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Reviews Time Off Eichner 0 れ d Klausner create drama wherever they go TELEVISION ilchrist brings souland sensitivity tO Atypical Musical theater and misanthropy TV IS UNDENIABLY crowded. But if the herd were thinned even a little, we might lose shows that are unafraid to be terrific ally specific —willing to stage parodies 0fWoody Allen's little -watched Amazon sitcom or tO presume familiarity with Stephen Sondheim's Sunday ⅲ the Park With George. Diffcult Pe 叩厄 , the Hulu comedy in itS third season, iS one Of those gems that would be too good t0 lose. The show works ⅲ the zany vein 0f30 OC た , making use 0fNew York City archetypes. Julie (show creator Julie Klausner) iS a barely working actor ever enabling or being enabled by her BFF (Billy Eichner ofBilly 0 れ the Street). Each episode sees slight movement toward Julie and Billy's dream of fame, before misanthropy sets them back once again. The j0kes, 0ften at the expense Of celebrities, are told with startling confidence. Who knows how the market can support a show SO narrowly targeted tO a literate, mean audience ・一 but whO cares when it's this funny? —D. D. DIFFICULT PEOPLE streams new episodes Tuesdays on HuIu TELEVISION A family story with a son on the spectrum affair. The dullest is Rapaport's attempt "PEOPLE THINK AUTISTIC PEOPLE don't have empathy, but that's not true; ” to bond with his son by helping nurse a Sam (Keir Gilchrist) says in Netflix's crush on his ther 叩 ist. Speechless, ABC's new family comedyAtypical. "Some- remarkable sitcom about the pains and times I can't tell if someone's upset, joys ofa family touched by disability, but once I know, I feel lots of empathy. proves that narrative twists like these Maybe even more than neurotypicals. " aren't necessary. That's an apt summation Of The heart ofAtypical is its difflcult- the strengths—and some ofthe to-forget main character. Sam sits weaknesses—ofthis charming eight- rigidly upright on the bus so as t0 avoid episode addition tO the touching the seat b ack. He NEW AWARENESS pulls a stranger 's p onytail streaming service. Sam, TeIevision is paying whose dffculty picking up at his sister's track meet tO increased attention on social cues has deeply get it t0 stop shaking in his tO the issues Atypical affected his family's life, is face. And he has an unusual raises: earlier thiS year, Sesame Street also a loving and engaged COPing mechanism in times introduced 」 ulia, part ofhis family's life. of stress: he thinks about a young Muppet Even so, his parents, played Antarctica, and how chilly and with autism. by Michael Rapaport remote it is the re. Gilchrist, and Jennifer Jason Leigh, and sister previously seen as Toni Collette's son (Brigette Lundy-Paine) begin spinning on Showtime's United States ofTara, away from one another with not conveys S am's gifts and challenge s unjustifiable selfishness. masterfully. A 収が c doesn't always trust the High school—with its constant strength Of itS C ore narrative, as if itS interpersonal sparks—is as far from the creators believe there needS tO be some South P01e as it gets. And A 収が c in Juicy inducement tO get viewers tO quieter moments, ShOWS hOW a group tune int0 an otherwis e well-told family ofpeople band together to get one story. The most striking example comes pe rceptive, thoughtful kid through. in the form ofLeigh's exorcising her —DANIEL D'ADDARIO household stre s se s in an extramarital ATYPICAL is streaming on Netflix now 48 TIME August 21 , 2017
0 0 Presley autographing phOtOS in Houston ⅲ 1956 0 0 3 ◆ 82.6 % Rating Of PresIey's first appearance on The Ed Su 〃 ivan Show, on Sept. 9 , 1956. He later played on the program tWO more times. He was paid $ 50 , 000 for the shows, a huge sum atthattime. ⅲ 1956. "I just fell into it, really. My daddy and I maestro ofSun Records whO recorded artists such as were laughing about it the other day. He looked at B. B. King and lke Turner in a still-segregated South, me and said, 'What h 叩 pened, E? The last thing I understood the underlying realities 0f Jim Crow can remember iS I was working in a can factory and America. Chuck Berry