in which the commanders meted out brutal forms of punishment for various infractions, from theft and blasphemy to adultery and insubordination. Most days, Umaru witnessed five or six executions. "They would gather everyone, make us watch,: ” says Umaru. "They would tell them to lie down. They would tell the public this is what they did. Then they shot them. ” ln Banki, where tens 0f thousands of people fleeing B0k0 Haram's predations ⅲ the nearby forest created temporary homes, 6-year-01d Yakura recalls that the fighters who kidnapped her used big knives for their public executions. Wearing a ragged lace dress that looks as ifit was once a party frock, Yakura says she still hopes t0 find her family. She was only 4 when she was kidnapped, and she says she can't block the image of the executions from her mind. "They cut offa man's head and threw it away from his body,: ” she says. "They said it was t0 warn the others tO behave. ” That exposure tO violence worries psy- chologist Akilu. Children who become desensitized tO violence are more likely tO commit it. “ They are ticking time bombs. A lot ofthese children think that the easiest way tO solve even the smallest conflict is by aviolent act. ” She notes that B0k0 Haram fighters often force children to kill their parents if they are suspected 0f supporting the government. "A child who can kill his parent can do anything. Many of the boys abducted by Boko Haram are conscripted int0 the ranks offighters, says Geoffrey ljumba, head ofthe UNICEF field offce in Maiduguri. They are conditioned t0 embrace the group's beliefs and forced tO attack their own towns and people. Young women are alSO turned intO weapons, either against their will or by indoctrination. Fatima G. , who was held by B0k0 Haram along with Fatsuma's daughter 0f the same name, is still haunted by the memories Of friends in captivity whO became suicide bombers for the militants. The fighters often approached the young women with tre ats and storie s 0f a glorious martyrdom. Some 0f her friends, says Fatima G. , seemed t0 be on some kind 0f drug. The militants gave the young women bombs tO put under their headscarves or around their waists. Fatima G. then 13 , would know their fates only when she heard about a suicide attack and saw her captors celebrating. Outwardly, she pretended t0 j0in in the celebration. But each time, she says, she gave a silent prayer for G0d t0 help the bombers and theirvictims. She says at least 15 ofher friends died that way. Nurses from the Banki clinic relate that accord- ing t0 the 82 newly freed young women, 11 0f their fellow students became suicide bombers. lt is im- possible t0 verify, says Aisha Yesufu, a co-founder 0f Bring Back Our Girls. On the evening 0fJune 25 , six female suicide bombers attacked multiple targets in Maiduguri, killing 15 , including themselves. B0k0 Haram has used at least 117 children ⅲ suicide bomb attacks since 2014 , according t0 UNICEF. More than 43 0 playing with toys was wrong and hit them when they were caught doing so. AII of Boko Haram's abductees were forced to learn the Quran by rote, says Umaru, a lanky 12-year- 01d from Gwoza who was held by the militants for more than tWO years. He is wearing a tattered yellow T-shirt and fidgets with a green plastic horse as he sits 0 Ⅱ the floor Ofan empty classroom in the Bakassi camp for the displaced, just outside Maiduguri. If the children made a mistake in pronunciation, they would be beaten. When the boys weren't at Quranic lessons, they worked as spies or ammunition couriers. The girls collected water and firewood and did the washing ・ Everyone had t0 attend the dailyjustice sessions, Survivors 0 工 atrocities at the hands 可 BO た 0 Haram recetve counseling tO 0 ″ e ⅵ e symptoms 0 工 trauma

TheView BOOK IN BRIEF behaviors and SOCial norms. they're coming from the man in the Oval Bartending is better greatest predictor ofcondom use Offce or a late -night comedian. And than business school wasn't whether someone understood that ups the ante so that those trying get they could get AIDS; ” he says. "lt our attention have tO go a little further was whether or not they thought a e ach time. WANT TO SUCCESSFULLY LEADAN friend was using condoms. But ifyou organization? Then start mixing drinks Anger is particularly contagious on quizzed them, they wouldn't admit writes Helen R0thberg in The Perfect social media. Researchers at Beihang イⅸ . Although she's now a management University in Beijing mapped four basic that because it'S unconscious. Online, someone WhO'S influential consultant and a professor ofstrategy emotions in more than 70 million POStS and found that anger is more influential in a p articular ideological group at Marist College, R0thberg argues that she learned her most valuable leadership than other emotions