T H E S E C O N D M A C H I N E A G E 図表の出典 1 ト 1.2 社会開発指数は、イアン・モリス『人類 5 万年文明の興亡』 ( 邦訳・筑摩書房 ) に拠る。 世界の人口は、アメリカ統計局の推定値の平均を採用した。 http://www.census.gov/population/international、、data/worldpop/table history.php. なお二〇〇〇年の世界総人口は、中央情報局 ( — < ) のワールド・ファクトブックに拠った。 3.1 著者の調査に拠る。 3.2 著者の調査に拠る。 3.3 スー ーコン。ヒュータの処理速度については以下を参照されたい。 http://、www.riken.jp/en/pr/publications/riken research/2006/ http 、 www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickrefyr.htm http://www.green500.org/home.php Hard drive cost: http://www.riken.j p/en/pr/publications/riken research/2006/ http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickrefyr.htm http://www.green500.org/home.php Supercomputer energy efficiency: http://ed-thelen.org.com/-hist/CRAY ・ I-HardRefMan/CRAY -I-HRM . html http://www.green500.org/home.php Transistors per chip: http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickrefyr.htm 416

第 15 章 テクノロジーと未来 ミ・ G まミ Change. 20 】 3. ( アル・ゴア『アル・ゴア未来を語るーー世界を動かす 6 つの要因』枝廣淳子、中小路佳代子訳、 KADOKAWA) * 6 Chad B 「 00k "What ls the Singula 「 ity?" Te ~ 0 D , AP 「 = 29 , 2013 , h ( ( 三一一 www.(echnewsd 巴一y.com/ 17898 ・ ( echno 一 og 一 0 巴・ singularity-definition. html• * 7 カーツワイルは特異点を見届けるために ( 二〇四五年には彼は九七歳になっているはずだ ) 、独自のダイエットを励行し ている。それには、毎日一五〇種類のサプリメントの摂取も含まれている。以下を参照されたい。 K 「一 stenPh 三 pkosk 一 , = R Kurzweil's Plan: Never Die," Wired, November 18.2002. http://www.wired.C0mーCuー(ureーミeS(Yー象neW当2002ー11、56448. * 8 steve Loh 「 . "C 「 eating A 「ミ一 0 一 a 一 lntelligence Based on the Real Thing," ~ 0 ミ ) 、 0 斗き 0 Decembe 「 2011. http://www.nytimes. com/2011/12/06/science/creating-artificial-intelligence-based-on-the-real-thing.html. * 9 Ga 「 eth COOk. "Watson, the Computer Jeopa 「 dy! Champion. and the Future 0 ( A 「 tificial lntelligence" ・ S 之 e ミミ 0 ゝミ e ュ 3 ド Ma 「 ch 1.201 尸 http ・ //www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=watson-the-computer-jeopa. * 加 Martin Luthe 「 King 」「 .. "se 「 mon 籌 Temple lsrael 0f H011ywood" ・ Feb 「 uary 26' 】 965. h ( ( p ・一、 www ゝ me 「一 0 n 「 he ( 0 「一 0.00m 一 speeches/mlktempleisraelhollywood. htm. 411

第 14 章 長期的な提言 * 訂 J0hnny B.. "TaskRabbit WeIcomes 尸 000 New TaskRabbits Each Month," T ・ bb = B 、 . April 23 , 2013. https:/)、www. taskrabbit.com/blog/taskrabbit-news/taskrabbit-welcomes ・ 1000 ・ new ・ taskrabbits ・ each ・ month/. Employment Situation News ReIease, Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 3.2013. http•/)、www.bls.gov/news.release.、empsit.htm. 395

