2 . A N 0 , A ー R A N 0 5 E A Va 0 ア tema inter- wove the perspectives ofmyriad soldiers 妙 shootingfrom ″ three vantage points. He attached cameras tO the sides 可 s ⅲ flight 0 れ d shot d - held cameras 0 d boats, using mo on tO create 0 れ undulating sense 0 工 0 れ工 ie 収 . 1 M00 物 $ ー OW を ~ many 0f them are the actual Dunkirk LittIe his colleagues but little for himself. We can read Ships, venerable, elderly, lovingly preserved his mind, even though it's protected by layers boats that were part ofthe rescue in 1940. They of leather and shearling. And his ultimate act have names like ElVin and caro れ ia , Endeavour is a doozy—no less than what we expect from and Ma ワれ e. ln one terrifying scene, soldiers this man we hardly know,. traveling safely and happily on a large transport The casting ofDunkirk is near perfect. From ship, eating jam on bread and drinking mugs Hardy t0 Keoghan, from RyIance to Harry 0f tea as they look forward to reaching the ir Styles, the pop star who plays one ofthe young home shores, suddenly and brutally face death soldiers, the picture is filled with great EngIish by drowning. One man struggle s underwater, faces. But to call them characteristically EngIish and the moment would be like any other faces is wrong. Remember, they're supposed to terror-at-sea image except for a staggering, be the faces ofmenwho lived more than 75 years barely glimpsed detail: he does not let go of ago. T0day the face of EngIand—Iike that of his tin mug. France or any Other European country—is much Dunkirk is about suffering and bravery, more racially mixed. Love Of country comes about individuals whO care less about with no color or birthplace attached. Nolan themselves than about a greater good. To them, doesn't address that idea directly—the story of isolationism would be an affront. One of the Dunkirk is almost exclusively about white men, movie S most heroic faces iS one we barely see.• something that can't be changed after the fact. Tom Hardy plays RAF pilot Farrier. He spends But his approach opens out to it implicitly. Late most Of the movie with an aviator helmet ⅲ the film, a British commander played by a clamped on his head and a mask drawn across stalwart Kenneth Branagh, knowing that nearly his mouth. The intensity Of his performance Of his own men have been rescued, makes is built almost completely with gestures. He an executive pronouncement: He Will not leave waves or nods t0 his colleagues as they skim by stranded French soldiers behind. His EngIand, in their Spitfires, and even when they seem too even then, was part Ofa greaterwhole, and that far away tO read his meaning, you re sure that made him no less English. they d0. He casts an apprehensive glance at his If you see Dunkirk for Ⅱ 0 Other reason, see busted fuel gauge. ()e makes chalk marks on it for its vision Of the faces of men who took the dashboard to keep track ofhow muchjuice action, without having any idea Of what the he has le 庇 ) Somehow his eyes, even though we world would become. AII they knew was that can't always see them clearly, betray worry for they wanted the best for it. ロ 40 TIME JuIy 31 , 2017

TIME VOL. 190 , NO. 5 ー 2017 3 ー Conversation 引 For the Record News from the し S. and around the world 5 lWhat comes after the Senate's failed effort to repeal Obama's health care law 引 Facts vs. alternative facts ユ例 MeralAksener, Turkey's IronLady ユ 2 ー Pamplona's annual bull run 1 引 Wildfires scorch southern Europe 16 llan Bremmer on the Arab world's sole working democracy What tO watch, read, see and dO 4 引 GirIs Trip is worth a trip tO the movie theater 4 引 The best Spider-Man movies, ranked 4 引 TheLast ' 1 ン C00 れ” Amazon S spin 0 Ⅱ F. Scott Fitzgerald's unfinished novel 501 Ryan Gattis' thriller Safe, and a historyofsixfamous womenbased on whatthey ate 52 ー 8 Questions for formerVice PresidentAl Gore The Brief 3 蘚ド " The View ldeas, opinion, innovations 1 引 Tears and the athlete's psyche ユ釧 The real origins Of summer vacation 20 ー Former Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer mlnes government statistics for hidden truths 2 幻 David Von Drehle on "the Angel of Death Row ” Members 可 UlsterRifles wait tO evacuate Dunkirk - 斤 01 れ 0 れ improvised pier oflorries 砒 low tide 0 〃 e 1 , 1940 Ph0tograph 妙 March ofTime/ The LIFEPicture Collection/ Getty lmages; CO ー orizatio れ by Sa れれ Dullaway