the lntimate privacy Protection Act, as has billionaire Trump supporter and lnternet- privacy advocate Peter Thiel. lt also has bipartisan support from eight Republican co-sponsors. But the measure, which stalled in committee last year, has vocal critics whO oppose enacting new criminal laws that target speech. The American Civil Liber- ties Union (ACLU) objects t0 language that would criminalize nonconsensual porn regardless Of intent—the part most celebrated by victim advocates. "The Su- preme Court has correctly said again and again that when the government crimi- nalizes speech, intent iS a crucial C01 れ PO - nent,: ” says Lee Rowland, a senior staff at- torney for the ACLU's speech, privacy and technology pr0Ject. "We d0 not put some- body in jail ⅲ this country simply be- cause their speech offends someone else. ” With the law-enforcement response in flux, tech companies have begun re- sponding t0 growing pressure t0 help ad- dress the problem. Under the 1996 Com- munications Decency Act, platforms like Google and Facebook aren't liable for the content theyhost, which means they can't be held legally responsible for the non- consensual porn on their networks. But after an outpouring Ofuser requests, sev- eral maJ0r websites have developed new policies t0 help fight revenge porn. ln 2015 , streaming porn site Pornhub made it easier for victims tO request that non- consensual content be removed from itS site, and Google removed the images from its search results. Twitter and Reddit have also updated their rules t0 prohibit non- consensual porn. ln April, Facebook un- veiled a tool enabling users to flag con- tent they think is being shared without consent; company technicians then check ifit's appeared anywhere else on the net- work tO prevent it from spreading fur- ther. But this kind of approach requires significant manpower, since nonconsen- sual porn is diffcult t0 identify. Unlike child pornography, which can often be spotted on sight, an image posted with- out consent doesn't necessarily 100k dif- ferent than one posted willingly. The problem is confounding on almost every level: personal, legal and techni- cal. And as lawyers sue and lawmakers debate, millions Of pictures are still out there circulating, multiplying, waiting t0 ruin a life. ロ WHYIT'S SO HARD FOR REVENGE-PORN VICTIMS TO GETJUSTICE Sex crimes can be difficult tO prosecute when they take place in the physical world—when the offense happens online,justice is even harder tO come by. Between cultural attitudes, technological obstacles and legalinconsistencies,victims Of nonconsensual porn face a challenging road tO recourse. PERSONAL SHAME Many revenge-porn victims are t00 embarrassed tO come forward, especially if they tOOk the nude photos themselves. ViCtim blaming iS pervasive, and the first response Of many friends, family and even police officers is tO ask why anyone would take and send a nude phOtO in the first place. PeopIe would ask, "'HOW could you share those photos?' " recalls Cyber CiviI Rights lnitiative founder HOIIy 」 acobs. PATCHWORK LAWS While 38 states now have laws against revenge porn, manyofthose laws applydif- ferentstandards. And unlike crimes in which thevictim and perpetrator have a physical encounter, nonconsensual porn can be spread across state lines, creating a tangle Of differentjurisdictions and com- peting laws. U. S. Representa- tive 」 ackie Speier has drafted a federal bill meantto fixthis patchwork Of state measures. ロ 胚し EQU 旧 PED POLICE Few locallaw-enforcement agencies have a sophisticated understanding Ofthe impact Of revenge porn or the technologicaltools tO address it. When Kara 」 efts filed reports in New York, some police "would say, ℃ hjust delete that, don'tlet it bother you,' ” she recalled. Even if they dO take the crime seriously, in many cases C 引 police can't effectively collect digital evidence. TECHNOLOGICAL REALITY Once something is on the lnternet, it's nearly impossible tO erase it. WhiIe many social- media platforms and porn websites have become more cooperative about removing content that was shared without consent, there's no guarantee that those phOtOS haven't spread elsewhere online. "GeneraIIy speaking, the lnternet is permanent," says Reg Harnish, CEO Of GreyCastIe Security. 1

