新説・明治維新 西鋭夫 鋭訂 A New %eory Meiji Restoration DIRECT P u 日し一 5 日一 N 0

such relations had never occurred. same applies to go 旧 and silver. Japan's plentiful precious metals flO 、 ved overseas via underground channels 、 vith the force Of a glittering pyroclastic flO Ⅵ ,. Perhaps it 、 vas tO pay the "tuition fees" for receiving the Western education. We are used [ 0 hearing the phrase "modernization ofJapan," but behind this phrase is a stigma condemning the ages ofsamurai as SO feudal and regressive, as shamefully una 、 vare OfitS 0 、 shortcomings and archaic traditions that had no place in a progressive 、 vorld. such condemnation on . justifies the lmperial Restoration as having brought about wonderful modernization to a backwards country desperately needing the generous hand of the 嶬 [. There is no indictment of the arrogant Western po 、 vers that used arms [ 0 forcibly open up the Japanese archipelago from its peaceful isolation. lt seems that the Japanese have [ 0 be grateful for the brutal imperialism of the U. S. and Europe, which colonized the globe through racial discrimination and slaughter. ユ石 e Western powers declared that Japan's isolation was a bad policy. お e cheerfuleu- phemism opening ofthe country is used presently, but what was really opened was a gate [ 0 hellthat destroyed this co un try of advanced aesthetics and morals. The lmperial Restoration is revered as right and good, while isolation by the Shogun iS despised as 、 vrong. lt has alSO arbitrarily indicted the Shogun regime as an incompetent government. Rather than judging the peacefultranquility ofthe Shogun period as a short- coming Of a stagnant nation devoid Of innovation, 、 should recognize the Shoguns great deed of maintaining peace for 250 years. The ne 、 Japanese Empire developed an obsession with becoming 、 vesternized. ln a short time, it rushed intO foreign 、 vars, one after another, engaging in fierce battles over its vested interests in neighboring countries, ironically against the very Western PO 、 that had forced Japan into its dogmatic globalism. Just 77 years after the lmperial Restoration, the corpses 0 「 the nation s ハ vo slogans, "wealthy nation and strong soldiers" and "civilization and enlightenment could be seen rotting on the bloody battlefield in the summer 0 日 945. Japan should not have modeled itselfon the British Empire as a paragon ・ Globalization Born or れ Domestic Destruction The terms internationalization" and globalization" have been hugely popular in Japan for the past 30 years. These abstract meaningless slogans cast magic spells upon Japan ・ This brainwashing says that Japan must "align itself with the global standard" and abandon its refined aesthetics and morals. ls this a relapse Of the inferiority complex that infected Japan right before the lmperial Restoration? 19

0 0 0 Opium lhe white Western powers pillaged anywhere on the planet where there was money to be made. mry used advanced weapons to enslave indigenous peoples and sellthem around the 、 vorld for enormous profits. Qing China 、 vas a self-suffcient, afHuent nation that had been isolated for more than 250 years. lt was destroyed by the opium produced in the British colony oflndia. Pure silver 、 vas piled high in the national treasury in Beijing. These precious moun- tains were chipped away at everyday to pay for opium, in a short time eroded like the aftermath 0 「 a massive landslide. Moreover, opium-related corruption crippled the Chinese, from high offcials in Beijing's Forbidden City [ 0 the mass of addicts in filthy opium den alleys. China decayed, and Qing became its last dynasty. Britain knew that Qing China was very wealthy, so it brought aboutthe two Opium Wars and extorted large indemnities from China. The total amount Qing China had [ 0 pay Britain was 34 trillion yen ( 3.4 trillion US$) in today's currency. lt also paid seven trillion ) ℃ n [ 0 France. Qing China struggled in this living hell, and tried to escape into transient pleasure of flesh and 、 vine and drug, but 、 vas unable [ 0 continue this unsustainable fagade in the wake of its newfound poverty. China could not even recall the brilliance of its wealth and splendor, and its pride as the birthplace 0 「 great civilization. country was in shambles, experi- encing misfortune after misfortune, and signs 0 「 restoration 、 never again. China tumbled dO 、 the steep staircase of disrepair, thanks t0 an enthusiastic kick in the back from Britain. The British Empire showed 0 伍 its elegant way oflife as a wealthy nation that had successfully realized a popular shibboleth of the time, [ 0 become "wealthy and militarily powerful." Britain had colonized one fourth of the globe. ln the world ofthe 19th century 、 rife With poverty, starvation, infectious despair—Britain Ⅵ, ・ as revered as a parliamentary democracy, 、、 said [ 0 ShOW 0 伍 the maturity Of itS government. Most history books about the Meiji lmperial Restoration of 1868 make no mention of opium. Opium flows through the arteries of world history from time immemorial. If the Opium Wars had not occurred ⅲ China, the Meiji Restoration would not have taken place. Did the young lowly samurai men who played leading roles in the Restoration have any connectlons tO OP1t1m. The profit 丘 om opium was of a different order of magnitude from any other trade goods. lhat is why Asia was flooded with opium oflndia and Turkey that Britain and the 12