forTIME The Features Malls of America ロ The D 題れⅳ The Secret One-quarter ofall Spirit History U. S. mallsmayclose The U. S. readied federal The summer's biggest over the next five years agencies and even movie take s place during as our shared spaces WorldWar ll's darkest the military against continue tO move online Russia's efforts tO turnBy Stephanie ByJosh Sanburn 30 undermine the 2016 Zacharek 36 presidential election Q&Awith director ByMassimo Christopher N01an ONTHE COVER: Ph0tograph courtesy Calabresi 22 ByElizaBerman41 ofWarnerBros. TIME Asia is published 可 TIME Asia (Hong Kong) 凵 m . TIME publishes eight double issues. Each counts as 20 of 52 issues in an annual subscriptlon. TIME may so publish 引 extra issues. ◎ 2017 Time Asia (Hong Kong) l_imlted. rights reserved. ReprOductlon inwhole orin partwithoutwritten BHmission is prohibited. TIME and the Red Border are protectedthroughtrademark regtstration inthe U. S. and inthe countrieswhere TIME magazinecirculates. Bureau of Circulations. s : げ the (x)stalserviæs a に代 us that your magazine is undeliverable,we have no further obllgatlon unless ℃ receive a address Wlthin two a 「 s. CUSTOMER SERVICE AND 24 / 7 紀 e , 聞ー n 期・代一 ~ 5 曲 , ~ 、 t わ / / 物 w. れ e ー加 . c / 、 . rp ・ You m a 0 email ourCustomer Services Center at 日期ⅵ′魅än冶asla.com 併 call ( 852 ) 312 & 5688 , orwntetoTmeAs 旧 (Hong Kong) Limited, 3 〃 F, 0 0 「 d House,Taikoo 曰 aæ , 979 Klng's Road,Quarry Bay, Hong Kong.ln 」 a n , thesea 「 ee れ 4 ⅵ′å nQi れ冶ね . co れ 10 「 012066 236 ( 斤託 Dial) 0 「 2-51-27FAtago , Minato-ku,Tokyo 105 227. Ad 朝 : Forinformatlon and rates, Hong KongTelephone ( 852 ) 312 & 5169. Orvisit: ゼ01可れ0.com/れ漏始物忙 ReBfiTt: lnformation is available attime.com/dnwreprints. To request custom repnnts,vlsitdmerepr/n&. G0宿ル M 伽胸 t : We make a 虍 on ofourmailing listavailable to reputable firms. げ u would prefer that 、肥 not include your name, please contact ou 「 Customer Services Center. TIME Asia is edited in Hong Kong and pnnted in Singapore and Hong Kong. MCI (P) No. 058 / 08 / 2016. Malaysia KKDN permit no. PPS 676 / 03 / 2013 ( 022933 ). 2 TIME JuIY31, 2017

STRETCHING THEIR LEGS The ltalian team competes during the women's technical synchronized-swimmingfinal at the world swimming championships on 」 u ツ 18 in Budapest.ltaIy came in fifth, while Russia took the go 旧 . The biennial FINA World Championships brings athletes from across the globe to compete in a range ofaquatic sports. Photograph by Laurence Griffiths—Getty lmages FACTS ALT CLAIM The President's attorney Jay SekuIow asked how the 」 une 2016 meeting between Donald Trump 」 r. andthe Russians could be nefarious if it was "allowed" by the U. S. Secret Service. REALITY The Secret Service says it did not provide protection tO Trump 」 r,. at the time ofthe meeting and did not screen hiS visitors. RED MEAT Hindu nationalist mobs have launched The low-caste farmer's son attacks on Muslim and Dalit communities in recent months over the issue OfCOW worship. Many taking high omce in lndia Hindus view the cow as sacred, but many Dalits eat beef. Although Modi has condemned the attacks, critics say the BJP has not done enough tO rein ln RAM NATH KOVIND, A VETERAN POLITICIAN FRONI Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata its hard-line base. Kovind's election could help the Party (BJP), is set tO become lndia's next President. BJP woo Dalits in upcoming state elections. Results onJuly 20 were expected to confirm his victory, thanks t0 the BJP'S strength in lndia's EYE ON 2019 Kovind's presidency could also Parliame nt and state legislatures, which make up help M0di in his bid for re-election in 2019. the electoral college for thelargely ceremonial post. Announcing Kovind's candidacy, M0di highlighted Here's what tO know about him: the "humble background ” ofthis son of a farmer and said his would be a voice for the CASTE CARD Kovind is a Dalit, from the "downtrodden. ” This fits in with the BJP's lowest rung ofthe Hindu caste hierarchy. efforts tO court poorer voters in rural Historically oppressed by higher-caste lndia as GDP growth slows, young Hindus, Dalits account for more than lndians struggle t0 find employment 16 % ofthe population and are now and Modi's appetite for meaningful viewed as a valuable bank ofvoters economic reforms iS under scrutiny. by the country's leading political —NIKHIL KUMAR/NEW DELHI parties. Kovind's election would make him lndia's second Dalit President, after K. R. Narayanan in the late 1990S. SPOTLIGHT CLAIM PresidentTrump tweeted that the Washington POSt/ ABC News poll wasthe "most inaccurate poll around election time," after itfound his approvalrating had fallen to 36 % in 」 uly. REALITY 仕 wasn'tthe most inaccurate. The same poll, with a margin を Of error 0f 2.5 points, found HiIIary CIinton leadingTrump 47 % to 43 % just before the election. Clinton won the popular vote with 48 % vs. Trump's 46 %. 3 く am Nath Kovind was due to be named the 14 礒 President 可加市 0 0 れ 20 7