and Little Richard would be you were drivin' a truck' ... lt Just caught us up. early breakout stars across the color line, but Phillips believed that would not be enough to integrate the Ⅱ . THESURGE cultural and commercial markets. "I knew that for Presley emerged at the moment the machinery 0f black music to come to its rightful place in this post—World War Ⅱ mass culture began t0 hum. The country, we had tO have some White singers come world was on the move; 01d barriers were under over and dO black music—not copy it, not change, siege; new possibilities were opening up. lt was the not sweeten it. Just dO it," he said. With presley's age 0f the GI Bill and Brown v. Board 0fEducation, emergence ()s well as Bill Haley's and Jerry Lee suburbs and television, interstate highways and Lewis', among others), Phillips' prophecy came true, fast fOOd. Material prosperity in Eisenhower's but not without resentment from the architects Of America was startling. Families whose forebears the tradition Presley was drawing on. "I was making had struggled on the fringes of farming and of everybody rich, and I was poor; ” said Crudup, wh0 debilitating manufacturing work suddenly had originally recorded "That's AII Right. " "I was born more money (and more things, ranging from TVS tO poor, I live poor, and l'm going t0 die poor. ” washing machine s ) than they could have imagined ln the white mainstream, Presley's story was two decades before, in the depths Of an economic quinte S sentially American— a striver rising tO riches crash that seemed to go on forever. When J0hn from largely impoverished obscurity (his family Maynard Keynes was asked whether there had lived ⅲ a federal housing project ⅲ Memphis after ever been anything like the Great Depression, he moving tO Tennessee) on the strength Of his talent, had replied, "Yes. lt was called the Dark Ages, and not on the circumstances Ofhis birth. "I don't know it lasted 400 years. ” One unexpected benefit from what it is; ” Presley told the Saturday Evening Post THE ONCE AND FUTURE KING PresIey makes one Of his 升 t public performances, at the Mississippi-AIabama Fair and Dairy ShOW. His song earns him a fifth-place prize, and months ね t he begins playing guitar. EIvis PresIey is born in TupeIO, Miss. tO GIadys and Vernon く PresIey Signs with RCA in a deal worth S40 , 000. The PresIey family moves tO Memphis. PresIey soon becomes interested in the 0 blues scene. PresIey. 》 NOV. 1955 NOV. 1948 OCT. 3 , 1945 JAN. 8 , 1935
8 Questions Je 館 F1ake The Republican Senator from Arizona on disagreeing with Trump, his new bOOk Conscience 0 工 0 Conservative and why he's crashing his own party l've always felt that a President ought YO 収 say that conservatives have t0 get his or her people unless there's "lost ” their way, being swept up by something disqualifying. Elections have xenophobia, populism, nationalism. consequences. Barack Obama ought tO If that's the case, how does the party right itself? We need t0 re-embrace have had his people. I feel the same with those principles that we've gone away President Trump. SO when people say, frO m : fre e trade, immigration. lt's "Oh, Flake voted with Trump 95 % of not just the policy approach; it's the the time ”—ha! Ninety-five percent 0f demeanor. Conservatism iS measured what we've done is just personnel. and reliable. Conservative foreign policy is where you embrace your allies YO criticize Trump's trade and recognize your enemies. That'S policies, his immigration policies a long way from where we are t0day. and the travel ban—things he We've adopted a populist attitude that did unilaterally. HOW dO yo turn is a sugar high. your prescriptions intO action? On immigration we're gonna have to deal with it in Congress. I hope Can YO win re-election ⅲ 2018 ? Yes. Arizona voters have always valued to expand [the Deferred Action for independence in their elected offcials. Childhood Arrivals program]. These The last thing voters want is a rubber- kids ought t0 be protected. Every piece Of immigration legislation that l've stamp Senator whO agrees with the President or the party on everything. supported has included a version 0f