原注 Citicorp," Fo Ⅲ May 11 , 1998. [23]Jeffrey E. Garten, 、 'Mega-Mergers, Mega- lnfluence, ” T んビ New 施乃襯ぃ , October 26 , 円 99. [24]。、 Secret Fed Loans Gave Banks $ 13 Billion UndiscIosed to Congress," B loomberg, November 28 , 2011 , http://www.bloomberg.com/ 卩 51"ln Obama's Tenure, a Resurgent wall street," The ル、ん〃 g 〃君 0 新 November 7 , 2011. [26]"Senate Rejects Bid to Shrink Biggest U. S. Banks," アんにルビ w ) の石襯い , May 7 , 2010. [27]Michael Hirsh, 、、 Bonfire ofthe Loopholes," Newsweek, May 21 , 20m. [ 28 】 Bob lvry, 、、 Reed Says 'l'm sorry' for Ro に in Creating Citigroup," B loomberg, November 6 , 2009. [29]"Resistance Bogs Down Financial Overhaul,' The ルに , 石川 , June 7 , 20u. 卩 OlPaul Volcker, lecture, 。、 Three Years Later: Unfinished Business in Financial Reform, September 23 , 2011 , graphics8.nytimes.com/ packages/pdf/business/23gret. pdf; see 引 so Gretchen Morgenson, "How Mr. VolckerWouId Fix lt," 〃 New 石川い , Sunday Business, October 23 , 20 Ⅱ ; and Zachary A. Goldfarb, "ln Obama's Tenure, a Resurgent Wall Street, ” The 'as んⅲ g / 0 〃 Po 新 November 7 , 20 Ⅱ . [31]Paul Krugman, 、、 Making Financial Reform FooI-Resistant," 〃に New 石川い , Apri115, 2010 ; Krugman, "Bubbles and the Banks," 7 ' ん e New Times, January IO, 20m. [32]Jeffrey Lacker, 、 'The Regulatory Response tO the Financial Crisis: An Early Assessment," May 26 , 2010 , http://www.richmondfed.org/ press_room/speeches/president_jeff 信 cker / 2010 / lacker_speech 2000526. cfm. [33]Liam Halligan, 、 'Obama Signs a Bill That Lets Banks Have US over Barrel Once More," T んに ル g ド〃ん (London), JuIy 26 , 20m , http://www. telegraph. co. uk. [34]Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan, cited in WiIIiam Greider, Ⅲん 0 ル〃 / 花〃 ビ P ビ 0 〃厄・ 7 方 e B ビなの , 記可、 .4 川夜・たロ〃 Democracy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 円 92 ) , 23 ; 、、 Po Ⅱ Finds Edge for Obama over GOP among the Public," The New ) 初・ん石襯ぃ℃ BS News Poll, February に , 20m. See poll data, 15 , question 30 , http://s3.amazonaws.com/nytdocs/docs/192 / 192. pdf. [35]The September コ , 2008 , Zogby poll found 195 82 percent thought that political part ies, presidential candidates, and candidates for the U. S. Congress should be banned from receiving financial contributions from lObbyi sts or Other representatives from those industries that are vital tO the fi nancial and national security 0f the country (Zogby, "Voters Not SoId on Government BaiIout," http://www.zogby.com/ news/ReadNews. cfm?ID=1555). The January 2 , 2007 , poll from Roper recorded 制 percent saying Congress should move tO enact 、、 new regulations tO reduce the power and influence Of lobbyists in Washington ” (The Ⅲ 4 〃 & 尾面〃閉記 , January 3 , 2007 ). The January Ⅱ , 2006 , Pew poll found that percent thought it was common forlobbyists to bribe members of Congress (PewCenter for the Press, 、、 Americans Taking Abramoff, Alito and Domestic Spying in Stride, ” http://people-press. org/reports/di splay. php3?ReportID=267). [36]Greider, Ⅲん 0 ル〃 / 花″ビ P ビ 0 〃た , 20. [37]BarteIs, U 〃″記のに川 ocracy , , 287. 