0 0 2 0 店 e world saw the living aesthetics and moral sense the Japanese. Bushid0' which the Western powers tried [ 0 kill 150 years ago, is still alive. Seventy-seven years passed between the lmperial Restoration and 1945. Seventy-one years passed between 1945 and 2016. The Japanese people shall cherish their aesthetics and morals without being disheart- ened by these repeated interventions and tragedies. 、 inspire respect and awe from people across the world. The first golden age ofJapan is imminent. lndeed, the sun will rise again ・ 22

西鋭夫 4 8 7 9 改訂版〕西錢夫講録立本一一 = ロ日、・糸立本 ( , 。 Meiji R 。きミ一。。 版 二、′講 西祝矗 A New lheory ・ f the Meiji Restoration 旧 BN978-4-86622-023-9 C0095 ¥ 2980E 一三ロ " 誰も言わない明治維新の真実… 維新のヒーロー・坂本龍に一体誰がカネを出したのか卩 歴史の裏に隠されてきた驚くべき真実。それを知れば、これまでの歴史の見方が 180 度変わる : IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 1 9 2 0 0 9 5 0 2 9 8 0 1 定価 2980 円十税 ダイレクト出版 リアルラストサムライの異名を持つ スタンフォード大学フーヴァー研究所教授 西鋭夫 (Toshio Nishi, PhD) 1941 年 12 月大阪生まれ。 関西学院大学文学部卒業後、ワシントン大学大学 院に学ぶ。同大学院で修士号と博士号取得 ( 国際政 治・教育学博士 ) 。 J ・ウォルター・トンプソン広告代 理店に勤務後、 1977 年よりスタンフォード大学フー ヴァー研究所博士号取得研究員。現在、スタンフォー ド大学フーヴァー研究所教授。著作にベストセラー 「國破れてマッカーサー」「日米魂カ戦」などがある。 米国では、全米中継のテレビ番組に多数出演 ( ド キュメンタリー、討論番組等 ) 。スタンフォード大学 フーヴァー研究所から出版した「 Unconditional Dem 。 cracy 」は米国の名門大学で教科書となる。ス タンフォード大学から世界へ配信された論文は大反 響を獲得。レーガン元大統領やライス元国務長官な ど米国首脳との交流をはじめ、日米財政界に太いパ イプを持つ。海軍大学、マッカーサー記念図書館、ト ルーマン大統領図書館、全米各所での講演活動多 数。ハーヴァード大学や MIT など世界最高峰の大学 との共同研究会でゲストスヒ。ーカーとして登壇。史上 初めてスタンフォード大学フーヴァー研究所を日本に 招聘し、日本の大学との共同シンポジウムを 2 度企画 し総合司会を務める。 A New lheory of the Meiji Restoration 000 西鋭夫 DIRECT

