashion tO lkea's iconic 99 Week in 2015 , it Frakta tOte. quickly SO out.

TheBrief prescribed way to do it; ” he chided. "lt's called leg- islation. ” ln a religious-liberty case, Gorsuch tOOk on ChiefJustice J0hn R0berts, who wrote the major- ity opinion. ln hiS concurrence, WhiCh argues for a broader reading ofreligious liberty, Gorsuch wrote that, "respectfully; ” he harbored doubts about an aspect ofthe chief's opinion. "He has not been shy, says J0hn Malcolm, vice president Ofthe lnstitute for Constitutional Government at the conservative Heritage Foundation. "He's acting as ifhe's been sit- ting on the high court for years. ” Gorsuch iS drawing criticism for hiS actions offthe bench as well. ln September he appeared with Senate maJority leader Mitch McConnell at an event in Kentucky, McConnell's home state. The following week Gorsuch gave a speech at the Trump lnternational H0tel in Washington, the symbolic focal point ofthe President's business entanglements. Progressive activists held a protest outside during his remarks. AII this recalls the nasty political battle that preceded hiS nomination. He occupies a seat on the court that sat vacant for over a year afterJustice Antonin Scalia died in February 2016. President B arack Ob ama picked Merrick Garland, a moder- ate liberal, to 6 Ⅱ the spot, but congressional Repub licans refused tO consider the nomination during Obama's final year in offlce, stalling until Trump was inaugurated and then quickly confirming Gorsuch over objections from Democrats. At 50 , Gorsuch lOOks poised tO cement a conser- vative majority on the court for a generation. More immediately, he may shape the outcome ofsome ofthe most significant cases the court will hear this term. A veteranjudge whO spent a decade on the IOth Circuit Court ofAppeals ⅲ Colorado, Gorsuch has already signaled that he's sympathetic to religious-liberty claims, which could put him on the side ofthe baker who refused to make a wedding cake for a same-sex couple in the case Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd. v.. C010rad0 CiviI Rights Commission. And he voted to block a Texas court's ruling that new districts drawn by the state legislature had t0 be redone, which may provide a clue to his thinking on the gerrymandering case GiII v. Whitford, which the court heard on Oct. 3. ln some ways, Gorsuch's style on the bench makes him a natural heir t0 the volublejurist he replaced. "From the get-go, Justice Scalia changed the tenor Ofthe court dramatically because he was such an avid question asker; ” says Carrie severino, chiefcounsel ofthe conservative Judicial Crisis Network. "I know some Justices viewed that a little askance, like, 'Where's this little upstart coming ! from?' ” The forceful manner ofthe court's new member doesn't make Gorsuch unique, Severino says, adding, "I think that's always how the old guard reacts. 6 TIME October 16 , 2017 ロ TICKER MiIIions sa 田 shady ads on Facebook About 10 million people in the IJ. S. saw politically divisive ads on Facebook bought by Russia-linked accounts in the months before and afterlast year's U. S. presidential election, the company revealed on Oct. 2. MOSCOW denied involvement in the ads, which cost $ 100 , 000. U. S. expels Cuban diplomats The U. S. ordered 15 Cuban diplomats tO leave the cou ntry, after a series ofapparent sonic attacks on the U. S. Embassy in Havana thatleft at least 21 U. S. diplomats with hearing and vision ailments. The U. S. earlier pulled 60% of its embassy staff from its Cuba mission. FinaI report on missing MH370jet 旧 theirfinalreport on the incident, Australian investigators said it was "almost inconceivable ” that MaIaysia AirIines Flight 370 , which disappeared with 239 people on board in 2014 , had still not been located. Atlanta votes to decriminalizepot The Atlanta city council VOted tO decriminalize mari 」 uana, makingthe penalty fO 「 possession Of 1 OZ. orless a $ 75 fine. Elsewhere in Georgia, offenders can still bejailed fO 「 six months and fined $ 1 , 000. BUSINESS The new gold rush for our e-waste 」 apanese company Mitsubishi plans tO invest about $ 108 million tO expand operations tO sift through discarded computers, cell phones and otherelectronic devices tO recycle rare metals such as go and palladium as glObal supplies dwindle. Here's what tO know. ー「 a John 1.1 million within a decade. traded a year, set tO rise tO tons Of recycled metals are price tag. Currently 700 , 000 ofconventional mining's high recycling urban waste because Metal producers are turning tO WORLD TRADE in 100 tons ofgo ore. circuit boards iS the same as go in a single ton Of printed average mine. The amount Of landfill than can be found in an recycled from e-waste in a More valuable metals can be COST SAVINGS from recycled urban waste. go medals will be forged the Games' bronze, silver and 2020 TO 0 Olympics said February organizers Of the this kind Of recycling. Last 」 apan is leadingthe way in GOLD STANDARD DIGITS ト 〒 110 , 000 Number Of t 「 a 可 e 得 due to be flown home by the British government 0 e 「 tWO weeks that began Oct. 2 , a 代部 British company Monarch AirIines declared bankruptcy; officials called it the U. K. 's largest-ever peacetime repatriation mission