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TheView BOOK IN BRIEF behaviors and SOCial norms. they're coming from the man in the Oval Bartending is better greatest predictor ofcondom use Offce or a late -night comedian. And than business school wasn't whether someone understood that ups the ante so that those trying get they could get AIDS; ” he says. "lt our attention have tO go a little further was whether or not they thought a e ach time. WANT TO SUCCESSFULLY LEADAN friend was using condoms. But ifyou organization? Then start mixing drinks Anger is particularly contagious on quizzed them, they wouldn't admit writes Helen R0thberg in The Perfect social media. Researchers at Beihang イⅸ . Although she's now a management University in Beijing mapped four basic that because it'S unconscious. Online, someone WhO'S influential consultant and a professor ofstrategy emotions in more than 70 million POStS and found that anger is more influential in a p articular ideological group at Marist College, R0thberg argues that she learned her most valuable leadership than other emotions like sadness and can ignite an outpouring Of help in a disaster or turn one corner Ofthe skills while tending bar during grad JOY—it spreads faster and more broadly. lnternet intO a virtual mob. That's school. Among This is as much a physical phenomenon as a mental one. Anger gves us a burst Of where leaders can step in tO buttress them: reading body adrenaline and sparks a fight-or-flight civil decency. Or not. lmagine if language t0 analyze response in our nervous system. That in George Ⅳ Bush had labeled lslam the interpersonal turn can lead tO a spike in cortisol, the enemy instead ofgoing tO a mosque situations (useful stress and anxiety hormone. ThiS leaves after 9 / 11 and talking about solidarity. in tamping down barroom brawls us even more triggered the next time. "He didn't dehumanize Muslims. and also in keeping And all that is terrible for our health. He made it clear that we're in this Eve 「ト 0 ー K れ。物 A ト。 し“ d ・” h の lLearoed together; ” says David Berreby, author the bO ardroom NO wonder it feels as ifthe nation is a ・日物社・ nd little sick. lt's as ifwe all have a virus and civil); managing of Us れ d Them. H ・ 0 RO ト・「 9. PhD some Ofus are more vulnerable More recently, big charming but societal shifts, such as the deadbeat workers tO it than others. That is in fact 49 % legalization ofsame-sex (great for weeding out waiters whO hOW some SOCial scientists Of RepubIicans and marriage or the election Of are more shOW than substance); and are describing the spread of DonaId Trump, have le 代 communicating key details ()t her bar, rage and division. Violence 55 % segments ofthe population sales started plummeting after a bOS s andviolent speech meet the Of Dem ocrats crlteria ofdisease, says Dr. feeling profoundly de- revamped the menu without explaining say the Other Gary Slutkin, founder 0fCure stabilized. "People are it tO his waitstaff, whO couldn't explain party makes them experiencing a ShOCk it t0 customers). "This is life leading Violence. Like avirus, violence feel afraid makes more ofitself. Rage because they thought they an organization; ” Rothberg writes. begets more rage. And it spreads because knew whO we are. NOW they don't. "Sometimes you stir, sometimes you we humans are Wired tO fOllOW our peers. They think, Does that mean I don't shake, and sometimes you blend. And SO ifextreme speech becomes belong, or does it mean that I have tO sometimes youJust serve it up neat, Just get rid ofthese other people?" says acceptable ⅲ one realm, it's likely t0 as it iS. —SARAH BEGLEY spread t0 overlapping realms—from Berreby. "This becomes abig source the dinner table to social feeds to a offear, and people get angry when political demonstration. "Undesirable they're fearful. SOCial norms are becoming more And ifpolicy disagreements are prevalent; ” Slutkin says. And for described as existential threats tO the more vulnerable, thos e whO are our identity, issues like immigration, mentally unstable or disenfranchised, climate change or GMO f00ds can this sickness can lead tO actual violence feel like a clash ofcivilizations. Once directed at the person or institution that it reaches that level, says Berreby, it's symbolizes their disappointment. no longer about the facts or the data. The good news is that experts in the "lt becomes a sacred conflict; ” says health sector, like Slutkin, say they have Berreby. "lfyou don't believe in this, techniques