The Brief 'A THIRD OPTION—MOST PAINFUL FOR THE GOP—IS TO WORK WITHDEMOCRATS. ' —NEXT PAGE McConneII'sfailure 0 れ市 care increases the trouble aheadfor the RepubIican agenda up with a workable replacement. This EVEN THE SHREWDEST TACTICIANS sometimes misplay their hand. Mitch time three female colleagues balked, McConnell's error came to light in mid- once again denying McConnell the July, when the Senate maJority leader, votes he needed tO even begin debate having vowed t0 deliver on the Repub- on the plan. lican promise to repeal the Affordable Now the door on the GOP's seven- Care Act, found himselfabandoned by year effort t0 repeal Obamacare appears tO be closing. Republicans his own team.With only tWO votes tO were le 代 wondering how McConnell spare, the Senate master gambled that played his cards so poorly, how long he he could force through a bill, written in is safe ⅲ his job and, indeed, whether private by only male Senators, that was widely disliked by voters. anyone is capable ofleading a party that has so far squandered six months ln the end McConnell was blind- sided. The third and fourth defections, ofpolitical dominance ⅲ Washington. from Senators Mike Lee of Utah and The collapse also poses a more Jerry Moran ofKansas, came without lmmediate question: What happens now, notjust for health care reform but SO much as a courtesy call. The Ken- tuckian swiftly pivoted, announcing for the rest ofthe RepubIican agenda? A failure that revealed rifts among the the GOP would vote tO repeal most party's rank and file, congressional ofthe health care law with a two-year leadership and the President will have delay, buying Congress time to come CONGRESS RIP, repeal and replace? The GOP faces a new crossroads By PhiIip EIIiott and HaIey SweetIand Edwards S39VRl Åトト 39 5 PHOTOGRAPH BY MARK WILSON

The View Nation JUSTICE The lasting legacy of a ⅱ devoted tO loving the sinner By David Von DrehIe SOMETIMES CALLED "THE ANGEL OF DEATH ROW,' S charlette Holdman was not everyone 's idea of angelic. She had a salty tongue and a wicked sense 0f humor and a temper that once moved her tO heave a typewriter at a door. She had a rebellious streak SO wide that it really wasn't even a streak. Opposing authority was more like the core 0f her being— especially the authority 0f those granted the power t0 kill. After more than four decades of defending some of the most notorious—and some Of the most faceless—killers ⅲ America, Holdman died on July 12 , a fighter to the end. Although 70 is not particularly old, it might have surprised some people t0 know that she made it as long as she did. ln the early years of her often thankless battle, she faced down the combined resources ofthe state Of Florida on not much more than cigarettes, caffeine, alCOhOl and nerves. As the director of a tiny nonprofit, H01dman made herself an expert in one Of the most complex corners Of criminal law. She could forecast when each ofthe hundreds 0f prisoners facing death in Florida would need emergency legal representation, and then scour the state, begging and wheedling, for a volunteer. If the often reluctant lawyer turned out t0 know little or nothing about criminal appeals, Holdman would connect them with one ofthe small band of brilliant young attorneys who shared the fight with her. TO he ar Florida's politicians and pros ecutors tell it, this "Mistress ofDelay" was a mighty force thwarting the will ofthe people. ln fact, she was a single mom living on $ 600 a month, pulling unused copy p 叩 er 仕 om wastebaskets for use in last-minute briefs written during bleary all-nighters. The ragtag nature ofthis life-and-death litigation, and the near executions Ofmen whO turned out tO have strong grounds for appeal when H01dman