第Ⅳ部ミドルクラスの経済苦境 第 11 章年金破綻 [ 1 ]Excerpt of interview of Jamie Sprayregen for the Frontline program 、℃ an You Afford to Retire? ' ' February 17 , 2006 , http://www.pbs.org/frontline. 卩 ] Excerpt of interview of Greg Davidowitch for the Fro 〃〃ⅲに program 、℃ an You Afford to Retire? " http://www.pbs.org/frontline. 卩 ] Pat O 'Neill, interview, December 21 , 2010. [4]Pat O'Neill, interview, December 21 , 2010. [ 5 ] Excerpt of interview of Pat O'NeiII for the Front- ル肥 program 、℃ an You Afford t0 Retire? " March 13 , 2006 , http://www.pbs.org/frontline. [ 6 ] Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation databook, accessed April 4 , 20 に . Table S- 引 shows Ⅱ 2 , 000 single employer-defined benefit (lifetime pension) plans in 1985 , plus 2 , 000 multi-employer plans. Peak coverage at 35 percent of active workforce was achieved in 1980 (table S -33 ) , but peak participation 0f34.5 million employees was in 2004 (table S-31 ) because th is included retirees receiving benefits as well as active workers. See http://www.pbgc.gov/res/data-books.html. [7]Pat O'Neill, interview, July 13, 20m. [8]Adam Bryant, 、、 July 10-16: Lean, Hungry Skies; United's Employees, After 7-Year Fight, Buy Their Own Airline," 励に New ル石川い , July 14 , 1994.

[15]InternaI Revenue Service, U. S. lndividual lncome Tax : Personal Exemptions and Lowest and Highest Bracket Tax Rates, and Tax Base for Regular Tax: Tax Years 1913-2008 , http://www. irs. gov/taxstats/article/() ” id=1759m,00. html. [16]Robert B. Reich, & 甲夜℃ロ″記な襯 . ・ The ル at パ - . / 汾・〃 la 行 0 〃研 B ″ⅵ〃い Democracy, E 怩り冒の , なル (New York: AIfred A. Knopf, 2007 ) , 37. [171CIaudia Go 旧ⅲ and Robert A. Margo, 、、 The Great Compression: The 、 Vage Structure in the United States at Mid-Century," 0 ″ al プ夜・ノ 0 ″” la / 可方 co 〃 0 襯ゞ 107 , no. 1 ( 1992 ) : 1-34. [181Krugman, Co c 〃 c にツ・ロ石わビ ra / , 54. 第Ⅱ部夢を打ち壊す 第 5 章 90 年代のニューエコノミ [1]Ben Stein, 、、 ln CIass Warfare, Guess Which Class ls Winning?" T んビ New Times, November26, 2006. [2]Stephen Roach, interview, JuIy 1997 , 、、 Running with the BuIIs," transcript, PBS, & 〃・ⅵⅵ〃 g the 召 0 ″ 0 川石月巳 January 18 , 円 98 , http://www. hedricksmith.com/ [3]Hedrick Smith, 犬ん〃石〃 g , 4 川夜・た 4 (New York: Random House, 1995 ) , 引 9-25. [4]MichaeI Price, interviews, May-June 1997 , transcript, PBS, ・ viving the 召 0 ″ 0 襯カⅲに , http:// www.hedricksmith.com/ [5]Greenhouse, Big Sq に e , 82. ] Sumantra Ghoshal, 、、 Bad Management Theories Are Destroying GOOd Management Practices,' 図 c ロイ襯 M の ge 襯ビ加カ・ⅲ〃 g & Ed ″ c 〃 vol. 4 , no. 1 ( 2005 ) : 75-91. [7]Milton Friedman, C ロ〃″ロ / な川 at 滬ん・イ 0 川 (Chicago: University 0fChicago Press, 円 62 and 2002 ) , 133. 