第 4 章 デジタル化の大波 had ・ to-delete ・ーU267047A * Ⅱ Kevin J. 0 ・ Brien, "Talk ( 0 Me. ()ne Machine said ( 0 the ()ther," ~ 0 ~ 0 ) 、 0 ゴき 0 JulY 29 , 201 ド http://www.nytimes. com心 012ざ戔30AeChn0ー0gミ(aーk ・ to-me-one-machine-said-to-the-other. html. * "VNI Forecast Highlights," Cisco, http•//www.cisco.com/web/solutions/sp/vni/vni—forecast—highlights/index.html (accessed June 2 2013 ). * 昭 "VNI Forecast Highlights," 0 http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/sp/vni/vni—forecast—highlights/index.html (accessed June 2 2013 ). * Ⅱ一 nfographic,"The l)awn 0 ( the Zettabyte Era. ・・ Cisco Blogs, http://blogs.cisco.com/news/the-dawn-of-the ・ zettabyte-era ・ infographic/ (accessed June 2 望 2013 ). * 新 Russ RowIett, "HOW Many? A Dictionary 0 ( Units Measurement. ・・ April 16, 200 http://、www.unc.edu/~ rowlett/units/prefixes. html. * Rumi Chunara, Jason R. Andrews, and J0hn S. Brownstein, "Social and News Media Enable Estimation 0f Epidemi010gical Patterns EarIy in the 2010 Haitian Cholera Outb 「 eak," ゝき 0 ュミミ 70 ~ 、こミ 7 ざ 0 ミミ & 一ミ 0 ミ d を e ミ 86. no• 1 ( 2012 ) 】 39 ー 45. do = 10.4269 ( mh. 2012.11 と 597. * Sitaram Asur and Bernard0 A. Huberman. p ミミ g the F ミに、 e ミ一斗 social Media," arXiv e もユ n (. Cornell UniversitY March 29.2010. h ( も a v. or ミ abs 言 003.5699. * Jennifer Howard, "Google Begins ( 0 scale Back lts Scanning B00ks From University Libraries," Ch きミ e H 一 g 、 E ト、 c ミぎド March 9.2012. http://chronicle.com/articIe/GoogIe-Begins-t0-Scale-Back/131109/. "Culturomics. 当 http:/'、www.culturomics.0rミ (accessed June 2 2013 ). * Jean-Baptiste Michel et al., Quantitative Analysis culture Using Millions 0 ( Digitized B00ks. ・・ s 0 ミ 331 , no. 6014 ( 2011 ) 】 176 ー 8 ド do 一】 10.112 望 sc 一 ence. 1199644. * 幻 steve Lohr, "For Today ・ s Graduate, Just One word: Statistics," ~ 0 ミ ) 、 0 ごミ0S. August 6 , 2009. http://www.nytimes• 121

TH E S E C O N D M A C H I N E A G E * 1 引用一兀は、 John Markoff, "Armies 0 ( Expensive Lawyers, RepIaced by Cheaper Software, ・・ ~ ミ ( ) 斗ゴき e March 4 , 201 尸 http ://www.nytimes.com/2011 、、 0370 望 sc 一 ence ざ 51egaI. html?pagewanted=all& r Ⅱ 0. * "Spring Cleaning for Some Of Our APIs," The 0 、一ミ C00 ミ e CO BIog. June 3, 201 尸 h ( ( p 】 goog 一 ecode. b 一 ogspo (. C0m72011 ざ望 spring ・ cleaning-for ・ some-of-our-apis. html. * DougIas Adams. The ミ守、・ ls G ミ斗 the G ミ (New York: Random House. 2007 ). p. 54. ( ダグラス・アダムス『銀河ヒ ッチハイク・ガイド』安原和見訳、河出文庫 ) * Ⅱ以下の個人的通信に拠る。 Sara Buda, Lionbridge Vice President. lnvestor Relations and Corporate DeveIopment. September 2011. Top 10 TV Ratings / Top 10 TV Shows 7 Nielsen," E ミ rno August 18. 2012. https://www.evernote.com/shard/s13/sh/ a4480367 ・ 94144246 ・ bba d588d60e64Ce ま b3 「 380315Cd10dee 「 9e33a88e56602 (accessed June 23, 2013 ). * "Meet watson. the Jeopardy!-Playing Computer,' ・ T 「きき , December 1. 2004 , http://www.tv.com/news 、、 meet-watson ・ the ・ jeopardy-playing ・ computer ・ 25144A * "What ・ s The Most Money Won On Jeopardy?," Celebrity ~ ミ「ミ . May 20.2010. http ・ //www.celebritynetworth.com/articles/entertainment-articles/whats- themost-money ・ won-o/. * Stephen Baker. Fi1 ミ一トこミミ Vs. 耋ぎ e ミ d the 0 ミ es ミ 0 K きミ E ミ g (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011 ). p. 19. "IBM and Jeopardy!' Relive History With Encore Presentation 0 ( Jeopardy!',' ・ 0ミ K ミ 0 ミ . . 2013. http://www.jeopardy.com/ showguide/abouttheshow/showhistory 「 /. * 跚ワトソンと人間のパフォーマンスに関する、テータは、すべて以下に拠る。 WillyShih, "BuildingWatson: Not So Elementary. My Dear!" Harvard Business School Case 612 ・ 017. September 2011 (revised July 2012Y http://hbr.org/product/buildingwatson ・ not-so-elementary-my ・ dear/an/612017-PDF -ENG . * 幻著者の調査に拠る。 * Ken Jennings, "My puny Human Brain,' ・ S ぶ Feb 「 uary 16. 2011 , http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2011/02/my 2