that can detect and interrupt then you're not a good person. " Then the kinds ofevents and negative it doesn't matter what you say, no speech that are predictors ofviolence. one's changing camps. "At that point, Surely it's possible t0 make the kinds it's more important for you tO stay ofvulgar, hateful speech we're seeing with your team than it is for you tO be unacceptable again. After all, health persuaded' ” s ays B erreby. offcials managed to make smoking ⅲ a And therein may lie the problem. restaurant socially unacceptable. Slutkin We don't seem to have anyone c 叩 able points out that as with manyvlruses, ofreminding us that we play for the combattingAIDS involved changing ロ same team. 20 TIME July 10 ー 17 , 2017 THE P 日計 ' た ' CT ' M Ⅸ Z U C K E R B E R G 】 A P VERBATIM 'A church doesn't just come together. lt has a pastor. ' MARK ZUCKERBERG, on hOW Facebook should help more people create meaningful communities," much as pastors and LittIe League coaches dO VIRAL NUMBERS: PEW RESEARCH CENTER 2016

ArieI Martin (a.k. Baby ArieI) ん転 s 坦 c leader lfyou're overthe age 0f21 , you probably haven't heard the name BabyAriel. Buttothe 20 million people whO fOllOW heron Musical.ly, an increasingly POPUlarapp thatenables its (mostlyyoung) usersto record and share short lip-synchingvideos, she's a superstarwho has mimed the words to Gucci Mane's "Make Love," Selena Gomez's "Kill 'Em With Kindness," 」 ustin Bieber's "Never Say Never" and more. have always been intO a mix between normalradio pop songs, as well as what llike," which skewstoward hip-hop, she says. Nowthe mostfollowed individual useron Musical.Iy,the 16-year-oId Florida native has plansto broaden herbrand: in the pastyear she launched herown emoji line and collaborated with brands such as Nordstrom, Burger Kingand Sour Patch Kids. Next up? Workingon original music. —RAISA BRUNER Ch 55Y Teigen Model c ⅲれ Some Ofthe most common words returned in Goog 厄 searches ofTeigen's name are real, relatable and a 〃 Of us—not exactly what you'd expect for a supermodel, author and TV host whO's married tO a Grammy-winning musician. That's a testamentto hOW well the 31-year-old has bridged the celebrity-civilian gap by using hervast social-media platform—nearly 20 million followers between Twitter and lnstagram—to share unfiltered missives about everythingfrom plastic surgeryto the unbearable duration Ofthe Oscars. And since the birth Of herdaughter Luna in 2016 , she has been particularly candid about motherhood, sharing her struggles with postpartum depression and shutting down a never ending stream Of mommy shamers. ・ 'l know when ー say something that's gonna make me have tO turn my phone 0 幵 for a bit," says Teigen. "But it's worth ittO stand up forwhatyou believe in. ー E L ー ZA B E R M A Ⅳ Huda Kattan The lraqi-American beauty blogger has parlayed herlnstagram success intO Huda Beauty, a line Of makeup,lashes and lip gloss that's now SO in Sephora. Carter Wi e ー 50 The 16-year-oId's request for a year's SUPPIY Offree Wendy's chicken nuggets bested Ellen DeGeneres' Oscars selfie tO become the viraltweetofall time; tO date, it has logged 3.7 million retweets. Yao Chen The Chinese actor used her massive social footprint—79 million followers on Weibo—to raise awareness about the globalrefugee crisis; She was recently named a IJ. N. goodwill ambassador. Brian Reed The host and producer Of This American Life's S-Town broke new ground by releasing all seven episodes Of hiS narrative podcast at once; during its first week, listeners downloaded it 16 million times. Bana AIabed The 8-year-oId's Twitter dispatches from rebel- held East AIeppo (sent with help from her mom) drew attention tO the horrors Of Syria'S CiVil war at a time when even journalists had trouble entering the region. Chance the Rapper The Chicago-born hip- hop artist releases all his music for free via services like Apple Music and SoundCloud; in February, his Coloring Book EP became the first streaming-only album tO Win a Grammy. Gigi GO ー geo 5 The Canadian model has spent years chronicling her life on YouTube, including her transition from male to female; now she's one Of the world's most visible trans women. Matt Furie The creator Of Pepe the Frog i n adve rte ntly gave rise tO the lnternet's most notorious meme after hiS benign cartoon character was co-opted by far イ ight extremists tO spread hateful messages.