】 GhoshaI, 、 'Bad Management Theories. ' [9]Price, interview, SIO ・ viving the 召 0 な 0 川ⅲ巳 [ 10 ] Jerry BaIIas, interview, June 1997 , transcript, PBS, Surviving the 召 0 ″ 0 Ⅲ Line, http://www. hedricksmith.com/ [111"Running with the BuIIs," transcript, PBS, & 〃・ - viving ビ召 0 ″ 0 襯カⅲ巳 http://www.hedricksmith. CO ーれ . [12]Art Oxley, interview, July 3 , 1977 , transcript, PBS, Surviving the 召 0 〃 0 襯石〃 e , http://www. hedricksmith.com/ [13]Marsha Dunlap, interview, July 2 , 1977 , transcript, PBS, Surviving the Bo ″ 0 ん加 e , http:// www.hedricksmith.com/ [141Jack Wahl, interview, August 1997 , transcript, PBS, Sut ・ viving 〃肥召 0 ″ 0 川石〃 e , http://www. hedricksmith.com/ い 51Greg Wah し interview, August 円 97 , transcript, PBS, Surviving the 召 0 ″ 0 襯 Line, http://www. hedricksmith.com/ [16]Jonathan R. Laing, 、、 High Noon at Sunbeam,' 召 at ・ ro が June 16 , 1997. [17]Jonathan R. Laing, "Dangerous Games," Bcu ・ - 川が凡 June 8 , 1998. [18]Jonathan R. Laing, 、、 ... And Take the Chainsaw with You! ” Ba1 ・川が、 , June 22 , 1998. [19]"Despite Recovery Efforts, Sunbeam Files for Chapter 11 , ' ' アんにルに w 石″にゞ , February 7 , 2001. [20]"Ex-Sunbeam Executives to Pay $ 15 Million to SettIe a Lawsuit," The ル w Times, January 15 , 2002 ; 、、 Former Sunbeam ChiefAgrees to Ban and a Fine of $ 500 000 , ' ' T んに New ) ' 0 石川 , September 5 , 2002. [21]Tax assessor records, Ocala, FL, http : 〃 216.255.243 / 135 / DEFAULT. aspx ? Key = 2062061 & YR = 20 Ⅱ . [22]Henry Schacht, interview, July 円 97 , transcript, PBS, & 〃・ⅵⅵ月 g に召 0 ″ 0 川 Line, http://www. hedricksmith.com/ [ 23 ] Stephen Roach, interview, JuIy 1997 , transcript, PBS, Surviving ビ召 0 ″ 0 川 Line, http://www. hedricksmith.com/ [24]NichoIas Confessore, Christopher Drew, and JuIie CresweII, 、、 Buyout Profits Keep FIowing to Romney," The ルビ w ⅸ石襯 , December 18 , 201L [25]AIIan Sloan, 、、 The Hit Men," ルビ w 、 w “た , February 26 , 円 96 , http: 〃 www.newsweek.com/ [261Geoffrey Colvin, 、、 The UItimate Manager," F ・ tu 〃に , November 22 , 1999 ; Tim Smart, 、、 Jack Welch's Encore," 召ⅲい、け炬 e ん October 28 , 1996 , http://www.businessweek.com/ [27]Greenhouse, 召 Sq 牝 e , 85-86. [28]Clyde Prestowi レ , The 召 e なのⅥ / 可ツ川夜・た an ro 、汐の・″・ F 尾ビん etD にんⅵ 0 , 図川夜・たがゞ DecIine, の〃 bw ル 2 M ″ CO ″屮ビⅲ the PO - Do 〃の・ E ′・ 4 (New York: Free Press, 2010 ) , 193. [29]Steven Flax, "The Toughest Bosses in America," FO Ⅲ肥 , August 6 , 1984. [30]Paul Krugman, "For Richer," T 方ど New York 石襯 , October 20 , 2002. [31]Janet Guyon, "Combative Chief, GE Chairman Welch, Though Much Prized, Starts to Draw 306