the Dream Act. The Administration wants tO cut back significantly on YO 収 write about the destructiveness legal immigration, and I don't Of "petty partisanship. ” Yet yo 収 voted think that's wise. And then the for a partisan health care bill. HOW dO YO 収 reconcile that? My preference refugee program. We ought would certainly be t0 sit down with my tO continue tO be welcoming colleagues from across the aisle and tO at least some refugees. not try tO reform or repeal Obamacare We've taken a far smaller in the way that the Democrats passed number than some Of our it. There's an urgency here. We have allies. We obviously screen 200 , 000 Arizonans WhO will wake up and screen well, but we tomorrow without insurance. I ought tO continue tO be a certainly anxious t0 keep any hope of welcoming nation. reform alive. YO said yo 収 wrote the DO YO 収 think bipartisanship is bOOk in secrecy. How is possible with health care? I do. We've that possible? My family reached the limit of what we c an do certainly knew. But I didn't with just the members of one party. tell my staffin the senate or my There are certainly Democrats ready to political advisers on the campaign. work with us. Let's take them up on it. I didn't want to be talked out ofit. HOW dO yo 収 respond to people who HOW long did it take to write? say that while yo 設 have been critical I started last summer. I thought we'd Of President Trump during the hit the election and Republicans election and now ⅲ this book, yo 設 would lose and we'd do another still vote with him? lt depends on autopsy. And l'd have something what he supports. He named a good ready for that. But then, you know, Cabinet. Remember, in the first six the election went differently. And months Of a new Administration, the I thought we needed it even more. Senate is in the personnel business. And —JACK BREWSTER 52 TIME August 21 , 2017 'The last thing VO te rs want iS a rubber-stamp Senator whO agrees with the President or the party on everything. ' AL DRAGO—REDUX/T 工 E NEW YORK TIMES
0 The View Time Off The Features 2 ー Conversation 4 ー For the Record 加 the bathroom What tO watch, read, ロ Call Of Duty 0 工ん s suite at the see and dO Warwick Hotel, Newly installed as white House EIvis PresIey checks 4 引 Aubrey PIaza chiefofstaff, retired GeneraIJohn hiS hair in 0 mirror steps out inlngrid as he preparesfor KeIIy is bringing a dose ofmilitary Goes West hiS appearance 0 れ discipline t0 the West Wing CBS's Stage Show 46 ー A new ByMichaelDuffY22 0 れ M ch17, , 1958 , documentary on the ⅲグれ hat れ Fergusonprotests Photo 叩 h A Cancer Breakthrough 4 引 TV: New family A revolutionary gene therapy can Wertheimer— comedyAtypical; convertthe bOdy's own cells intO Getty lmages the return Of cancer-destroying agents DiffcultPeople A ePar た 28 49 ー Novelist Tom Perrotta's The King 's L ong L egacy 行 s. Fletcher Fortyyears after Elvis Presley's 5 幻 Susanna death, the icon s rise, fall and Schrobsdorff: curb reb irth Offers a window on America your nostalgia ByJonMeacham 34 52 Questions for JeffFIake, the GOP ONTHE COVER: Photograph 妙 Senator taking aim MikeMorones— at the President M ⅲヮ Times TIME Asia is published TIME Asia (Hong (g) Limited. TIME publishes eight double issues. Each as two of 52 issues in an annualsubscription. TIME may 引 so publish cmasion 引 extra issues. ◎ 2017 Time Asia (Hong Kong) Limited. AII rights reserved. Reproduction in whOIe orin 代 wi 山 0 破 written is prohibited. TIME and the Red Border Design are protected through trademark regstration in the U. S. and in the countries where TIME maganne circulates. Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations. SutBcri : げ the postal services 引 e 代 us that your maganne is undeliverable, 、肥 have no ん代 he 「 obllgatlon unless 、肥 receive a corrected address within two a 「 s. CUSTOMER SERVICE AND 24 / 7 Ⅳ 0 , 砒 n more 面 ers 曲 , ツわ / W 物 w. ne おーリ .8 れ 1 / ′ⅵ *. p. You may 引 SO email ourCustomer Center at ⅵ′ 3n1- れ” 1 0 「 call ( 852 ) 312 & 5688 orwrite to Time Asia (Hong Kong) Lim1ted, 3 〃「 0 対 ord House, TaikOO PIace, 979 Kings Road,QuarryBay, Hong Kong.In 」 apan,these are 日岬ⅵ网apaれ@dme圏ね.00n10r0120666236 ( 阡 ee Dial) 0r2-51-27FA ね go , Minat&ku,Tokyo 1056227. Ad 冊臧 : Forinformation and rates, HongKongTelephone: ( 852 ) 312 & 5169. Orvisit: せ tn れ 0.8n1 / れ 1 ね k 忙 . Reprint: lnformation is 訓 ab 厄 at ゼ宿冶.com/せme/repけれ区 To requestcustom reprints.visitdmereprine.com/ Mailinglist: 、阨 make a ⅲ on ofourmailing listavailableto reputablefirms. 