like sadness and can ignite an outpouring Of help in a disaster or turn one corner Ofthe skills while tending bar during grad JOY—it spreads faster and more broadly. lnternet intO a virtual mob. That's school. Among This is as much a physical phenomenon as a mental one. Anger gves us a burst Of where leaders can step in tO buttress them: reading body adrenaline and sparks a fight-or-flight civil decency. Or not. lmagine if language t0 analyze response in our nervous system. That in George Ⅳ Bush had labeled lslam the interpersonal turn can lead tO a spike in cortisol, the enemy instead ofgoing tO a mosque situations (useful stress and anxiety hormone. ThiS leaves after 9 / 11 and talking about solidarity. in tamping down barroom brawls us even more triggered the next time. "He didn't dehumanize Muslims. and also in keeping And all that is terrible for our health. He made it clear that we're in this Eve 「ト 0 ー K れ。物 A ト。 し“ d ・” h の lLearoed together; ” says David Berreby, author the bO ardroom NO wonder it feels as ifthe nation is a ・日物社・ nd little sick. lt's as ifwe all have a virus and civil); managing of Us れ d Them. H ・ 0 RO ト・「 9. PhD some Ofus are more vulnerable More recently, big charming but societal shifts, such as the deadbeat workers tO it than others. That is in fact 49 % legalization ofsame-sex (great for weeding out waiters whO hOW some SOCial scientists Of RepubIicans and marriage or the election Of are more shOW than substance); and are describing the spread of DonaId Trump, have le 代 communicating key details ()t her bar, rage and division. Violence 55 % segments ofthe population sales started plummeting after a bOS s andviolent speech meet the Of Dem ocrats crlteria ofdisease, says Dr. feeling profoundly de- revamped the menu without explaining say the Other Gary Slutkin, founder 0fCure stabilized. "People are it tO his waitstaff, whO couldn't explain party makes them experiencing a ShOCk it t0 customers). "This is life leading Violence. Like avirus, violence feel afraid makes more ofitself. Rage because they thought they an organization; ” Rothberg writes. begets more rage. And it spreads because knew whO we are. NOW they don't. "Sometimes you stir, sometimes you we humans are Wired tO fOllOW our peers. They think, Does that mean I don't shake, and sometimes you blend. And SO ifextreme speech becomes belong, or does it mean that I have tO sometimes youJust serve it up neat, Just get rid ofthese other people?" says acceptable ⅲ one realm, it's likely t0 as it iS. —SARAH BEGLEY spread t0 overlapping realms—from Berreby. "This becomes abig source the dinner table to social feeds to a offear, and people get angry when political demonstration. "Undesirable they're fearful. SOCial norms are becoming more And ifpolicy disagreements are prevalent; ” Slutkin says. And for described as existential threats tO the more vulnerable, thos e whO are our identity, issues like immigration, mentally unstable or disenfranchised, climate change or GMO f00ds can this sickness can lead tO actual violence feel like a clash ofcivilizations. Once directed at the person or institution that it reaches that level, says Berreby, it's symbolizes their disappointment. no longer about the facts or the data. The good news is that experts in the "lt becomes a sacred conflict; ” says health sector, like Slutkin, say they have Berreby. "lfyou don't believe in this, techniques that can detect and interrupt then you're not a good person. " Then the kinds ofevents and negative it doesn't matter what you say, no speech that are predictors ofviolence. one's changing camps. "At that point, Surely it's possible t0 make the kinds it's more important for you tO stay ofvulgar, hateful speech we're seeing with your team than it is for you tO be unacceptable again. After all, health persuaded' ” s ays B erreby. offcials managed to make smoking ⅲ a And therein may lie the problem. restaurant socially unacceptable. Slutkin We don't seem to have anyone c 叩 able points out that as with manyvlruses, ofreminding us that we play for the combattingAIDS involved changing ロ same team. 20 TIME July 10 ー 17 , 2017 THE P 日計 ' た ' CT ' M Ⅸ Z U C K E R B E R G 】 A P VERBATIM 'A church doesn't just come together. lt has a pastor. ' MARK ZUCKERBERG, on hOW Facebook should help more people create meaningful communities," much as pastors and LittIe League coaches dO VIRAL NUMBERS: PEW RESEARCH CENTER 2016