0 0 0 not ccread the tide Of time ' not as naive and out Of touch, but as an awe-inspiring symbOl Of _Japanese aesthetics entitled [ 0 respect. Even [ 0 this they see the actions Ofthese men and women as genuine and pure, and are profoundly touched by the devotion 0f the defeated. Britain, which contributed significantly to the lmperial force, received land in the best residential area 0fTokyo.1he British Embassy was built on a high ground that overlooks the lmperial Palace, only a stone's throw from the castle gate. What did Britain gain? lt acquired trade and financing of the lmperial government and became the most eminent instructor for all movement in Japan. Britain 、 the first country tO recognize a new Japan, by which it appeared tO be singing its 0 、 praises. On October 14 , 1872 , the nation's first railway was built from Yokohama, where Western fleets entered and exited Japan, to Shimbashi near the lmperial Palace. Shouldn't this railway have serviced the large population centers 0 「 Kyobashi, Asakusa, and Ueno? The building 0 「 this railway was Britain S strategic measure [ 0 restrain the lmperial palace (the cornerstone ofJapan) and guard against the potential danger that a citizen revolt mighttake place [ 。 expel the foreigners from J 叩 as the Taiping Rebellion in China had tried. British and 、 American SOldiers, arms, and ammunition could be transported S 、 viftly by trains from Yokohama [ 0 Shimbashi, which is located at the south ofthe lmperial Palace. ln fact, the railline was like a spear thrusting into the Palace's underbelly. ghosts of the lmperial Restoration still haunt Japan today. Presently, the people are encouraged [ 0 embrace globalization out of anxiety that Japan might be lagging behind the times. Japan's first globalization in the early Mei. ji Peri0d ( 1868 ー 1905 ) was based on the slogans "civilization and enlightenment," the goal Of 嶬市 . ich 、 [ 0 accept Western culture 、 vithout questioning, even at the expense Of Japan S own sophisticated culture, with the unspoken premise being that culture 、 in all Ⅵはメ S superior tO the anachronistic ways ofJapan. ImperialJapan was galvanized by its inferiority complex' which mandated that it had [ 0 catch up [ 0 the British and American empires ・ Japan dove headfirst into the deep end 0 「 modernization, imitating the brutal imperialism Of the belligerent West until the mid- summer of 1945. lhe story we learn in our compulsory education overtly praises only the 1868 lm- perial Restoration, leaving out the details that would mar such an OptimistiC account Of convenient, biased history. Sakamoto Ryoma, a young energetic rebel and a close friend 0f a British arm dealer Glover, has been deified in our academic and popular cultures. Even asking who paid for his traveling expenses (such as hiS transportation and living COSts) iS blasphemy. ・ he dangerous liaisons between the highest echelon of the lmperial government and the British and Americans who became hugely wealthy on opium have been erased, as if 18

ユ 11e Meiji Restoration as Japanese . A. esthetic Destruction 訪加ルなん , PhD 乃・ 0 乃どⅵなイ M 。ん During the Sui ( 581 ー 614 ) and Tang ( 618 ー 907 ) Dynasties, Japan for three centuries sent successive envoys Of their brightest men tO China, the 1 れ OSt po 、 East. ASian nation Of the era. ln the beginning of the 19th Century, at the hands of the British Empire China be- came the unwilling recipient Of astronomical amounts ofexpensive exports. お e ing Qing Dynasty ( 1644 ー 1912 ) , which was feared as a "Sleeping Lion" by their lmperialist counterpart, rejected this opium and burned it. ln retaliation, the British 、 a horrific war upon China.The Sleeping Lion suffered an ignominious defeat. The United States and European powers had been portioning 0 伍 the South American continent as well as all of Africa and Asia as spoils of global manifest destiny ・ Japan and %ailand were the only countries where blood had yetto spill. Japan, then known as 'Zipangu, was a land of abundant go 旧 and silver. lt was this island nation that Marco Polo had dreamed about. Christopher C01umbus, searching for a short route [ 0 Japan, sailed 、 vest. Although there was no shortage of gold coins in Japan, the nation lacked weapons for killing large numbers of people. Japan was unable [ 0 protect its people and assets from the European and American pirates that attacked from the sea. country had 250 years ofpeace during the Shogun regime, and had no need t0 improve their military technology. During the 1850S , avaricious Caucasians from the U. S. , Europe, and Russia found Japan S national isolation" policy as disrupting their commerce. They sent a fleet ofmasswe warships [ 0 invade Ed0 Bay (modern day T0kY0)' and thoroughly intimidated Japan with many cannons, the size Of 、 the island nation had never seen before. Russia came from the north, Britain from the south, and the U. S. from the east. To the west was Qing China, which was in its weakening finalthroes against invading foreign forces. lhe Western powers like vultures swarmed this mangled and dying lion. Smacking their lips still wet with China's b100d , they looked [ 0 Zipangu as their next prey ・