finally found them a lawyer, went on for years. Eventually it scandalized the Florida Bar Association enough that the legal community put its muscle behind a publicly funded agency t0 coordinate capital appeals. HOLDMAN'S SINCERITY was apparent even tO people WhO found her devotion to saving the likes of Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, Jared Loughner and Eric Rud01ph misguided. She traced her activism to her childhood in segregated Memphis, where rent-collecting trips with her landlord father taught her tWO important lessons, neither one intended. The first had t0 d0 with the brutal oppressiveness 0f poverty. The second was how t0 talk t0 poor and vulnerable people ー not as specimens tO be studied, not as patients tO be cured, not as problems tO be managed, but as, simply, people. She drew on these lessons tO perfect the art Of mitigation, the key to modern death-penalty-defense work. Since restoring capital punishment in 1976 , the Supreme Court has required that every death sentence weigh the specific qualities ofthe individual defendant, taking into account the accused killer's motive s, b ackground, 胤 0 旧 ma who mental capacity, circumstances— died 0 〃 12 , the whole life story. Because many was た now as violent criminals have been raised in "the Angel 可 circumstances Of abuse and neglect, Death 犬 ow ” in badly broken families scarred by mental illness and addiction, it 's not always easy t0 dig out those details. As Holdman once put it, "The fact that someone tells you that story in their living room is a long, long way from getting them t0 tell you that story in a public courtroom. ” This became Holdman's forte, and as she moved to CaIifornia and then Louisiana She trained and inspired hundreds 0f people across the country to do the same work. At the time 0f her death, she was the executive director of the Center for Capital Assistance in New Orleans. Many people were baffled by H01d- man's devotion: HOW could she grow so close t0 the guilty? But if a civilized society is going tO include death as a punishment and yet remain civilized, the process must be made rigorous and the decisions dffcult. NO one made those decisions more dffcult than Scharlette Holdman. ロ 21

Department t0 allege that the true goal ofthe Trump panel is to "lay the ground- work for voter suppression ” by making it more dffcult for typically pro-Democrat mmoritie S tO VOte. ln fact, Trump's commission asks only for voter information that states can le- gally provide. But it is arousing the same kind ofpartisan suspicions that Obama's efforts to work with the states did last 1. ln Arizona, secretary ofstate Reagan says she has declined to hand over the per- sonal information Trump's panel wants. AS a result, she says, her competitor in next year 's Republican primary is attack- ing her for not supporting Trump. "I can remember when all the states were like, 'Heck no, we're not supporting the fed- eral government's election intrusions. The result may be that safeguard- ing future elections is only going tO get harder. MeanwhiIe, House RepubIicans are trying t0 defund the $ 8 million Con- gress provides annually t0 the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), which guides states in running safe and reliable elections. Republicans say that the agency is ineffective and unnecessary and that its work can be done instead by the famously weak Federal Election Commission. Dem- ocrats argue that gutting the tiny agency is reckless, especially right now. Demo- cratic Senator Amy Klobuchar has intro- duced a bill that would refund the EAC and provide $ 325 million t0 the states t0 improve election infrastructure , expand VOting opportunities and strengthen cyberprotections. The bill has no sup- port among Republicans. ln Riverside County, election security remains front and center. Next month the county will hOld votes for water district boards ofdirectors and in November will have general elections on community ser- vices, libraries and schools. The county registrar, Rebecca Spencer, says she has been working with a local state assembly- woman tO get emails and texts sent when a voter changes any part Of online VOter information. DA Hestrin sponsored the bill that will make that happen, but wor- ries about continuingvoter doubts. "Peo- ple's faith ⅲ the system is a fragile thing, he says. "Once people lose faith that the elections are fair and hone St, then our en- tire system ofgovernment is imeopardy. " —With reporting 妙 JACK BREWSTER 0 〃 d ロ EMMA TALKOFF/WASHINGTON the election was over. Given the focus Of FBI cyber and counterintelligence of- ficials on Hillary Clinton's emails, this looks like a spectacular blunder in ret- rospect. The Russia counterintelligence probe "never got any intelligence legs until after the election; ” the senior 0 価 .