T H E S E C O N D M A C H I N E A G E com心 012 ざ望 27/mobile-developing-worId/. * 貶 Marguerite Reardon, "Smartphones ( 0 ()utsell Feature Phones in 2013 for First Time," CNET, March 分 2013 , http://news.cnet. com一8301 ・ 1035 し・ 57572349 ・ 94 一 smar ( phones , ( 90u ( se デ ( ea ( ure も hones 」 n ・ 2013 も 07 ( 一 rs ( 三 me/. * Jonathan RosenbIatt, "AnaIyzing Your Data on the AWS Cloud (with R ). ・・・ 4 ミ旁 = cs Blog, July 22.2013. http ・ //www.r・ statistics. com/2013/07/analyzing-yourdata ・ on ・ the ・ aws ・ cloud ・ with ・ r/. * Ⅱ CarI B "We ・ ve Reached lnfinity 「—So start Creating," Wired UK, Feb 「 uary 22. 2012. http.//www.wired.co.uk/magazine/ archive 、、 2012703 、、 ideas-bank/weve-reachedinfinity. * Noam Cohen, "Surviving Without Newspapers, ・・ ~ 0 ~ 0 ごごミ ). June 7. 2009. h ( ( 三一一 www. n ) 「 ( 一 me com 心 009 一 06 一 0 戔 weekinreview/07cohen. html. 162

T H E S E C 0 N D M A C H I N E A G E 第材章原注 * 1 "The World ・ s Billionaires 】 25 ( h Anniversary TimeIine," Fo 導 ). 2012. http:/、/www.forbes.com/special ・「 eport/2()12/billionaires- 25th-anniversary-timeline. html (accessed August 2013Y lncome. Poverty and Health lnsurance Coverage in the United States: 2011. ' U. S. Census Bu 「 eau public lnfo 「 mation Office, September 12. 2012. http://www.census.gov/news 「 oom/releases/ archives/income wealth/cb12 ・ 172. html (accessed August 9.2013 ). * 2 N. G. Mankiw. "Defending the ()ne percent,' 70 ミ rn ミ E きミ 0 ミ洋、も ec 斗ミ June 8. 2013. http://scholar.harva 「d.edu/files/ mankiw/fiIes/defending_the_one_percent_O も d (. * 3 Felix Salmon. 'Krugman vs. Summers: The Debate," やミ e ) B 窃ー洋一 S ミミ 0 ド November 15 , 2011. http://blogs.reuters.com/ felix-saImon/2011/11/15/krugman-vssummers-the-debate/ (accessed August 10, 2013 ). * 4 Donald J. Boudreaux and Mark J. Perry. "The Myth of a Stagnant MiddIe Class," wall street 70 ミ rn ミ , January 23. 2013 , http:// 9 on = ne.ws」.com/ar(一 de7SB10001424127887323468604578249723138161566. html. * 5 Mark J. Perry,"Thanks ( 0 Technology, Ame 「 icans spend Dramatically Less on Food Than They Did 3 1)ecades Ago,' AE 、斗 5. ApriI 7 , 2013 , http ・ //www.aei-ideas.org/2013/04/technology-innovation-and ・ automation-have ・ lowered-the-cost-ofour ・ food-and- improved-the-lives-of-all-americans/. * 6 Scott Winship, "Myths of lnequality and Stagnation. ' The Brookings lnstitution, March 27. 2013. http ・ //www.brookings.edu/ reSearChま三nー0nS72013ざ3心7 ・ inequalitymyths-winship (accessed August 10, 2013 ). * 7 Jared Bernstein. "Three Questions About Consumer Spending and the Middle Class, "Bureau 0 ( Labor Statistics, June 22. 201P http://www.bls.gov/cex/duf201()ber1】 steinl.pdf. * 8 Annamaria Lusardi, DanielJ. Schneider, and Peter Tufano, "Financially Fragile HousehoIds: Evidence and lmplications, working Paper (NationaI Bureau 0 ( Economic Research, May 2011Y http ・ーーW舅妻 . nber. 0 「 g/papers/w17072.