The first few seasons' worth ofswordplay and gowns turned the shOW's cast intO recognizable stars. But it's the complexity of their characters, revealed over time, that made them intO icons. "My friends always say t0 me, 'lt's like you're two different people. I see articles about you in BuzzFeed'—but then they see my Facebook posts," says Maisie Williams, who plays the tomboy turned angel of vengeance Arya stark. Williams was two days past her 14th birthday when the show debuted. There's TV-star famous, after a11 , and then there's some-percentage-of-23-million- people -has -been- actively-rooting-for-you-to-kill- off-your-co-stars-for-six-years famous. Thrones' story doesn't ask its actors to break bad or good, and viewers stay tuned in large part because ofthe characters' moral mutability. Consider Cersei, played by Lena Headey, who is を either a monster or a victim. The character has become more popular with fans even as she's wrought greater carnage, including blowing up a building full of people last season. "At the beginning, 第 people were like, ℃ h my G0d, you re such a bitch!"' she says. "What's moving is that people love her now andwant to be on her team. " That Headey, a Brit, uses an exaggerated American accent as she delivers the harsher interpretation Of her work is revealing of nothing, or a lOt. She's thought through every element Of her charac- ter, though, including the incestuous relationship with Jaime that provide d the show its first narrative jolt. "I love to talk about all of it," she says, citing her frequent emails to Benioff and Weiss. "Cersei's always wanted to be him. Therefore, for her, that relationship is completion. There's been an envy, because he was born with privilege just for being a man. I think their love was built on respect. ” Nik01aj Coster-Waldau, the Danish actor who plays Jaime, is a bit less excited tO discuss the sub- ject. "l've never really gone too deep into the whole sister-brother thing because I can't use that infor- 引 mation. I have tO lOOk at her as the woman he loves and desires. Lena's a very good actress, and that's kind of what carries the whole thing. ” He adds, "I have two older sisters. I do not want to go there. lt's just tOO weird. ” Even a character like Jon snow, as close to a pure When Benioffand Weiss aren't shooting, they're writing. And when they aren't shooting or writing— which h 叩 pens rarely—they're promoting. The two make a complementary pair. Benioff, whO wears hiS hair in a Morrissey quiff, iS the more sardonic one. WeiSS, With silver rings in hiS ears, iS nerdier and given t0 hyperbole. They 'He's still alive 、 say they're still having fun making Thrones, despite the Anyone whO's stake s, and still regularly find themselves surprised by its still alive on scale. Weiss recalls seeing the buck Clarke rides to simulate our ShOW iS Daenerys' dragons for the first time: "We knew it would be pretty smart,' a mechanic al bull. We didn't know it would be 40 庇ⅲ the air and six degrees Ofmo- PETER DINKLAGE, on the anxiety Of not knowing hOW long a Thrones character will survive tion with cameras that swirl. ” Cersei 0 れ d Jaime (Coster- Ⅳ da の plot their next moves in thiS imagefrom Se 0 7 Says Beni0ff: "lt's like the thing NASA built to train the astronauts. Despite nonstop production, Weiss says, "There's still a kid-in-a-candy-shop feel. You're going tO lOOk at the armor, crazy-amazing dresses— gowns Michele is making—then you're going to lOOk at the swords, then watch pre-vis cartoons of the scenes that will be shot and you're weighing in on shOt selection. Every one Of these things is something we've been fascinated With in our own way since we were kids. ” "Especially dresses," cracks Benioff. weiss adds, "Especially the gowns. ” 74 TIME JuIy 10 ー 17 , 2017

And unlike most BOkO Haram victims passing through the busy clinic's door into the dusty chaos of a sprawling camp for tens 0f thousands 0f peo- ple fleeing the fighting, the young women were taken t0 the Nigerian capital, Abuja, where they were placed in a specially designed residential fa- cility to help them recover from their ordeal. Over the next nine months they will be provided health services, psychological counseling, trauma therapy and remedial-education courses tO help them catch up on their lost schooling—similar t0 the rehabili- tation program previously set up for 21 Chib0k girls who were released in October. Their recovery will not be easy. But for every young womanwho iS whisked intO a comprehensive reintegration program, thousands more traumatized Boko Haram abductees have been thrust, untreated, intO communities that are not equipped tO tend tO their wounds. Parents have been reunited with chil- dren whO were beaten, starved and forced tO partici- pate in ritualized massacres. Some converted. Others fought for the insurgents. Many were r 叩 ed. Fatima still has nightmares about the time she was forced, along with several Other captive girls, tO stone a cou- ple to death for the sin 0f committing adultery. "I didn'twant tO dO it. But ifwe didn't throw the stone, they said they would kill us,: ” she says. "lfyou shed a tear, they will beat you with the side of their