′ years, lived 物 a terrible secret. When she met a guy, she ou 旧 n ' 亡 reveal her last name until they had been on four or じ e dates. When she began 0 new job, she would immediately befriend the IT expert wh0 could help her block hostile ema . When she spoke 田江 h 0 new boss, She wouldforce an 0 田た田 ard conuersation about her romantic history. Her secret 田 as SO terrible because 江田 asn ' 亡 0 secret at all:for the 20S 亡し e years, nude photos 可 J 可亡 s have been only one GoogIe search, Facebook post or email 0 田 0 し Jefts is a thoughtful academic ⅲ her mid-3 OS, an archivi st and art historian at a Chicago university WhO never intended for images ofher naked body t0 circulate on the lnternet. But in 2011 , soon after Jefts ended her long-distance relationship with a boyfriend who lived ⅲ ltaly, ex- plicit screenshots from their Skype con- versations began tO appear online. They were emailed t0 her family and friends, posted on Facebook with violent threats against her and even appeared on web- sites devoted tO exposing people's sexu- ally transmitted diseases, with false alle- gations about her sexual history. There's a name for what Jefts has ex- perienced, a digital sex crime that has up- ended thousands oflives but still mostly eludes law enforcement.• nonconsensual porn, better known as revenge porn. The tWO are not quite the same: revenge porn is often intended tO harass the victim, while any image that is circulated with- out the agreement Of the subject is non- consensual porn. But bOth can result in public degradation, social isolation and professional humiliation. EnabIed by the technological and cul- tural upheaval that put a camera in every 58 TIME July 10 ー 17 , 2017 pocket and created a global audience for every social-media POSt, nonconsensual porn has become increasingly C01 mon. Practically every day brings reports of a new case: A 19-year-old woman in Texas was blackmailed into having sex with three Other teens after a former partner threatened tO release an explicit video of her. A 20-something ⅲ PennsyIvania had 1 加 4 Ratio Of men in a survey Of nearly 6 , 000 single adults whO said they have received a sexual phOtO 23 % Percentage Of those receiving nude photos whO reported passing them on tO others; men were twice as likely tO spread photos as women strange men coming tO her door after an ex-boyfriend posted her pictures and ad- dress with an invitation tO "come hOOk up. ” An lllinois sch001 superintendent in her 50S was fired after her ex-husband al- legedly sent an explicit video ofher to the s chool board. Some of these private photos and videos find their way tO porn sites, where "revenge ” iS itS own genre. Often, however, they're posted on social media, where all the victim's friends can see them. According tO documents obtained by the Guardian, Faceb00k received more than 51 , 000 reports Of revenge porn in January 2017 alone, which led the site tO disable more than 14 , 000 accounts. A 2016 survey Of 3 , 000 lnternet users by the journal D 地 0 〃 d Society found that roughly 1 in 25 Americans has either had someone post an image without permission or threaten tO dO so—for women under 30 , that figure rose tO 1 in 10. And a June Faceb00k survey by the anti— revenge porn advocacy group Cyber Civil Rights lnitiative (CCRI) found that 1 in 20 social-media users has posted a sexually graphic image without consent. The problem gained new prominence earlier this year, when hundreds ofactive- duty and veteran Marines were found tO be circulating explicit images Of women service members. The images were POSted in a secret Facebook group, passed around the way that their grandfathers might have traded copies of b . Dozens 0f service members have been investigated since the scandal broke ⅲ January, lead- ing the Marines tO formally ban noncon- sensual porn in April. ln May, the House Of Representatives unanimously VOted tO make nonconsensual porn a military crime subject tO court-martial. ln some cases, the perpetrators are hackers whO target famous women, searching for compromising phOtOS tO leak. Last year, Saturday Night Live star Leslie Jones was hacked and her nude pic- tures were spread online. ln 2014 , nude photos 0fJennifer Lawrence and 0ther fe- male celebrities were hacked and leaked in one Ofthe biggest nonconsensual-porn cases t0 date. And it's a problem nearly everywhere in the world: ⅲ May, nude photos purportedly 0f Rwandan presi- dential candidate Diane Shima Rwigara appeared online days after she an- nounced her intention tO challenge the