原注 on Executive Pay," ん 0 、 .4 〃 g イい石襯い , March 9 , 2007. 卩 6]Thomas, "SharehoIder Vote on Executive Compensation Act," HR1257 , BiII Summary and Status, 1 1 Oth Congress, Library of Congress , accessed October 24 , 2011 , http://Thomas.loc.gov. [37] 、 'New Rule Tries to Rein ln the pay of Corporate Executives," ん 0 」〃 g ビた、石襯ビ January 25 , 2011. [38]BarteIs, Unequal Democracy, 253-54. [39]Martin Gilens, 、、 lnequality and Democratic Responsiveness," special issue, p ″わ〃 C 0 わⅳ 0 ″ 0 ″ art の・ 69 , no. 5 ( 2005 ) : 778-96. [40]Page and Jacobs, C / の、 4 切 ? , 93. [41]James R. Repetti, 、、 Democracy, Taxes, and ・ WeaIth, ” Research P 叩 er No. 2001-03 (Newton, MA: Boston College Law School, June 凵 , 2011 ) , 8 引 . [42]Torsten Persson and Guido Tabellini, 、、 Growth, Distribution, and Politics, ” in PO 〃〃 - c ECO 〃 0 襯 , Growth, の召ⅲ e CY ℃ les, ed. Alex Cukierman, Zvi Hercowirtz, and Leonardo Leiderman (Cambridge, MA : Massachusetts lnstitute of TechnoIogy Press, 1992 ). 3 ] A n Greenspan, remarks, CounciI on Foreign ReIations, March 15 , 2011 , http://www.cfr. org; Green-span, citing Federal Reserve data, in 、、 Activism," カ″の・〃ロ行 0 〃ロ / Finance 14 , no. 1 (October 20 Ⅱ ) : 165-82 , http://onlinelibrary.wiley. com. [44]James Livingston, 、、 lt 's Consumer Spending, Stupid," The ルに w York 石′〃 , October 25 , 20 Ⅱ . [45]NeIson D. Schwartz, 、 'As Layoffs Rise, Stock Buybacks Consume Cash, ” The New 物乃川 , November 2 し 201L [ 46 IA lan Krueger, 、、 The Rise and Consequences of lnequality in the United States," remarks, Center for American Progress, January 12 , 20 に , http:// WW 、 V. amencanprogress.org/ [47]David Leonhardt, 、、 We 代 the Bush Tax Cuts Good for Growth? ” The ルに w York 石襯 , November , 2010. [48]President Barack Obama, "lnvesting in America: A CNBC Town Hall Event with President Obama," September 20 , 2010 , http:// WW 、 V. cnbC.com/ [49]President Barack Obama, press conference, December 7 , 2 田 0 , White House transcript. [50]CNN Opinion Research Poll, November ロ , 2010 , http://i2.cdn.turner.com/cnn/2010/ 197 images/Il/17/re116e. pdf. CNN found 49 percent opposed tax cuts for people making over $ 250 , 000 a year; 15 percent opposed any tax cut; 64 percent in all opposed tax cuts for upper income brackets. See also BIoomberg News Poll, December 4-7 , 20m , http://media.bloomberg.com/ [51]Bruce Bartlett, 、、 Supply-Side Economics, R.I.P," C 叩 ital Gains and Games og , October l(), 2009 , http://www.capitalgainsandgames.com/ [52]"The Giving Pledge,". 