guns ・” AFTER SIX YEARS and more than 20,000 dead, BOkO Haram S ViCious campaign tO carve a caliphate out Of northeastern Nigeria is slowly coming tO a close. Founded in Maiduguri in 2002 by a charismatic preacher whO advocated a fundamentalist interpre- tation 0fthe Quran, B0k0 Haram evolved int0 a んⅡ - fledged insurgency ⅲ 2009 , eventually taking control 0f an area greater than the size 0f Belgium. But the group, under as s ault by a multinational force , started tO lose territory and strength in 2016. NOW the government is working to stabilize the region and ensure that the 2 million people displaced by the fighting can return home and start their lives over again. But for those kidnapped by B0k0 Haram, home is not always a refuge. Their communities may brand them as sympathizers or reject them out offear that their time in captivity has led to Manchurian Candidate—style indoctrination. Friends, neighbors and even family members may deride them as annoba—epidemics—・ a term alSO used tO describe the deadly Ebolavirus, which can infect anyone who comes t00 CIO se tO its victims. Without treatment, the abductees may not be able tO reintegrate intO society. And without understanding what they have been through, the communities may never be able tO accept them, leavlng an open wound tO fester as Nigeria seeks t0 bring this brutal chapter 0fits history tO a close. During the height 0f the insurgency, ⅲ 2015 , 42 TIME July 10 ー 17 , 2017 Fatima Akilu, a forensic psychologist and special- iSt in preventing and countering ViOlent extremism, was brought in tO assess the needs Of some 230 chil- dren who had just been released from Boko Haram captivity,. 'When we walked in, there was not a sin- gle sound; ” she says. The eerie quiet continued for several days as the psychologists attempted t0 en- gage with the former captives. Eventually, they brought in toys. At that point, says Akilu, the only sound they heard was one Of destruction. "They tore the heads 0 the dolls. They were stamping on the toy cars," she says. After weeks of therapy, the psychologists understood that during captiv- ity, B oko Haram fighters beat the children anytime they made a sound. They taught the children that

第第をい、い第 = う朝 0 ツ安 0 深、第トー = ! 0 。 を、を学第第を下をををを物第を響第第ををド 3 0 こ 0 credit tOO. The tWO had met in a literature program in Dublin ⅲ 1995 and later reconnected in the States. "I Clarke decided I wanted t0 write a screenplay; ” Beni0fft01d filming Va れ i 収 Fair in 2014. "l'd never written a script before, Daenerys and I didn't know how to do it, so I asked [Weiss] if firstflight he would write one with me, because he had written 0 れ the back a bunch already. ” lt never got made. 可 e ofher The Thrones pilot, shot in 2009 , got offto a rocky dragons, in start. Benioff and Weiss misjudged how much plan- Season 5. (The dragons ning it would take t0 bring Martin's fantasy t0 life. are bigger TO portray a White Walker—mystic creatures from れ OW,. ) the North—they simply stuck an actor ⅲ a green- screen getup and hoped t0 figure it out later. "You can maybe d0 that if you're making Ava 地ら” says Weiss. "But we need tO know what the creatures look like before we turn on the camera. ” They also had trouble portraylng Martin's nuanced characters. "Our friends—really smart, savvy writers—didn't [realize] Jaime and Cersei were brother and sister; ” says Benioffofthe ill-fated first cut. Ultimately, they reshot the pi10t. When Benioff and Weiss look back at that first season, they see plenty t0 nitpick. Their fealty t0 Martin's text, for example, made peter Dinklage's Tyrion "Eminem blond," per Beni0 圧 (His hair was later darkened. ) StiII, the elements that have made the ShOW a monster success were there—and audiences ( 3 million for Thrones' first season finale) picked up on them. Arguably the most groundbreaking element was a willingness tO ruthlessly murder its stars. Ned Stark, the moral center 0f Season 1 , portrayed by the show's then most famous cast member (Sean Bean, who starred ⅲ The Lord 可 the Rings), is shockingly beheaded in the second-to-last episode. By the third season's "Red Wedding; ” a far more gruesome culling, the show had accrued enough fans t0 send the lnternet into んⅡ on freak-out mode. Thrones had by then become the pacesetter for all of TV in its willingness to forgo a simple happy ending ⅲ favor 0f delivering pleasure through brutality. Even ifyou don't watch, Thrones' characters and catchphrases have permeated the culture (the apparent death Of Snow was an international trending topic all summer in 2015 ). Saturday Night Live, The Simpsons and The Tonight Sh0W have lampooned the show. And the recent South Korean presidential election was called on a national news network with depictions 0fthe candidates duking it out for control of the lron Throne.