- cial says, "because I don't think anybody believed Trump would win, so nobody really put a 10t 0f stock int0 the Russian attempts [t0 help him]. ” At the same time, some division re- mained over whO the real threat was tO America's electoral system remained. Georgia was the only state that didn't ac- cept some form Of assistance from the federal assistance, according tO offcials familiar with the matter. But as the Geor- gians looked for intruders themselves, they found a DHS employee scanning their system on NOV. 15. DHS 100ked into the matter and said it was an employee of the federal training facility in Glynco, Ga. , confirming thatjob applicants in fact had licenses to be armed guards, which are on the same system as the voter data. The DHS inspector general, John Roth, looked intO the matter and concluded in June that DHS employees did not conduct any unauthorized scans Of the Georgia election system. If some state offcials remain angry about the perceived threat offederal over- reach, many also appear t0 be in denial about the extent ofthe risk from overseas. The Russians succeeded in compromis- ing more than 20 state systems, accord- ing tO Jeanette Manfra, a senior H01 れ e - land Security offlcial. But calls by TIME tO the Offces ofelection offlcials in every state revealed only two, Arizona's and ll- linois's, that know or are willing tO admit that they were hacked. And when TIME asked lllinois to confirm that the Russian intruder had tried to alter data fields, state offlcials at first denied that had happened, but after checking with their technical team, c onfirmed that it had. Partisan suspicion now runs in bOth directions. On May 11 , President Trump announced the creation Of an election- integrity commission. Nominally it was supposed t0 "study vulnerabilities in voting systems," but it got Off tO a rocky start, requesting vast amounts Of per- sonal information on VOters from every state. That led vanita Gupta, head ofthe civil rights division in the ObamaJustice STATE AND LOCAL ELECTION SYSTEMS INFLUENCED BY RUSSIAN HACKING 39 、 20 FEWER THAN FEWER THAN Showed forensic evidence Of scanning MORE AN Were compromised Showed evidence of attempts tO delete 0 ー alter voter-roll information Showed evidence Of attempts tO download voter ィ 0Ⅱ information SOURCES: CURRENT AND FORMER SENIOR CYBERSECURITY OFFICIALS

Conversation THE INVESTIGATOR RE "WILL BOB MUELLER Separate Fact From Fic- tion? ” [July 3 ] : Gee, how can there be a conflict Of inter- est justifying the removal of Robert Mueller as special counsel investigating Presi- dent Trump when he is an old pal ofJames Comey and has "installed Democratic donors on hiS prosecutorial dream team ” ? With a dos- sier like that, the only way Mueller's conclusions can be considered fair and accu- rate is if they exonerate the President. Anything else will look like a witch hunt, not tO mention a superb use Of tax dollars. MichaeI 仕 Keedy, ALAMOGORDO, N. M. TERROR 粮 THE PHILIPPINES RE "A DEADLY NEW FRONT for ISIS ” [July 3 ] : Your re- port accurately describes tO the world the horrific ordeal taking place in the siege 0f Marawi City as the menace Of terrorism reaches Philip- pine soil. As Ronald Reagan concluded: government iS not the solution tO our prob- lem, government is the prob- lem. Such is the case here, where past governments have failed to addre s s Mind- anao lsland's nagging issues. On behalf of those people who dearly love peace, I 叩 - peal tO the current govern- ment to faithfully adhere tO its promises SO that the TALK TO US SEND AN EMAIL: letters@timemagazine. 