4 召 C 励な 2 既 November 28 , 2010. [531Van Dongen, interview, April 25 , 201L 4 ] U. S. Chamber ofCommerce, 、、 Jobs for America: An Open Letter to the President of the United States, the United States Congress, and the American PeopIe," July 14 , 20m , http://www. uschamber.com/ に5] 、、 Bush Scores Win on Tax Cuts," CQAlmanac 2003 (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 2004 ) , http://www.cqpress.com/ Edmund L. Andrews, 、、 Greenspan Throws Co Water on Bush Arguments for Tax Cut," The ルに w 石襯 , February 12 , 2003 ; "NobeI Laureates , 450 Other Economists Fault Bush Tax Plan,' Economic PoIicy lnstitute, February 10 , 2003 , http://www.epi.org/ 、 'A Tax BiII, FuII ofBreaks, Passes Senate, ” T んビⅣビル石襯ぃ , October 12 , 2004 ; "Buffett Slams Dividend Tax Cut," CNNMoney.com/ May 20 , 2003 , http://money. cnn. C0ーれ . [56]Jeanne Cummings, 、、 Business Pushes to Extend Tax Cuts, ” 0 / ⅲ co , September 凵 , 20m , http:// WW 、 V. politico.com/ [ 5 刀 RepubIican letter to Majority Leader Harry Reid, Co れ g 尾〃 eco ぉ d , S8327 , December, 1 , 2010 , http://www.gpo・ gov ・ [ 58 lPresident Barack Obama, press conference, December 7 , 2010 ; 、、 Obama Defends Tax Deal, but His Party Stays HostiIe, ”アんビルビル ) ' 0 石〃肥、 , December 8 , 2010. [59]David M. Herszenhorn, 、℃ ongress Sends $ 8 田 BiIIion Tax Cut Bill to Obama," T 力にルビ w 乃ぃ , December 16 , 2 田 0. [60] 、、 Obama Tax Deal Wins praise from Business- Lobby Critics," Bloomberg, December 7 , 2010 , http://www.bloomberg.com/ [61]Van Dongen, interview, April 25 , 20 Ⅱ . 第 1 0 章中央政界とウォール街の枢軸 [1]Thomas Jefferson い John Taylor, May 28 , 1 新 6 ,

America, December 17 , 2 田 0 , http://www.psca. org ・ [32]"Retirement Plans Make Comeback, with Limits," 励に朝″ & 尾可 . / 0 〃” 1a / , June 14 , 20 Ⅱ . [33]John BogIe, interview, December 12 , 2 田 0. [341John Bogle, testimony, House Committee on Education and Labor, February 24 , 2009 , http://johncbogle.com/wordpress/wp-content/ upIoads/2009/03/statement2009. pdf ; Hamilton, interview, December 8 , 2010. [3511bid. [36]Ibid. [37]VanDerhei, email, July 20 , 2 田 0. 卩 8]Eschtruth, email, December 15, 20m. [391Rich Kidner, interview, July に , 2010. [40]Ibid. [41]DaIIas Salisbury, interview excerpt from Front- ル肥 , 、℃ an You Afford to Retire? ' ' November 9 , 2005. [ 42 ] Brooks Ham ilton, interview excerpt from F ド 0 〃〃加に , "Can You Afford to Retire? ” [43]Andrea Coombes, 、、 U. S. Retirement lncome Deficit: $ 6.6 Trillion," Ⅲ & / ・んん September 15 , 2010, http://www.marketwatch. com. [44]Anthony Webb, interview, January 20 , 20 Ⅱ . [451The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation gave an estimate 0f $ 504 billion. P ⅵ 0 〃方いⅢ・ - ance Data 召 00 ん 2009 14 (Summer 2010 ) : table S -49 , http://www.pbgc.gov・ [461Peter Whoriskey, "Economists: State, Local Pension Funds Understate ShortfaII by $ 1.5 Trillion 町 Mo 代 , ' ' The ル ra 訪ⅲ g / 0 〃 Po 評 , March 3 , 20 Ⅱ . 