through that in their everyday lives. Stop making it such a tabOO, and make it a discussion. Benioffand Weiss claim tO have seen Ⅱ 0 Other pos- Sible outcome for a character stranded in a marriage t0 a psychopath, in a skewed version 0f feudal soci- ety. "lt might not be our world," says Beni0ff, "but it's still the same basic power dynamic between men and women ⅲ this medieval world. This is what we be- lieved was going t0 happen. ” Adds Weiss: "We talked about, is there any otherway she could possibly avoid this fate that doesn't seem fake, where she uses her pluck t0 save herself at the last? There was no ver- sion ofthat that didn't seem completely horrible. ” Even if Benioff and Weiss don't always admit it, the show has changed. Scenes in which exposition is delivered in one brothel or another, for example, have been pared back. lt's at moments like these that the success Of Thrones seems a precariously struck balance, thriving on a willingness to shockbut always risking going t00 far. BeniOff and Weiss claim tO have sworn off reading commentary about the show, good or bad. When I visit them in Los Angeles ⅲ March, they're writing the next and final season. I peek into a fridge ⅲ a lounge area in their 0 伍℃ es , a room dominated by a Thrones-branded pinball machine Weiss proudly points out, tO find three cases Ofbeer with Westeros- themed labels, low-calorie ranch dressing and yellow mustard. At this point, they have ん 11 outlines of the final six episodes. ln fact, they've been working 0 Ⅱ the very last episode, possibly the most anticipated finale since Hawkeye le 仕 Korea. "We know what happens in each scene; says weiSS. The fact that they know is remarkable consider- ing the show will reach its conclusion long before the bOOkS. The last new Thrones novel came out in 2011 , the year the show began. The author describes his next installment, the sixth ofseven, as ' massively late. ” "The journey is an adventure," says Martin, who, at 68 , has fought criticism that he won't finish the books. "There's always that process ofdiscovery for me. ” But with young, and r 叩 idly maturing, actors under contract and a community Of artisans await- ing marching orders in Belfast, the show can't wait. Benioff and Weiss always knew this would h 叩 - pen. SO they met with the novelist in 2013 , between Seasons 2 and 3 , t0 sketch out what Martin calls "the ultimate developments ” after the books and show diverge. The upshot, they say, is that the two can co- exist. " Certain things that we learned from George way back then are going to happen on the show, but certain things won't," says Benio 圧 "And there's 80 TIME July 10 ー 17 , 2017 certain things where George didn't know what was going t0 h 叩 pen, SO we're going t0 find them out for the first time tOO. ln preparation for Season 7 , Beni0ff and Weiss have gotten more possessive. That has further fueled fans' curiosity even as it has created security challenges. ln the run-up t0 Season 6 , paparazzi shOts ofHarington—and his distinctive in-character hairdo—in Belfast tipped the lnternet off that Jon Snow wasn't, in fact, as dead as he'd seemed the season before. "LOOk at hOW dffcult it is tO protect information in this age,: ” says BeniO 圧 "The CIA can't do it. The NSA can't do it. What chance do we have? ” lt's also changed the on-set dynamic. Coster- WaIdau says BenioffandWeiss have "become much more protective over the story and script. I think they feel this is truly theirs now, and it's not to be tam- pered with. l've Just sensed this last season that this is their baby: Just say the words as they're written, and shut up. Then there's the end of the end, the finale likely tO air next year or the year after. Benioff and Weiss are not writing the Thrones spin-off projects HBO revealed this year that could explore other parts 0f Westerosi history—some, all or none 0f which may end up on air. ln the meantime, they claim not tO be worrying about the public's reaction tO their ending. (Benioff says that when it comes to endgame stress,_ "medication helps. (')Weiss says, "l'm not saying we don't think about it. " He pauses. "The best way to go about it is tO focus on what's on the desk in front ofyou, or what sword is being put in front ofyou, or the fight that is being choreogr 叩 hed ⅲ front ofyou. ” What's currently before them seems like plenty. When I first met Clarke ⅲ Belfast, she was shooting on the back of a dragon. When I leave a week later, she's still at it. "Thirty seconds Of screen time and she's been here for 16 days; ” the episode's director, Taylor, remarks at one point. Later on, l'd remember this moment Of exhaustion when Weiss described seeing the buck for the