CHERNOW WANTED tO write novels; the only history course he tOOk as an under- graduate was about lreland, so he could understand Ulysses better. But he wound up focusing on nonfiction, and won the NationaI B00k Award on his first go. ln the years that followed, the soft-spoken native New Yorker turned 仕 om tycoons (Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan, the Warburgs) t0 political leaders (Hamilton, George Washington). He thus became what Salman Rushdie calls an expert in "the values of America as expressed through the lives ofthe Founding Fathers. ” As Chernow leaves the founding era behind, biography as a vehicle for American values will O nly get trickier— and more urgent. The CivilWarhas always had die-hard history buffs, but right now Americans are wrestling With itS meaning inunusuallypublicways. AS conversations about states' rights, federalism, racial inJustice, white supremacy and civil divisiveness take place, there's a natural tendency tO lOOk for answers in a past explosive moment. But engage in those conversations even a little bit and one reason why they're SO diffcult becomes clear: many people still disagree on the basic facts 0f what happened. "This is a case where knowledge 0f history is not Just a nice adornment tO your life," Chernow says, "but actually is going to affect howyou respond to a lot ofdifferent contemporary issues. The details of Grant's life are subject to the confusion that engulfs the period tOO. lt's no coincidence that Chernow's bOOk clocks in at more than 1 , 000 pages ・ lts subject became a Civil War hero for wringing surrender from R0bert E. Lee but is also dogged by rumors of being a corrupt politician, not tO mention a drunkwhose memoirs were ghostwritten by Mark Twain. This is a man who was once known as "Useless Grant,: ” WhO ended up leading his country ⅲ war and peace, taking a grand world tour, lOSing hiS fortune in a ponzi scheme and writing a best-selling memoir as his final act. ()e also had a family and, by way Of disclosure, this writer is married tO a many-generations-removed descendant. ) He battled addiction and an albatross Of a father. He was ensnared in scandal and escaped assassination attempts. He alSO oversaw a periOd Of such rapid progress toward equality that 42 TIME Oct0ber 16 , 2017 its ramifications are still felt tOday. And that's where the real disagree- ments set in. Behind one Of the more fundamental feuds about the CiviI War is what's known as the LOSt Cause nar- rative, a view that emphasizes the Con- federate fight for states' rights. (Cher- now points tO the historical record le 仕 by Confederate and Union fighters, which shows a general agreement that the war was about slavery. ) The theory also holds that the South lost the war because even Lee's military genius couldn't topple the brute force Of Northern manpower and matériel. AS a result, the LOSt Cause nar- rative would lay claim, for many years, t0 Grant's military reputation. But there are clue s that things are changing ・ 'ln order tO build up R0bert E. Lee, you've got tO knock down UIysses S. Grant. ' 」 OHN F. MARSZALEK, executive director Of the UIysses S. Grant Association "ln order t0 build up R0bert E. Lee, you've got t0 knock down Ulysses S. Grant; ” says J0hn F. Marszalek, exec- utive director of the Ulysses S. Grant Association and editor Ofa new annotated edition 0fThe PersonalMemoirs 0fUlysses S. Grant, which will also be released ⅲ ()ctober. ChOice ofwords as statues 0f Lee are literally being brought down. Chernowbelieves that Confederate monuments should be moved tO museums SO they can serve tO educate rather than endorse. As for occasional talk of removing Grant statues because he once issued an order expelling Jews from a military are a under his control, Chernow says the people who call for that usually don't know the んⅡ story, in which Grant made up for his error with later public support 0f the Jewish community. ln what Chernow describes as a "his- torical seesaw," Grant was on top during the war. After Grant's death, it was Lee's turn. NOW Grant is back—maybe tO stay. PERHAPS ON Ofthe most obvious signs that change has alreadybegun can be seen in hOW Grant shakes out in lists Of the best and worst presidents. ln 1948 , when Arthur M. Schlesinger asked historians t0 rate the Chief Executives, Grant landed with a thump ⅲ the failure category as one Of the tWO worst Presidents ever. (Sorry, warren G. Harding. ) He stayed in the basement for decades. Yet in a 2017 C-SPAN ranking, he came ⅲ at a rather healthy 22nd place. Historians including H. w.. Brands and Ronald C. White have alSO recently taken Grant as their subject, and the Grant Library at Mississippi State iS moving tO new digs in November. Chernow calls it "abull market for Grant. ” Chernow highlights one reason for the shift. "Ultimately," he writes ⅲ Grant, 'the appraisal 0fGrant's presidency rests upon posterity's view ofReconstruction. That period after the Civil War remams one Of the most contentious episodes in the nation's past. Over the course Of roughly a decade , under federal overs ight and with Grant's support for their cause, freed slaves won liberties that would in many cases not be seen again for nearly a century. Chernow recalls that he was shocked to find a telegram that had been sent t0 Grant in 1867 from New Orleans with a report on the desegregation Ofthe streetcars. The very rights that were SO longed for ⅲ the mid-20th centuryhad al- readybeen won and exercised, a reminder ofhow easily progress can be undone. Freedmen soon began tO lose much of what they'd won thanks to political maneuverings, national apathy and a concerted effort tO reinstitute oppression as the Jim Crow system developed. The LOSt Cause View Of Reconstruction—as a period of federal overreach and failed reform ・一・ came tO dominate t00 as What Chernow calls historical amnesia set in. "Reconstruction was the dirty little word we were taught, whether you grew up ⅲ the North or ⅲ the South' ” echoes Christy C01eman, CEO 0f the American Civil War Museum ⅲ Richmond, Va. Because Reconstruction had such a reputation as a failure, for a long time relatively little scholarship on the period was undertaken, says C01eman, who has made news as a black woman at the head Of a Civil War institution. Now she sees historians appro aching the era with fewer assumptions—and, accordingly, a wide range Of Americans reconsidering it. lt's an extraordinary outcome," She says. Hence, the seesaw S SWIng.