第 13 章 政策提言 stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/SLCEC 96. 'Siemens CEO on US Economic ()utlook," CNBC, March 14.2013. h ( ( P v 一 deo.cnbc.com/a=e v 一 deo 日 3000154454 (accessed August 1 ド 2013 ). * % J0hn Maynard Keynes, The Ge ミ 0 、ミ T 00 0 、 E き 01 ミ e ミ . 7 ミ e 、 0 みミミミミミ Oct0ber 21.201 ド http ・ーーeb00歹.adelaide.edu/au/k/ key 「 nes/john-maynard/k44g/. ( ジョン・メイナード・ケインズ『雇用、利子、お金の一般理論』山形浩生訳、講談社学術 文庫 ) * peter B. Dixon and Maureen T. Rimmer. Restriction or LegaIization? Measuring the Economic Benefits Of lmmigration Reform' Cat0 lnstitute, August 13 , 2009. http://www.cato.org/publications/trade-policy-analysis/restriction ・ or-legalization-measuring ・ economic-benefits-immigration-reform (accessed December 1 2012Y RObert Lynch and patrick ()akford' "The Economic Effects 0 ( Granting LegaI status and Citizenship ( 0 Undocumented lmmigrants," Center for American Progress, March 20.2013. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2013/03/20/57351/the-economic-effects ・ of-granting-legal-status ・ and-citizenship ・ to-undocumented-immigrants/ (accessed August 12.2013 ). * David card, "The lmpact 0 「 the MarieI Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market," working paper (National Bureau 0 ( Economic Research. August 1989Y http://www.nber.org/papers/w3069. * 四 Rachel M. Friedberg, "The lmpact of Mass Migration on the lsraeli Labor Market,' 0 ミ 7 ミ、こミ ~ ミ・ E きミ 0 き 11P no. 4 ( 2001 ) 】 1373 ー 1408. do 一】 10.1162 ざ 03355301753265606. * Amy Sherman. 'Jeb Bush (a) 「 s lllegal lmmig 「 ation ls 'Net Zero. : ・ミこ He ミミ , September 3.201 ド h()】、、 /www.miamiherald. com/2012/09/01/2980208/jeb-bush-saysillegal-immigration.html. * 訂 GO 「 don F. De Jong et al.,"The Geography oflmmig 「 ant Skills: Educational profiles 0 ( Metr0P01itan Areas,' ・ Brookings lnstitution, June ド 2011 , http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2011/06/immigrants-singer. * "State and county QuickFacts, ・・ United states census Bureau, June 27. 201P http://quickfacts.census.g0ミqfdーS(a窄Sざ0000.html; Vivek Wadhwa et al., "America's New lmmigrant Entrepreneurs: Part I," SSRN Sch01arly Paper, Duke Science, Technology 年 565