first time. He went on tO add, "lt probably feels a bit less amazing to EmiIia, whO sits 0 Ⅱ it for eight hours a day, six weeks in a row, getting blasted with water and fake snow and whatever else they decide to chuck at her through the fans. ” The table with the espresso machine—just beyond CIarke's line of sight—is well traffcked. Clarke doesn't seem bothered, though, smiling and chattingwith the crew 仕 om atop the buck. As the state-of-the-art hydraulics move her intO position, her posture shifts from millennial slump to ramrod straight. ln an instant, she converts herself intO the ruler 0f the fictional space around her. On cue, she looks over her shoulder with a face of marble. She casts intO an imagined world some emotion known only t0 her. She's gazing into a future that, ⅲ the flickering mome nts that the story remains a se cret, only She can see. ロ

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TheView Viewpoint Our bail-bond system is predatory and destroys families assaulting a public servant. (The offcer wh0 arrested her was later charged with perjury regarding the arrest. ) She was placed ⅲ a 10Ca1 Jail pre-trial. Again, she was never convicted 0f a crime. On any given day, more than 400 , 000 people, convicted Of no crime, are held in jail because they cannot afford to buy their freedom. B 市ト bo れ d offices profit WHEN BLACK AND BROWN 2E02L are over- policed and arrested and accused Of crimes 介 om pretrial at higher rates than others, and then forced incarceration t0 pay for their freedom before they ever see trial, bail-bond companies prosper. This pre- sentencing conundrum iS devastating tO familie s : 1 ⅲ 9 black children has an incarcerated parent. Families are forced tO take on more debt, often ⅲ predatory lending schemes created by bail-bond insurers. If they do n't, their loved ones can linger ln Jail, sometimes for months—a consequence 0f nationwide backlogs. Every year $ 14 billion is wasted incarcerating people whO have not been convicted Of a crime, and insurance 450,000 companies, whO have taken over our bail-bond Number system, go t0 the bank. Of people detained injail ln May for Mother's Day, organizations before trial on like Southerners on New Ground and Color any given day of Change had a maj or fundraising drive and bailed out more than 100 mothers. Color $IO,OOO of Change's exposé on the for-profit bail- bond industry provides a deeper strategy Median bail b ehind this smart and inspiring action. fO 「 felony defendants This Father's Day, I supported those same organizations tO bail out fathers whO couldn't $ 15 , 109 afford the due process our democracy promises. As a father with a growing family, Median pre- it was the least I could do, but philanthropy is incarceration income for not a long-term fix—we have tO get rid of these people injail inhumane practices altogether. We can't fix our broken criminal-justice system until we take on the exploitative bail-bond industry. Carter, た ow 〃 professionally as JAY-Z, な 0 recording artist, entrepreneur 0 d 〃んれ市 ropist By Shawn Carter SEVENTEEN YEARS AGO I MADE A SONG, "Guilty Until Proven lnnocent. ” I flipped the Latin phrase that is considered the bedrock principle Of our criminal-justice system, Ei incumbit proba 0 qui dicit, れ 0 れ qui negat. (The burden of proof is on the one who declares, not on one whO denies. ) If you're from neighborhoods like the Brooklyn one I grew up in, if you're unable t0 afford a private attorney, then you can be disappeared int0 our jail system simply because you can't afford bail. Millions of people are separated from their families for months at a time—not because they are convicted Of committing a crime, but because they are accused Of committing a cnme. Scholars like Ruth Wilson GiImore, filmmakers like Ava DuVernay and formerly incarcerated people like Glenn Martin have all done work to expose the many inJustices 0f the industry of our prison system. Gilmore's pioneering bOOk Go 旧 e れ Gulag, DuVernay's documentary 13 市 and Martin's campaign to close Rikers focus on the SOC10economic, constitutional and racially driven practices and policies that make the U. S. the most lncarcerated nation in the world. BUT 、 H N I H ル D PRODUCE this year's docuseries Time: The KaIiefBrowder story, I became obsessed with the injustice ofthe profitable bail-bond industry. KaIief's family was tOO poor tO post bond when he was accused 0f stealing a backpack. Kalief was sentenced to a kind of purgatory before he ever went to trial. The three years he spent imprisoned on Rikers lsland, two Of them in solitary confinement, ultimately created irreversible damage that led t0 his death at 22. Sandra Bland was also unable tO post bond after her minor traff ℃ infraction ⅲ Prairie View, Texas, led to a false charge of 24 TIME July 10 ー 17 , 2017 10 ー CARTER: GETTY IMAGES; BAIL BONDS: CLARA VANNUCCI—INSTITUTE