『 u would prefer that を not include your name, please ou 「 Customer Services Center. TIME Asia is edited in Hong Kong and printed in Singapore and Hong Kong. SingagX)re MCI (P) NO. 06 〃 08 / 2017. Malaysia KKDN gErmit no. PPS 676 / 03 / 2013 ( 022933 ). ldeas, opinion, innovations The Brief ユ引 A total solar News from the し S. and eclipse could around the Ⅳ 0 月 d provide unity for a 5 ー Tensions with divlded nation North Korea near a Ⅱ boil ユ引 The power of microgrids : 7 ー A controversial why small-scale proposal for the energy grids are U,S. strategy in increasingly Afghanistan popular 8 llan Bremmer 19 ー New research 0 Ⅱ grades Secretary Of bird brains reve als State Rex Tillerson clues about the innerworkings Of 9 ー Facts vs. human brains alternative facts 2 例 Greening 10 ー An insurgency China's Kubuqi stirs inVenezuela Desert 1
Conversation MORE DRAMA RE "HOW DONALD TRUMP Jr. ?s Emails Have Cranked Up the Heat on His Family ” [July 24 ] : This latest con- troversy will open the f100d- gates Ofyet more skepticism, questions, and debacles as- s ociate d with the Trump Ad- ministration. These events have accentuated how deeply entrenched the Russian con- nections have been. Trump Off ℃ ials are the major cata- lysts of all the turmoil that has befallen the Administra- tion. The excuses presented tO the public are only exacer- bating suspicions and casting an international spotlight, calling intO question the very integrity 0f the Pre s ident 0f the United States. Shivani E た砒 h , SINGAPORE DEALING WITH KIM RE "NO GOOD OPTIONS ON North Korea ” [JuIy 24 ] : There are only two achiev- able options le 仕 in the North Korean cr1SIS.• war or deter- rence. This is because Pyong- yang will procee d with its nuclear program at all costs. lt cannot be convinced that the cost Of not proceeding is lower than that ofproceed- ing. lt will get the bomb ー unless the し S. goes tO war and is prepared for Armaged- don. Few believe that Wash- ington is prepared t0 pay that catastrophic human price. However, Pyongyang c an be TALK TO US deterred. lt has no reason tO court de struction. lts only aim iS regime survival, not tO conquer the world or annihi- late America. Perhaps a bet- ter option is tO replace stra- tegic patience with strategic deterrence and take conso- lation that with it, Kim Jong Un will never use the bomb. C わ 0 浦 e Wong, SINGAPORE IS IT UNREASONABLE OF KIM to cling to and bolster his nuclear capabilities after wit- nessing the demise oflraq's Saddam Hussein and Libya's Muammar Gaddafi on relin- quishing theirs ? Doreen McGann, JARFALLA, SWEDEN THE MEANING OF SOVEREIGN RE "TWENTY YEARS ON, Hong Kong and China Are MO re Ap art Than Ever ” [July 24 ] : Much has been made, especially by the Western media, ofthe fact that civil liberties in Hong Kong have been seriously eroded after the handover of Hong Kong to China. HOW- ever, the evidence is tO the contrary. The freedoms that Hong Kong enJ0yed before the handover have largely remained intact. The rule Of law has been maintained, the judiciary has kept its independence and the gov- ernment itS transparency,. People are inclined tO speak out against what they con- sider tO be injustices or gov- ernment maladministration. If open criticism Of govern- ment is one distinguishing feature Of democracy, then Hong KO ng has paradoxi- cally become more demo- cratic since the handover. ln assessing the extent Of, and the type 0f, democracy that is suitable for Hong Kong, one must have regard for political realism rather than romantic idealism. Full democracy— Westminster style—is fanci- ん 1. Hong Kong must realize that China has sovereignty and that sovereignty means sovereignty. MELBOURNE Frank Yu, for 10 years, and a good por- Medicaid eligibility worker me. I have been a California [July 24 ] really hit home for United Patients of America ” YOUR ARTICLE "THE HEALTH CARE 粮 AMERICA tion Of my caseload consists of the very people your ar- ticle talks about: the severely disabled ⅲ a home and C ommunity care program. I speak every day with parents of disabled children, and I have great respect for them. Thank you for telling the ir story. lt is my fervent hope that Medicaid will always be there for them. James Czadek, LONG BEACH, CALIF. ANGELA LORIO COULDN'T BE more wrong When She says, 'This isn't about parties and how you voted. This is about saving 1 ⅳ es. ” One party rep- resents affordable health care for everyone. The other rep- resents tax breaks for the rich and lets the poor and middle class fend for themselves. You make your choice and you live with the results. James Ko NOTTINGHAM, MD. PIease recycle this magazine and remove inserts and samples before recycling 2 SEND AN EMAIL: letters@timemagazine.com Please dO not send attachments FOLLOW US: facebook.com/time @time (Twitter and lnstagram) TIME August 21 , 2017 Send 0 letter: Letters t0 the Editor must include writer'sfull name, address and home telephone, may be editedfor purposes 可 cla ⅱ収 or space, and should be addressed to the nearest ofice: HONG KONG - TIME Magazine e 博 , 37 / F , Ox House, PIace, 979 King's Road, Quarry Bay, Hong Kong; JAPAN - TIME Magazine Letters, 2-51-27F Atago, To 010 6227 , Japan; EUROPE - TIME Magazine し e せ e , PO Box 63444 London, SEIP 5F, 」 , UK; AUSTRALIA - TIME Magazine し e 社 ers , GPO Box 3873 , Sydney, NSW 2001 , Australia; NEW ZEALAND ・ TIME Magazine Letters, PO Box 198 , Shortland St. , Auckland, 1140 , New Zealand
immune cells turned out tO be more Of a hit-or-miss endeavor than a reliable road tO rem1SSion. After spending nearly three decades on the problem, June zeroed in 0 Ⅱ a malignant fingerprint that could be exploited tO stack the deck Of a cancer patient's immune system with the right destructive cells tO destroy the cancer. ln the case Of leukemias, that marker turned out t0 be CD19, a protein that all cancerous blOOd cells sprout on their surface. June repurposed immune cells tO carry a protein that would stick tO CD19, along with another marker that would activate the immune cells tO start attacking the cancer more aggressively once they found their malignant marks. Using a design initially developed by researchers at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital for such a combination, June and his colleague Bruce Levine perfected a way to genetically modify and grow thes e cancer-fighting cells ⅲ abundance in the lab and to test them ⅲ animals with leukemia. The resulting immune platoon of CAR T cells is uniquely equipped to ferret out and destroy cancer cells. But getting them intO patients is a complex process. Doctors first remove a patient's immune cells from the blood, genetically tweak them in the lab to carry June's cancer-targeting combination and then infuse the modified cells back into the patient using an IV. Because these repurposed immune cells continue tO survive and divide, the therapy continues tO work for months, years and, doctors hope, perhaps a life- time. Similar tO the way vaccines prompt the body to produce immune cells that can provide lifelong protection against viruses and bacteria, CAR T cell therapy could be a way tO immunize agamst can- cer. "The word vaccination would not be inappropriate; ” says Dr. Otis Brawley, chief medical offcer of the American Cancer Society. June's therapy worked surprisingly well in mice, shrinking tumors and, in some cases, eliminating them altogether. He 叩 plied for a grant at the National Cancer lnstitute at the National lnstitutes of Health to study the therapy in people from 2010 tO 2011. But the idea was still SO new that many scientists believed that testing it ⅲ people was t00 risky ln 1999 , a teenager died days after receivlng an 32 TIME August 21 , 2017 experimental dose ofgenes tO correct an inherited disorder, and anything involving gene therapy was viewed suspiciously. WhiIe such deaths aren't entirely unusual ⅲ experimental studies, there were ethical questions about whether the teenager and his family were adequately informed of the risks and concerns that the doctor ⅲ charge of the study had a financial conflict Of interest in seeing the therapy develop. 