00E Please dO not send attachments FOLLOW US: facebook.com/time @ti me (Twitter and lnstagram) much-awaited peace will finally come. Hermini0 ArcalesJr. , MANILA THE MILITANT MANIFESTA- tion among the Moro com- munity is just the latest twist ⅲ thorny Philippine-Moro relations. A military push won't SOlve the socioeco- nomic disadvantages that marginalize and eventually fuel recruitment to terrorist groups by appealing t0 soci- ety's hopeless have-nots. lmran Contractor, VALLEY STREAM, N. Y. CONFEDERATE MEMORIALS RE "A CONFEDERATE MONU- ment Solution, With Con- text ” [July 3 ] : I have no an- cestors who fought for the Union. I have no ancestors who fought for the Confeder- acy. I have no ancestors WhO owned slaves. Still, when Confederate monuments are removed, I feel as though my American heritage is being assaulted. Thanks t0 Josh Sanburn for showing us how some cities have leadership With vision. Stu Bieber, LAKE GENEVA, WIS. RACIAL BIAS RE "THE DRUG CASCADE ” [July 3 ] : I understand the urgency tO get treatment for the people wh0 are suffering from opioid addiction, but I am tired Of seeing the ava- Will Bob Mueller separate fact om io 取 ? 第 : り 1 ど当」いいト ! は $ highlights , imagining the and as the end of the article space technology happening, some amazing advances in read for everyone. There are and made it an accessible tOOk a very scientific subject Kluger. I appreciate that you new telescopes by Jeffrey fascinating article on NASA's [JuIy 3 ] : Thank you for the RE "EYES IN THE SKY ” INFINITY AND BEYOND PHILADELPHIA Ma A 〃〃 Parrish, black wome n. oin babies ” as they did with or their addicted babies "her- calling them "heroin whores ” fied by the media. NO one is women are not getting vili- is a rush to treatment. Their demic ” for white folks, there Now that we have an ' epi- folks were addicted to crack? all this attention when black on the subject. Where was lanche ofmedia comments MILK DUDS RE "FOR THE RECORD ” [July 3 ] : The 7 % 0fAmeri- cans wh0 said they believe that brown cows produce chocolate milk p robably voted for President Trump and may well be his climate- change advisers. Brian L. 6 も oc わ厄ⅲれ , MAYO, IRELAND SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT ln "How They Make the Greatest Show on Earth ” (July 10 ー 17 ) , the fashion credits misidentified the jacket worn by Nik01aj Coster-Waldau. lt is a JOShua Kanejacket. ln the same issue, "Why America's First Daughter ls a Hit in China ” incorrectly described G-III Apparel Group Ltd. The company makes clothing under the lvanka Trump name , but it does not pro- duce lvanka Trump shoes and isn't involved with the brand's trademark possibilities iS awe-inspiring. Chelsea D 卍 0 れ , DUBLIN applications. Send 0 letter: Letters tO the Editor must include writer's 〃 name, address 0 れ d home telephong may be editedforpurposes ofclarity orspace, d should addressed t0 the nearestofftce: HONG KONG - TIME Magazine し e e , 37 / F , OxfO House, TaikOO Place, 979 King's Road, Qu 砒Ⅳ Bay, Hong Kong; JAPAN - TIME Magazine し e 社 e , 2- 1-27F Atago, TOkyo 10 6227 , Japan; EUROPE - TIME Magazine 社 e , PO BOX 63444 , London, SEIP 5F 」 , UK; AUSTRALIA ・ TIME Magazine し e e , GPO BOX 3873 , Sydney, NSW 2001 , Australia; NEW ZEALAND - TIME Magazine し e せ e , PO BOX 198 , Shortland St. , Auckland' 1140 , New Zealand PIease recycle this magazine and remove inserts and samples before recycling 3

TheView Data I crunched the numbers on the U. S. government. Here's what I learned By Steve BaIImer I'M A NUMBERS GUY. THEY'RE HOW I UNDERSTAND THE WORLD— what's good and what's bad, what's working and what isn't. After I stepped down as CEO 0fMicrosoft and began getting more involved in philanthropy and civic advocacy with my wife, Connie, I realized that I had very little sense ofthe numbers behind the U. S. government. When I went searching for enlightening statistics, I found they were scattered or unavailable or incomprehensible—ifl could even locate them. That's what led to USAFacts: a platform, launched in ApriI, that offers a lOOk at the government by the numbers—about revenue, spending and outcomes—to create a common set Of facts that can serve as a foundation for the type Of informed debate that is essential to our democracy. So, to start those conversations, here are five areas where the numbers might surprise you—they certainly surprised me. BaIImer is theformer CEO ofMicrosoft, the owner 可市 e も os Angeles Clippers 0 d 0 co-creator 可 USAFacts with his wife, Connie OUR ROADS ARE IMPROVING From what l've read,l assumed that for 訓 we spend on infrastructure, we still have lOts Of roads, bridges and facilities that are