7 ] Bog 厄 , interview, December に , 20m. [481Benna, in OIshan, 、 'Father ofthe 401(k)'s Tough l_,ove. ' [ 49 lThomas C. Scott, 、、 The Risk-Averse Future, ”ⅲ "Room for Debate, ” T んにルに w Yo 石襯ぃ , online running commentary on the news, March 25 , 2009 , http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate. [50]Press release, 、、 54th AnnuaI Survey ofProfit Sharing and 401 ( k ) PIans. " [511Schurenberg, 、、 The 401(k) Has Failed. '' [ 52 ] 、、从 / orking in Retirement ls the New Normal for MiddIe Class Americans, Wells Fargo Retirement Survey Finds," Business Wire, December 8 , 20m , http://www.businesswire.com/ [53]Maria Heidkamp, Nicole Corre, and Carl E. Van Horn, "The 、 New Unemployables,' lssue BriefNo. 25 (Chestnut Hill, MA: Sloan Center on Aging & Work at Boston COIIege, November 2 田 0 ). [54]KeIIy Greene and Anne Tergesen, 、、 More Elderly Find They Can't Afford Not to Work, ” 7 ' んビ 'a 〃 & 尾ノ 0 ″閉記 , January 2 し 20 に . [55]Excerpt ofinterview ofTeresa Ghilarducci, for the F 川〃市〃ビ program 、℃ an You Afford to Retire? ' ' February に , 2006 , http://www.pbs.org/ frontline. [561Excerpt ofinterview ofAnna Sullivan for the F 川〃市〃 e program "Can You Afford to Retire? ” February 13 , 2006 , http://www.pbs.org/frontline. [57]Karen Friedman, interview, December 6 , 2 田 0. [58]MunneII, interview, December 8 , 20m. [ 59 ] Bog 厄 , testimony, February 24 , 2009. [601Teresa Ghilarducci, testimony, House Education and Labor Committee, October 7 , 2008 ; Jacob F. Kirkegaard, 、、 Stop Rewarding the Wealthy," Peterson lnstitute for lnternational Economics, in 、、 Room for Debate," 7 ' んビ New ) ' 0 石川い , online commentary, March 25 , 2009 , http: 〃 www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate. 第 13 章住宅強盗 い ] President George W. Bush, remarks on home ownership, Atlanta, GA, June 17 , 2002 , http:// georgewbush-wh itehouse. arch ives. gov. [2]EIiseo Guardado, interview, October 3 , 2010. [31Kathryn Keller, interview, August 9 , 2010. 国 ] B 代 Heller, interview, August 4 , 2010. [ 5 ] Bre Hel ler, email to Florida Attorney General's Office, October 22 , 2008. [6]HeIIer, interview, August 4 , 20m. [7]CoreLogic reported that Ⅱ .2 million homes, 24 percent ofresidential properties with mortgages, were ⅲ negative equity on March 引 , 2010 ; CoreLogic, 、、 Re 引 Estate News and Trends : New CoreLogic Data Shows Decline in Negative Equity, ” media alert, May 10, 20m , www. corelogic.com/about-us/researchtrends/asset upIoad_file155 1435. pdf. [ 8 lHel ler, interview, August 4 , 2010. [9]Robin Updike, 、、、 Friend ofthe Family' 、 Mashington MutuaI New TV Ads Focus on 'The LittIe Guy,' " SeattIe 石襯い , September 3 , 1991. [ 10 ル ee Lannoye, interviews, August 27 , 2010 , and September 27 , 2010. Sen. CarI Levin, summarizing the investigation ofWashington Mutual by the S enate Permanent lnvestigations 191