AII ofwhich sketches a portrait ofthe modern student as a diligent careerist. ls it coincidental that, over the past de- cade or two, high school students le 仕 the summer-job market in exactly the same numbers as they swelled the ranks ofcol- leges? Depends wh0 you ask. On the Jer- sey shore boardwalk, the U. S. students who are working for an hourly wage ac- knowledge the new exigencies with a nod. Then they offer a personal observa- tion about teens whO don't work. These are their friends, after all. "I think it's the wayyou've been raised. They're given things instead 0f working for them," says Alana Masino, 20 , working her sixth summer at Kohr's Frozen Cus- tard. She is studying education at nearby Georgian Court University. mean, l've taken summer classes and worked at the same time. SO I think it's a luxury. Out ⅲ the parking lot, wreathed in the citrusy Odor Ofthe sunscreen four young men are slathering on their torsos before heading across Ocean Avenue, some Of those who've opted out explain why. "I have my PCAT,: ” saysJim Fattal, 19 , on why he hasn't taken a payingjob t0 6 Ⅱ the time between his first year and sec- ond year at Albany C011ege 0f Pharmacy and Health Sciences. The Pharmacy C01- lege Admission Test is what the LSAT is to law schools and the MCAT is to medi- cal schools, and taking time off to study for it makes sense, Fattal says. "For me," says Maxx Oberti, also 19 , "it's because l'm actually going t0 be a flight instructor in Daytona Beach. AISO, l'm always doing sports and stuff, so I never had time. " The expansion ofyouth sports intO an all-consuming, year-round activity has thinned the ranks ofprospec- tive summer workers tOO. have sports during the summer," says Jeffrey Ben- nett, 16 , whO points out he works at the Boys & Girls Club during the sch001 year. Of the four friends down for the day from Wayne Township, only Benjamin Coghlan, 19 , took a summer job, work- ing ⅲ sales at Bed Bath and Beyond; last year itwas Babies "R ” Us. "l'm doing it be- cause I want tO be a mechanical engineer, Coghlan says. "Theywant experience ev- erywhere, t0 showyou can talk t0 people. " None of the beach gang come from notably wealthy homes. Their parents are a COP and a nurse, a CiVil engineer and a homemaker, a pager technician. レ ( R 0 B ー N H AY E S ー got intO the airline business more by accident than anything. A 代 college, は 00k a summerjob selling duty-free in the Boston airport. The British Airways people were the nicest tO me, SO ー applied fO 「 a jOb and was lucky enough t0 be hired. Hayes is the president and CEO of 発衵ル e 0 CHERYL STRAYED The best and hardest Of my teenagejobs (and ー had plenty) was the summer ー worked for the Youth Conservation Corps at the Rice Lake National WiIdIife Refuge near my hometown of McGregor, Minn.I don't recall myjOb title, butlaborer sums it up.lt was hard. On day one,l was issued a pair Of steel-toed bOOts, work gloves and a helmet l'd seldom remove.ln the sun and the rain and always swarmed by black flies and mosquitos,l and my teenage co-workers did whatever the adults instructed us tO do. With handsaws we cut a path through the forest wide enough for a fire truck, and with nets we caught bullheads and flungthem ontO the pond's shore. We waded intO a bog tO find and remove decades-old barbed wire and scraped 0 paint from the refuge's outbuildings. We scrubbed public pittoilets and scythed chest-high weeds from ditches. We did what my mother called honest work. And she was right. ltwas honest. By day's end ー was SO dirty and tired and blinded by my own sweat,l couldn't anymore pretend whO l'd been pretending tO be. Someone weaker. Thatjob obliterated her. Strayed, a Ⅳ e 「 and advice columnist, is the au 物 0 「 Of Wild A N D R A D AY ー used tO work for a company in San Diego, Party Animals, where ー would go tO kids' parties in costume as characters like 日 mo and Dora the ExpIorer,I have a really deep voice, butl practiced my squeak and laugh SO ou play a convincing Minnie Mouse for one gig. But when ー got tO the birthday party, the kids freaked out—apparently a giant rat is notwhat a l-year-old girl wants tO see! That was the moment when lrealized ー did have the drive tO make music work and ー was willing tO dO whateverjob it tOOk tO get there. Day iS a singer-songwriter 53

"I never thought this kind ofviolation was happening t0 everyday people; ” says Jacobs, wh0 originally sent the photos t0 someone she knew and trusted. "I didn't realize there was a market for naked photos ofpeople nobody knows. ” Jacobs says she was diagnosed with depression and PTSD, and became afraid to meet new people for fear that they would find the photos. "lt was a living nightmare; ” she says. "I kept being rejected by police, the attorneys, the FBI because they kept saying there was nothing they could do. ” Now ⅲ her 30S , Jacobs ended up le- gally changing her name t0 escape her online footprint. But she also de- cided to fight back. She started CCRI, a nonprofit devoted tO helping victims Of nonconsensual