ⅱ引 skirmish, fled in the middle ofthe nightto the USS み舛〃 0 な ( 1 , 032 tons), a new warship from the U. S. Asiatic Squadron in Osaka Bay. He returned to Edo on his warship the ん四 外翔 ( 2 , 590 tons), which was anchored 0 伍 the coast, and placed himself under voluntary confinement at a temple ⅲ Ueno (ofTokyo). Sir Harry Smith Parkes, the British envoy who started the Second Opium War, had already made a secret agreement with the lmperial force to overthrow the Shogun, yet he met with him in Osaka CastIe. Did parkes courteously threaten the Shogun there? Parkes' interpreter was Sir Ernest Mason Satow ( 1843 ー 1929 ) , who was a gifted inter- preter and a preeminent spy. 11e top men Of the lmperial force 、 vere SatO 、 v's close friends. Top-secrets Of the Meiji government were readily leaked [ 0 the British government via Satow. ln 1906 , Satow was awarded the Order ofthe Rising Sun に CIass, the highest honor given by the Empire ofJapan. The Shogun army, totaling one million soldiers, was preparing for a decisive battle. But seeing their supreme commander flee from the headquarters of Osaka Castle, the mas- sive army set fire [ 0 the castle and dispersed. ・ Ihe fire spread [ 0 the PO 、 vder magazine, and the large, beautiful castle collapsed amidstthunderous explosion and roaring flames. All Japanese learned in their school days that Saigo Takamori 0 「 the lmperial force and Katsu Kaishu of the Shogun Army agreed [ 0 the bloodless surrender of the Shogun s Edo Castle, triggering the quick demise of the Shogun regime. I, however, cannotswallow this fairy [ a に . France and Britain manipulated the Shogun and the lmperial forces like pieces on a chessboard. After inciting them [ 0 civil 、 var and exhausting bOth sides, Britain's goal 、 vas [ 0 make the lmperial force win and then by proxy gain control ofJapan. lt is rumored in Japan even tO this day that Britain and France 、 vere hostile [ 0 each other, but that is not true. Britain and France fought together in the Crimean War ( 1853 ー 1856 ) and Second Opium War in Qing China ( 1856-1860 ). Both ofthem received enor- mous indemnities totaling 41 trillion yen. Afterwards, [ 0 prolong thelife of the dying Qing Dynasty, they besieged Hong Xiuquan (age 50 ) , the leader of the Taiping Rebellion, whose army was headquartered in Nanjing. Hong ended up dying 0f starvation, by which they suppressed the rebellion that had threatened Beijing for 15 years. Britain and France were comrades in arms WhO fought on fierce battlefields together for 10 whole years. hey were not battling in Japan; they were united in greed up until right before the Meiji lmperial Restoration of 1868. Japan was in a state 0f chaos during the 1850S and 1860S. ⅵ 0 に n [ slogan 0f "re- vere the emperor and expel the barbarians ' appeared tO justify assassination Of foreigners in Japan ・ Britain and France urged the lmperial force to fight 竄 civil war against the Shogun,