80 % were girls, some as young as 7. Girls and young women make better bombers because SOCiety sees them as harmless, SO they are rarely stopped at secu- rity checkpoints. They are alSO easier tO manipulate, says Fatima G. She might have befallen the same fate if her mother had not been abducted alongside her. "My mother is the one wh0 kept me safe," she says. "Many times the preachers came tO us, tO tell us tO go for suicide bombings, but whenever my mother saw them coming, she shouted at them and they le 庇 " Her mother also kept her from being forcibly married or raped, an all-too-common fate for female captives. When the 82 young women arrived at the clinic, the nurses were surprised tO see that none Of them were carrying babies, especially since the previous 21 Chib0k girls came out 0f captivity with four. ln the nurses' experience, most female captives had been forcibly married to fighters, a meaningless designation meant tO give religious sanction tO repeated rape. Women suspected of being raped by or mar- ried, willingly or not, to Boko Haram fighters are derisively known as "B0k0 wives ” and rejected by their communities for sleeping with the enemy. The stigma and suspicion can fOllOW a young woman for years, preventing her from going t0 sch001, getting married or even opening a business in a small Vil- lage, where secrets are impossible tO keep. Dada was 11 years 01d when she was kidn 叩 ped from Banki three years ago. She hadn't even started menstruat- ing when she was shoved before a circle 0f fighters with a man she had never met. After a few prayers, she was told she was married and sent to his hut. "I started thinking, HOW can they marry me? I am t00 young; ” she says. A few months later, she was preg- nant. "I never knew what pregnancy was. Just that my belly was growing bigger ・” Dada escaped when she was 8 months pregnant. She gave birth on the run and eventually reunited with her mother and sister in Maiduguri, where they share a one-room shack behind a busy roadside market. With her full cheeks, upturned nose and wide eyes, Dada doesn't look much older than her daughter, 18-month-01d Hussainia, whom she cradles in her 1 叩 . Dada tenderly plaits Hussainia's bushy hair intO neat cornrows. GOing back tO Banki is out 0fthe question, says Dada. lt wouldn't be safe for her daughter. She worries that her neighbors will say Hussainia has "bad b100d ” because her fatherwas a Boko Haram fighter. "A lot of people think those children are bad and dangerous and wicked,: ” she says. She has heard stories, backed up by UNICEF, of similar children being killed by the community and sometimes even family members. Dada once dreamed ofbecoming a schoolteacher in her village. That future is closed, she says. "lt used t0 make me angry when I thought about how he de- stroyed my life for getting me pregnant; ” Dada says. 44 TIME July 10 ー 17 , 2017 1 0 "lt makes me sick and it turns my head around, and I feel like collapsing. ” The only thing she can do now, she says, is ensure that Hussainia gets tO go tO schOOl. "My daughter will have what I could not. ” She has no intention Ofever telling Hussainiawho her father was. lfher daughter asks, she plans to tell her that he die d ⅲ the fighting. IN A SMALL GROUP-THERAPY SESSION on the Other side of Maiduguri, psychologist Terna Abege sits among a circle Of eight women whO are draped in brightly colored headscarves. He is teaching them a technique t0 stop the paralyzing flashbacks ofexplo- sions and killings that derailtheir lives—telltale signs Of posttraumatic stress disorder. He instructs the women tO put out their right hands in a stop gesture and recite the word tsa. ツ or stop. "We understand

"I never thought this kind ofviolation was happening t0 everyday people; ” says Jacobs, wh0 originally sent the photos t0 someone she knew and trusted. "I didn't realize there was a market for naked photos ofpeople nobody knows. ” Jacobs says she was diagnosed with depression and PTSD, and became afraid to meet new people for fear that they would find the photos. "lt was a living nightmare; ” she says. "I kept being rejected by police, the attorneys, the FBI because they kept saying there was nothing they could do. ” Now ⅲ her 30S , Jacobs ended up le- gally changing her name t0 escape her online footprint. But she also de- cided to fight back. She started CCRI, a nonprofit devoted tO helping victims Of nonconsensual porn reclaim their worse: this type Of violation can leave a lasting digital stain, one