0 伍 c s ⅲ charge ofthe program acknowledged that important questions were raised by the trial and said theytook the questions and concerns very seriously. But the entire gene-therapy programwas shut down. AII of that occurred at the University Of pennsylvania—where June was. His grant application was rejected. lt would take two more years before private funders—the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society and an alumnus ofthe umversity WhO was eager tO support Ⅱ e 、 cancer treatments—donated $ 5 million tO give June the chance t0 bring his therapy tO the first human patients. THE DATE JULY 31 has always been a milestone for Bill Ludwig, a retired cor- rections 0ffcer in NewJersey. lt's the day that he joined the Marines as an 18-year- old, and the day, 30 years later, that he married his wife Darla. lt was alSO the day he went t0 the hospital tO become the first person ever tO receive the combination gene and CAR T cell therapy, in 2010. For Ludwig, the experimental ther 叩 y was his only remaining option. Like many people with leukemia, Ludwig had been living on borrowed time for a decade, counting the days between the chemotherapy treatments that would hOld the cancer in his blood cells atbay for a time. lnevitably, like weeds in an untended garden, the leukemia cells would grow and take over his blood system again. But the periods Of reprieve were get- ting dangerously short. "I was running out oftreatments; ” says Ludwig. SO when his doctor mentioned the trial conducted by June and Porter at the University 0f Pennsylvania, he didn't hesitate. "I never thought that the clinical trial was going tO cure me,: ” he says. "I just wanted tO live and t0 continue t0 fight. lfthere was something that would put me intO the next month, still breathing, then that's what I was looking for. ” When LudW1g signed the consent form for the treatment, he wasn't even tOld what tO expect in terms Of side effects or advers e reactions. The scientists had no way 0f predicting what would happen. "They explained that I was the first and that they obviously had no case law, so t0 spealg ” he says. SO when he was hit with a severe fever, had difflculty breathing, showed signs of kidney failure and was admitted tO the intensive care unit, he as- sumed that the treatmentwasn'tworking. His condition deteriorated SO quickly and SO intensely that doctors tOld him tO call his family to his bedside, just four days after he received the modified cells. "I told my family I loved them and that I knew why they were there,: ” he says. "I had already gone and had a cemetery plot, and already paid for my funeral. ” Rather than signaling the end, Lud- wig's severe illness turned out tO be evi- dence that the immune cells he received were furiously at work, eliminating and sweeping away the huge burden 0f can- cer cells choking up his bloodstream. But his doctors did not realize it at the time. lt wasn't until the second patient, Doug Olson, who received his CAR T cells about six weeks after Ludwig, that Porter had a eureka 1 れ 0 Ⅱ lent. When he received the call that Olson was also running a high fever, having trouble breathing and showing abnormal lab results, Porter realized that these were signs that the treatment was working. "lt happens when you kill huge amounts of cancer cells all at the same time; ” Porter says. What threw him off initially is that it's rare for anything tO wipe out that much cancer in people with Ludwig's and Olson's disease. June and porter have since calculated that the T cells obliterated anywhere from 2. 引 b. to 7 lb. ofcancer in Ludwig's and Olson's bodies. "I couldn't fathom that this is why they both were so sick' ” says Porter. "But I realized this is the cells: they were working, and working rapidly. ltwas not something we see with chemotherapy or anything else we have to treat thiS cancer. ” LUDWIG HAS NO 、 been in remiSS10n for seven years, and hiS success led tO the larger study of CAR T cell therapy ⅲ children like KaitIyn, who no longer respond tO existing treatments for their cancer. The only side effect Ludwig has