outdated and in disrepair. Yet in 2014,just 3.3 % of the nation's interstate highways were in unsatisfactory condition, and the percentage Of bridges that are structurally deficient has declined from 24.1 % in 1990 to 9.6 % in 2015. Though whether the quality is good enough remains a legitimate question. A 0 , in 2014 , we spent $ 228 billion on transportation and transportation safety. Whether the spending numberis t00 high, t00 IOW orjust right is an essential question. Butwe should lOOk tO the outcomes: traffic fatalities declined om 51 , 091 in 1980 to 32 , 675 in 2014 , even though the number of licensed drivers increased from 145 million tO 214 million. MOST GOVERNMENT WORKERS AREN'T "BUREAUCRATS ” Government employees are Often portrayed as behind-closed- doors bureaucrats. But 9 out of 10 ofthem are not. They're people involved in direct services, whom we come in contact with daily: they're hospital workers, transportation staff, parks-and イ ecreation employees. The preponderance Of the 23 million public employees— across federal, state and local government—are directly serving the people. NearIy half work in education. And roughly 10 % are active-duty military 0 「 involved in police protection. WEALTHY PEOPLE GET MORE HELP PAYING FOR THEIR HOMES Housing iS a way in WhiCh people save money. Housing stabilizes people's lives. And, yes, housing iS expensive— SO much SO that one might thinkthe governmentwould provide the most assistance tO families that don't have stable housing, which limits their opportunity tO pursue the American Dream. And yet, 96 % Of 0 れ e Of America's largest housing-related subsidies-—-the mortgage interest deduction— benefits the richest 20 % Of households instead of helping ourleast fortunate afford homes. POVERTY STILL TRAPS FAR T00 MANY KIDS And black children are hit hardest: those born intO the lowest-income families have a 50 % likelihood Of staying there forlife. That's t00 little Ofa shot at being able to get ahead, and as a nation we can dO better. AMERICAN HOUSES ARE BURNING DOWN LESS OFTEN From 1980 to 2014 our population increased by 42 % , from 227 million to 321 million. And yet house fires are down about 50 % , om 734 , 000 to 367 , 000. This is driven by some combination Ofthe better way things get built now vs. then and the quality Of fire departments. Butl had no clue that house fires are way rarertodaythan when ー was- growing up. に く ILLUSTRATIONS BY MARTIN GEE FOR TIME 20 TIME JuIY31, 2017

got a little bit further and were doing these kinds Of testing. ' What was most frightening was that they knew theywere seeing only Russia's clumsiest efforts. Moscow's state-sponsored hackers are among the most skilled cyberactors in the world. The feds had to assume there were Other intrusions theyweren't seeing. The fact that they didn't see intrusions in some states, says one 0 価℃ ial , just means we didn't find them. ” THE PLAN AND THE ST STAND PARALYZED BY POLITICS AT HOME, Ob ama tried to blunt the threat directly abroad. ln a now famous one-on-one meeting with Putin in early September in Hangzhou, China, Obama told him t0 it out ” or face unspecified conse- quences. The confrontation was memo- rialized in a phOtO Ofthe tWO men staring icily at each other. For a while it looked as ifthe warning mightwork. "The intelligence community basically told us that [they were] not seeing [the Russians] continuing tO go down that road; ” says a former senior White House offcial. And in the U. S. , DHS scanned voting systems remotely across the country and found and patched vulnerabilities. Some states also accepted visits by DHS cybersecurity teams that checked for vulnerabilities in person. But relations between the states and the feds remained chilly. Then, in October, the attacks resumed. The GRU launched an operation against a software company, VR Systems, that provided election software and device s tO at least eight states, according tO a report by the lntercept. The intruders used the information tO craft a convincing-looking email that served a spear-phishing campaign against the electoral offcials across the country. With just weeks to go until the vote, the White House cybersecurity team realized there was little it could do to stop a Russian attempt tO undermine the credibility ofthe vote on EIection Day, so it shifted into damage-control