that is nearly impossible t0 fully erase. "Once the images and videos have been exposed or published, the lnternet is permanent; ” says Reg Harnish, the CEO ofcyber-risk assessment firm GreyCastle Security, wh0 worked with Kara Jefts t0 successfully remove most Of her phOtOS. But even if you get an image scrubbed 仕 om one site, there's no way tO guarantee it hasn't been copied, screenshotted or stored in a cache somewhere. "There are literally hundreds of things working against an individual working tO remove a specific piece Of content from the lnternet,: ” he says. "lt's almost impossible. When victims seek help from law enforcement, they rarely get an effective response. "This is a case they put at the 'The intent 0f perpetratoris i e Ⅷい e Whetherhe's doing it forjollies money, it's destroying 惻 t 慚 person'slife.' JACKIE SPEIER, し S. Representative identities. Since they launched the help line in 2014 , more than 5 , 000 victims have called CCRI, Jacobs says, adding that the group now gets between 150 and 200 calls a month. "I didn't do anything wrong; ” she says. "There's nothing wrong with sharing nude images With someone I trust, SO something needs tO be done about this. ” Many victims think the moment they see their nude photos online is the worst part 0f their ordeal. Then they start having awkward conversations with bosses, fielding relatives' questions about obscene social-media posts and getting strange lOOks from co-workers. lt becomes impossible to know who has seen your photos, and what they think 0f you if they have. And when these victims start trying tO get the pictures taken down, they realize something even 60 TIME July 10 ー 17 , 2017 bottom Of the stack,: ” says Johnstone, WhO represents ViCtims Of revenge porn. “ They think that the victim was asking for it because they created the content that got the m intO the s ituation. They think they're not as deserving Of police hours as someone WhO was the victim Ofa physical assault. ” Jefts says she filed six police reports in three different counties in New York (where she was living at the time) and got several restraining orders against her ex, but legal remedies were futile. Police of- ficers often didn't know how to handle digital crimes, and even if they sympa- thized with her predicament, they said there was nothing they could do because her ex no longer lived in the same state or even the same country,. The restrain- ing orders had "zero impact," she says, and the haras sment continued until she sought help from tech experts like Har- nish tO get the phOtOS removed from some sites and buried in search results. AS A RESULT Of growlng awareness and increased pressure from victims and advocates, the number ofstates with a law addressing revenge porn hasjumped from three tO 38 since 2013. But the statutes are inconsistent and riddled with blind spots, which make them particularly diffcult to enforce. "There are no state laws across the U. S. that fit perfectly together; ” says Elisa D'Amico, a Miami lawyer and co-founder ofthe Cyber Civil Rights Legal Project. "lt depends on Where your ViCtim iS, where your perpetrator iS, Where someone was when they viewed pictures. One Of the biggest inconsistencies among state laws is the way they treat motive. Some states criminalize nonconsensual porn only if there iS "intent tO harass; ” a targeted campaign tO debase and humiliate the victim, as with Jefts. But in many cases, like the Marine photo-sharing scandal, the distribution of images intended tO harass, because the victims were never supposed tO know that their pictures had been shared. According to CCRI's June survey 0f 3 , 000 Faceb00k users, 79 % of those who acknowledged spreading a s exually explicit image Of someone else said they did not intend tO cause any harm. To those who have had their most intimate moments exposed on SOCial media, such thinking misses the point. "These were images that I took under the assumption that it was a consensual, private relationship,: ” says Jefts, who has devoted her career t0 studying the ways images are disseminated and interpreted. "The context in which they were shared changed their meaning. That trumps their original intentio n. TO address the legal patchwork, U. S. Representative Jackie Speier is plan- ning t0 reintroduce a bill in July t0 make nonconsensual porn a federal crime— regardless 0f whether the suspect in- tended tO harass the victim. "The intent Of the perpetrator is irrelevant, really," says Speier, a Democrat whose district in- cludes parts 0f San Francisco. "Whether he's doing it for jollies or money, it's de- stroymg another person's life. ” Facebook and Twitter have backed her bill, called