porn reclaim their worse: this type Of violation can leave a lasting digital stain, one that is nearly impossible t0 fully erase. "Once the images and videos have been exposed or published, the lnternet is permanent; ” says Reg Harnish, the CEO ofcyber-risk assessment firm GreyCastle Security, wh0 worked with Kara Jefts t0 successfully remove most Of her phOtOS. But even if you get an image scrubbed 仕 om one site, there's no way tO guarantee it hasn't been copied, screenshotted or stored in a cache somewhere. "There are literally hundreds of things working against an individual working tO remove a specific piece Of content from the lnternet,: ” he says. "lt's almost impossible. When victims seek help from law enforcement, they rarely get an effective response. "This is a case they put at the 'The intent 0f perpetratoris i e Ⅷい e Whetherhe's doing it forjollies money, it's destroying 惻 t 慚 person'slife.' JACKIE SPEIER, し S. Representative identities. Since they launched the help line in 2014 , more than 5 , 000 victims have called CCRI, Jacobs says, adding that the group now gets between 150 and 200 calls a month. "I didn't do anything wrong; ” she says. "There's nothing wrong with sharing nude images With someone I trust, SO something needs tO be done about this. ” Many victims think the moment they see their nude photos online is the worst part 0f their ordeal. Then they start having awkward conversations with bosses, fielding relatives' questions about obscene social-media posts and getting strange lOOks from co-workers. lt becomes impossible to know who has seen your photos, and what they think 0f you if they have. And when these victims start trying tO get the pictures taken down, they realize something even 60 TIME July 10 ー 17 , 2017 bottom Of the stack,: ” says Johnstone, WhO represents ViCtims Of revenge porn. “ They think that the victim was asking for it because they created the content that got the m intO the s ituation. They think they're not as deserving Of police hours as someone WhO was the victim Ofa physical assault. ” Jefts says she filed six police reports in three different counties in New York (where she was living at the time) and got several restraining orders against her ex, but legal remedies were futile. Police of- ficers often didn't know how to handle digital crimes, and even if they sympa- thized with her predicament, they said there was nothing they could do because her ex no longer lived in the same state or even the same country,. The restrain- ing orders had "zero impact," she says, and the haras sment continued until she sought help from tech experts like Har- nish tO get the phOtOS removed from some sites and buried in search results. AS A RESULT Of growlng awareness and increased pressure from victims and advocates, the number ofstates with a law addressing revenge porn hasjumped from three tO 38 since 2013. But the statutes are inconsistent and riddled with blind spots, which make them particularly diffcult to enforce. "There are no state laws across the U. S. that fit perfectly together; ” says Elisa D'Amico, a Miami lawyer and co-founder ofthe Cyber Civil Rights Legal Project. "lt depends on Where your ViCtim iS, where your perpetrator iS, Where someone was when they viewed pictures. One Of the biggest inconsistencies among state laws is the way they treat motive. Some states criminalize nonconsensual porn only if there iS "intent tO harass; ” a targeted campaign tO debase and humiliate the victim, as with Jefts. But in many cases, like the Marine photo-sharing scandal, the distribution of images intended tO harass, because the victims were never supposed tO know that their pictures had been shared. According to CCRI's June survey 0f 3 , 000 Faceb00k users, 79 % of those who acknowledged spreading a s exually explicit image Of someone else said they did not intend tO cause any harm. To those who have had their most intimate moments exposed on SOCial media, such thinking misses the point. "These were images that I took under the assumption that it was a consensual, private relationship,: ” says Jefts, who has devoted her career t0 studying the ways images are disseminated and interpreted. "The context in which they were shared changed their meaning. That trumps their original intentio n. TO address the legal patchwork, U. S. Representative Jackie Speier is plan- ning t0 reintroduce a bill in July t0 make nonconsensual porn a federal crime— regardless 0f whether the suspect in- tended tO harass the victim. "The intent Of the perpetrator is irrelevant, really," says Speier, a Democrat whose district in- cludes parts 0f San Francisco. "Whether he's doing it for jollies or money, it's de- stroymg another person's life. ” Facebook and Twitter have backed her bill, called