mode. ln late October, the White House distrib- uted its 15-page plan to deal with an EIec- tion Day attack to the top cybersecurity offcials across the federal government. Daniel says he briefed Obama's chief of staff, Denis McDonough, on the plan ; it 28 TIME JuIY31, 2017 is not clear if President Obama himself was informed Of it or any Of its details. lt started by saying that "in almost all po- tential cases Of malicious cyberactivity impacting election infrastructure ” the feds would defer to state and local gov- ernments. But it also authorized robust federal action as well. lfthere were a "sig- nificant cyberincident ” that would result in a "demonstrable impact tO election infrastructure; ” DHS, FBI and the offce of the Director of National lntelligence would "activate enhanced procedures and allocate their resources. The Justice Department's election- crimes unit and CiVil rights divisions were on standby, as were parts 0fDHS and the Secret Service. The FBI could dispatch any 0f its Cyber Task Forces from their 56 field offces to "facilitate joint infor- mation sharing, incident response, law enforcement and intelligence actions. Four FBI Cyber Action Teams were on standby 'fifcyberinvestigative techniques are needed t0 rapidly respond t0 a call for assistance; ” but the plan indicated that they could not "self-deploy ” without FBI higher-ups' approval. Several Obama Ad- ministration offcials said the plan and the powers it enVISioned tapping in a criSiS were similar tO those available in cases Of natural disasters. Heavier forces waited inthe wings. The White House plan included the possibil- ity 0f deploying active and reserve com- ponents 0f the military. 'The Department of Defense may support civil authorities in response tO cyberincidents based upon a request from a federal agency, and the direction Of the Secretary Of Defense or the President; ” the plan said. Two people familiar with it say the idea was tO make the Pentagon's cyberexperts available to mitigate and investigate an attack. At 6 a. m. on Election Day 2016 , Fer- THE FINAL WHITE HOUSE PLAN INCLUDED THE POSSIBILITY 0 ド DEPLOYING THE MILITARY rante opened the door tO the "second Sit- uation Room, ' a carbon copy Ofthe Presi- dent's secure WestWing conference room a stone's throw away in the Eisenhower Executive Offce Building. On a secure video teleconference system, the team dialed into the FBI and DHS command posts that were running the Election Day response. They were jOined by election- crimes coordinators from the Justice De- partment and cyberintelligence age nts in the offce of the D irector of National lntel- ligence. Russia experts at CIA, NSA and Other intelligence-community agencies were standing by on the classified J0int Worldwide lntelligence Communications System (JWICS) email system. Over the course 0f the day, reports came in that made the group think it might be seeing a repeat 0f Riverside County, or worse. ln Colorado, the elec- tion voter database went down for 30 minutes. ln Utah, lines formed in what had become an unlikely battleground thanks to the independent candidacy of Evan McMullin. At one point, sensitive intelligence came in that needed tO be run t0 ground. But ultimately the level ofdis- ruption was Ⅱ 0 greater than in any normal national election, and all ⅲ all, the vote went off smoothly. As the polls closed, and the election was called for Donald Trump, some on the White House cyber- team celebrated the fact that there had been no disruptive attack. FROM BAD 10 WORSE ON NOV. 25 , AMID TALK OF POSSIBLE challenges tO the VOte inWisconsin, penn- sylvania and Michigan, the ObamaWhite House released a statement saylng, 'We stand behind our election results, which accurately reflect the will 0f the Ameri- can people [and] believe our elections were free and fair from a cybersecurity perspective. ” But even as the calls for re- counts faded, doubts about the security Of the election system spread. A senior intelligence offcial tells TIME that while the cybersecurity of- ficials at the FBI, DHS and the white House may have been scrambling t0 se- cure the vote throughout the fall, the counterintelligence operation at the bureau aimed at uncovering whether the Russian operation was trying to aid Trump only really began in earnest once

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