T H E S E C 0 N D MAC H I N E A G E 第 4 章原注 * 1 Nick Wingfield and B 「 ian X. Chen. "Apple Keeps LoyaIty 0 ( Mobile App DeveIopers,' ・ New ) 、 0 斗 Times,June 1(), 2012. http://www. nytimes.com/2012/06/11/technology/apple-keeps-loyalty-0f-m0biIe-app-developers.html. * 2 "How Was the ldea for Waze Created?. 当 http://www.waze.com/faq/ (accessed June 2 2013 ). * 3 Daniel Feldman, "Waze Hits 20 一三 on Users!, July 5.2012. http://www.waze.com/blog/waze ・ hー(S・20 ・ million ・ users/. * 4 Carl Shapiro and Hal R. Varian, 守、ミミぎミ R ミ es. ・ゝ Str ミ egic G ミト the ~ ミ 0 E きミ 0 ミ』 (Boston, MA 】 Harvard Business Sch001 Press. 1998 ). p. 3. ( カール・シャピロ ノリャン『ネットワーク経済の法則』宮本喜一訳、—コミュニ ケーションズ ) * 5 Jules Verne, ミ釁 0 、 7 ミ V 夷ミ (New York: V. pa 「 ke. 1911 ). http://archive.org/details/wo 「 ksofjulesvern()lvernuoft. ( ジュール・ ベルヌ『海底二万里』荒川浩充訳、創元文庫ほか ) * 6 Shapiro and Varian, 7 ミさ、ミミ一 0 ミミ es. p. 21. * 7 "Friendster," W & . http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friendste 「陸三dーdⅡ559301831 (accessed June 27. 2013Y History 0 「 Wikipedia," Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.0 「 g/w/index.php?title=History 0 ( ー W 一 k ぎ ed 一 a 0 一 d 一 d Ⅱ 561664870 (accessed June 27. 2013Y "BIogger (service)," W & 一 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blogger_(service)&oldid=560541931 (accessed June 27.2013 ). * 8 "Top Sites. : と exa: The Web 、ミさ、ミ一 0 ミ Co ミ、 , http•//www.alexa.com/topsites (accessed September 8.2012 ). * 9 "IBM Watson Vanquishes Human Jeopardy Foes. ・・ PC 0 ミト February 16. 2011. h ( ( p 【、 ( w も cwor一d.com/a 「 ( 一 c 一 e7219893 一一 bm watson_vanquishes human_jeopardy_foes. html. "IBM ・ s Watson Memorized the Entire 'Urban Dictionary, Then His ()verlords Had ( 0 1)elete 一 (. ご The ゝミ一 c. January 10, 2013 , http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/ibms-watson ・ memorized-the-entire ・ urban ・ dictionary ・ then-hisoverlords- 120

第 2 章 機械とスキル puny_human brain. single. html. * lsaac Asimov. "The Vocabulary 0 ( Science Fiction," in 一ミミ 0 ミ Sc ミミ c ミ (New York, Doubleday, 1981 ) , p. 69. 'The Robot panic of the Great Depression. ・・ S ぶ尹 November 29 , 2011. http://www.slate.com/slideshows/technology/the-robot- panic-of-the-great-depression. html (accessed June 23.2013 ). * % 'lsaac Asimov Explains His Three Laws 0 ( R0b0ts," 0 をミ C ミミ、 Oct0ber 3 尸 2012. http://www.openculture.C0m心012、/l()/isaac asimov_explains his three laws of_robotics. html (accessed June 23.2013 ). * % Brian Lam. "Honda ASIMO vs. Slippery Stairs,' ・ December 1 尸 200P http://gizm0d0.com/220771/honda-asimo-vs ・ slippery ・ stairs? op=showcustom0bject&postId=220771&item=O. * 幻 Hans Moravec, ミぎ C 三ミミ The F ミミ 0 、 06 ミミミミミミ 7 ミ e ミ e ミ 2 (Cambridge. MA: Harvard University press, 1988Y p. 15. * "Moravec's Paradox. ・・三、 ed . the F 、ミミミ 0 、 ed . April 28. 2013 , http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index. php?titIe=Moravecpercent27s_paradox&oIdid=540679203. * 四 Steven Pinker, The トミ g 一ミ ge 守 s ~ ミ (New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2007Y p. 190 カー『言語を生み出す本能』椋田直子訳、日本放送出版協会 ) * Christopher Drew. "For iRobot, the Future ls Getting CIoser,' ・ New 、ゴミ es. March ド 201 ド http•//www.nytimes. C0m心012ざ3ざ3AeChn三0gY=0r ・ irobot-thefuture ・ is ・ getting-closer. html. * DanieIIe Kucera, "Amazon Acquires Kiva Systems in Second-Biggest Takeover,"Bloomberg, March 19 , 2012 , http://www. bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-19/amazon-acquires ・ kiva-systems-in-second-biggest-takeover. html (accessed June 23.2013 ). * Marc DeVidts, "First Production Run Double Has Sold Out!,' ・ August 16. 201 ド h ( ( p ミ b 一 og. doub 一 erobo ( 一 cs.com/20127871 望 welcome-double ・ update. "DARPA Robotics Challenge 「 n. d., http ョ . darpa. mil/Our Work/1TO/Programs/DARPA Robotics_ChaIIenge. aspx. * DARPA, "Broad Agency Announcement DAR PA Robots Challenge TacticaI TechnoIogy 0 ョ ce April 1(), 2012 , http://www.fbo. 、 91. ( スティープン・ピン