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The View Pets Birdbrain iS a misnomer: new studies show birds' remarkable cognitive skills By Jeffrey KIuger IT HAS BEEN A VERY BAD YEAR FOR BUD THE PARROT, but it has been even worse for hiS former owners Glenna and Martin Duram. Martin is dead, Glenna is in prison for his murder, and it was Bud, a witness tO the crime, whO tried tO rat her out. Really. ln 2015 , Glenna shOt Martin five times in the midst Of an argument in their Michigan home. A sensational crime became all the more so when Bud began repeating the words, "Shut up! ” and much more tellingly, "Don't f-cking shoot! ” The "Shut up! ” was in no one's voice in particular, but the plea not t0 pull the trigger was unmistakably ⅲ Martin's. There was no limit ofgood reasons why Bud wasn't put on the stand—beginning with the "raise your right hand ” part. Even if it had somehow been possible to bring the bird int0 a courtroom and have him repeat Martin's last words, there was no way ofestablishing that he didn't simply pick them up from a television shOW. Still, Glenna was convicted on Other evidence, Bud went 0fft0 live with a relative 0fthe family's, and the scientific community had one more extraordinary story about the equally extraordinary intelligence ofbirds. Never mind the familiar birdbrain insult; in recent years, investigators have learned more and more about the improbable cognitive abilities of at least some types ofbirds. That, in turn, is providing new insights intO hOW brains— including our own—work across the entire animal kingdom. 0 を THE DOZENS Of families ofbirds, there are three that have attracted the most research intO intelligence: corvids, which include crows, ravens, Jays, magpies and Other species; Psittacidae, which include parrots, parakeets, lovebirds and kea; and Cacatuidae, which include cockatoos and cockatiels. crows, for example, have long been known t0 be adept toolmakers—by, say, resh 叩 ing a paper clip int0 a h00k so they can fish a treat out Of a narrow vessel. ROOks, another corvid species, have figured out that if they drop pebbles into a partly filled pitcher, they can raise the water level enough tO snag treats floating on the surface. Some rooks even realize that by dropping the bigger pebbles in first, they can speed the job along considerably. InJuly, a pair ofinvestigators at Lund University ⅲ Sweden went further, showing that ravens have not only the cognitive ability tO master tOOl use but alSO the temperamental ability tO use that skill tO its best advantage. Ravens that were taught tO open a box with a tOOl in order tO get a treat inside would later select the tOOl from a tray ofother distracting objects and set it aside even ifthe box wasn't presented along with it. ln a related experiment, the ravens alSO showed a talent for delayed gratification. After being trained t0 use a token that they could exchange with a researcher for a f00d reward, the birds would later select the same tOken from a tray ofobjects that also included an immediate but less appealing treat. Out Of144 trials, the birds chose the token 143 times, correctly wagering that iftheywere patient, a human would appear and let them cash it in for a more desirable reward. "Birds will wait for better," says comparative psycholo- gist lrene Pepperberg 0fHarvard University, perhaps the best-known figure ⅲ the field ofavian cognition. "But ifyou give our gray parrot Grffn the better treat first, he'll 100k at you for about a second as ift0 say, What, are you kidding? l'm not waiting for aworse treat. ' Then he'll grab it. IT IS LANGUAGE that is the most dramatic avian skill. The parrot's ability tO mimic and even understand human speech is impressive enough. pepperberg became famous for the work she did with Alex the gray parrot, who died ⅲ 2007 at age 3 with avocabulary 0fmore than 100 words and the ability tO assemble them intO simple sentences. (His last words, when pepperberg covered his cage on the night he died, were, "You be good, see you tomorrow. I love you. ") KarIOerg, a professor ofavian ecology at the University ofTexas Ri0 Grande valley, is conducting studies in South America recording parrot calls. He iS uncovering a complex vocabulary that allows the birds t0 convey information about fOOd, predators, mating and Other relevant matters. NO bird is going tO displace humans as the smartest critters on the planet, Of course, but all Of this work is nonetheless a reminder that our familiar, self-flattering equation—big thoughts require big brains—is a myth There are elegant brains and nimble brains too—and they are home t0 equally elegant and nimble minds. ロ
CONSIDERING THE SOURCE, IT WAS A STARTLING claim. A longtime lieutenant 0f TIME and LIFE founder Henry Luce, journalist Richard Clurman found himself chatting one day in the late 1960S with Leonard Bernstein, the legendary composer and conductor of the New York Philharmonic. "EIvis Presley," Bernstein said, "is the greatest cultural ntury. ” Taken aback, Clurman, force in whO re unted th exchange tO the writer David Halber am, offere an alternative. at about Pi SSO? ” Clurman ventured. NO, it's Elvis,t' B rnstein insisted. "He introduced the bea everythi g and he changed everything— Ⅱ 1 Ⅱ S ・ , la guage, C Othes, it's a whOle new social volution— e 第 6 come from it. ” As does so much else. Forty years after Presley's August 1977 death in an upstairs bathroom at Grace- land, his Memphis mans ion, the revolution B ernstein identified unfolds still. With an estimated 1 billion units sold and counting, Presley is thought t0 be the most commercially successful S010 musical artist of all time. Last year, the Recording lndustry Association Of America certified the Essential Elvis record platinum, and in 2016 , Presleywas, according to Forbes, the fourth top-earning dead celebrity ⅲ America, trailing only Michael Jackson (wh0, in an only-in-America tWiSt, was once married tO Presley's daughter), cartoonist Charles Schulz and golfer Arnold Palmer. Legions of fans—many of whom were born after the King was found lifeless, his body wracked by opioids—treat him as a Christ- like figure, a man born on the fringes who attracted a great following and who some still believe is not dead. The site this month of a panel discussion with Priscilla Presley, a sold-out "Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist Contest Showcase ” and a vigil 0 Ⅱ the anniversary of his death, Graceland is among the most-visited private homes in the nation along with the White House, which is fitting, since the Presley phenomenon has particular resonance in the age of HiIIbiIIy EIegy. "What he did was earthshaking," says Tim McGraw, the country-music superstarwho counts Presley as a huge influence. "He changed not only the music that we make but social norms and the way we looked at each other. " He also changed how we are able to look at, and experience, him in the 21St century. Ted Harrison, a British writer and broadcaster who's done landmark fantastic rise and long, s ad slide intO an overweight, work on the presley phenomenon, notes that inves- gun-toting, prescription-drug-abusing conspiracy tors in the "Elvis brand," thanks to the Presley fam- theorist about communism and the counterculture ily, have had unusual artistic and commercial free- ()e hated the BeatIes, once telling President Nixon dom. Next up: a hologram EIvis that can carry an that the British band threatened American values) entire concert. ” Harrison says, continue tap intO fundamental questions about race, mass tO gro 、 M. ” Fans, it turns out, need never have a lone- culture, sexuality and working-class anxiety in a some night. postwar America. A poor boy made good ⅲ the The PresIey legend has proved durable and in- prosperous 1950S , Presley experienced tension triguing not least because it mirrors much ofAmer- and feared disorder ⅲ the 1960S before breaking ican culture in the artist's lifetime and beyond. Hi s down totally ⅲ the hectic 1970S. ln his music and 、い 0 Clockwise from top : Recording 砒 RCA Victor Studio in New 物 r た City ⅲ Ju 1956 ゞ ⅲ g が 0 れ 0 ⅲ れ e 1956 , before hiS appearance 0 れ The Steve Allen Show ⅲ New 物ⅸ City; onstage 砒 Russwood 2 町た inMemphis ⅲ 1956 ゞ砒 the Ellis Auditorium ⅲ Memphis ⅲ May 1956