capgainI-2010. pdf. [36]Robert Lenzner, 、、 The Top 0.1 % ofthe Nation Earn HaIfofAII Capital Gains," Fo e 、 , November 20 , 2011. 卩刀、、 Warren Buffett Tells Charlie Rose Why Congress Should Stop ℃ oddling' the Super- Rich , ' ' transcript, PBS, Cha1 ・ lie 犬 0 、肥 , August 17 , 20 Ⅱ , http://www.cnbc.com/ [38]Ibid. ; and Warren Buffett, 、、 Stop Coddling the Rich," ア New ) 初・ん石川い , August 14 , 201L [391Howard Zinn, 」 p ビ 0 〃ん、〃な擘可 7 ん e U ⅲイ & い , ノ 492- P 尾“加 (New York: HarperCollins, 1999 ) , 580 ; see also Conor Dougherty, 、、 lncome Slides to 円 96 Levels," 〃に 2 ″ & 尾ノ 0 Ⅲ・〃記 , September 13 , 2011 ; Census Bureau, 、、 lncome, Poverty, and Health lnsurance C overage i n the United States: 2010. ” [4011nternaI Revenue Service, U. S. lndividual lncome Tax : Personal Exemptions and Lowest and Highest Bracket Tax Rates, and Tax Base for ReguIar Tax: Tax Years 1913-2008 , http://www. irs. gov/taxstats/article/() ” id=175910,00. html. [411Edmund L. Andrews, "Tax Cuts Offer Most for Very Rich, Study Says," The に w 石川ぉ , January 8 , 2007 ; Fieldhouse and Pollack, 、、 Bush-Era Tax Cuts," Economic Policy lnstitute, June 1 , 20 Ⅱ ; Thomas L. Hungerford, 、℃ hanges in the Distribution oflncome Among Tax Filers Between 1996 and 2006 : The Ro に of Labor lncome, C 叩 itallncome, and Tax Policy,' CongressionaI Research Service, December 29 , 20 Ⅱ , fpc. state. gov. [42]Fieldhouse and Pollack, 、、 Bush-Era Tax Cuts. '' 国 3 ] Dougherty, 、、 lncome Slides to 円 96 Levels" ・ Census Bureau, 、、 lncome, Poverty, and HeaIth lnsurance Coverage in the United States: 2010. ' [44]Andrews, 、、 Tax Cuts Offer Most for Very Rich" ・ Fieldhouse and Pollack, "Bush-Era Tax Cuts. " [451"Tax Deal Suggests New Path for Obama," The ルビ w ) の乃川い , December 7 , 20m ; 、℃ ongress Sends $ 801 BiIIion Tax Cut BiII to Obama," T んビ New Yo 石〃肥 s , December 17 , 2010. [46]Toynbee, & 〃研〃なね , vols. 7-10 , 365-68. [47]Toynbee, & ″のツ・〃なね , vols. 1-6 , 245-46. [481Nace, G の ig 、可襯の元 , 180-81. [49]John Kenneth Galbraith, The New 加 d な / & ⅲに (New York: New American Library, 1968 ) , 120-21. [501Nace, G の lg 、可、 .4 〃に c ロ , 180 ; Krugman, C のい c 池〃 ce 可、ロ e 川 / コ 42 ; Reich, & 甲のてⅥ - ね川 , 108. [511Jim Collins, 、、 The 10 Greatest CEOs ofAll Time," Fo Ⅲ肥 , JuIy 21 , 2003 ; James E. Burke, Harvard Business School Alumni Achievement Awards, accessed Oct0ber 20 , 20 Ⅱ , http://www. alumni.hbs.edu/ [52]Johnson & Johnson, 、、 Our Credo," accessed October 20 , 20 Ⅱ , http://www.jn.」.com/ [53] 、、 Kendrick B. Melrose: Caring About people: Employees and Customers," Ethix, October 1 2007 , http://ethix.org/ and Ken Melrose, 、、 2005 Minnesota Business Hall ofFame," 石ⅵ〃 Cities 召″ⅵ〃い、 , July 2005 , http://www.tcbmag.com/ [ 54 ] Jon Bakija, Adam Cole, and Bradley T. Heim, 。、 Jobs and lncome Growth of Top Earners and the Causes ofChanging lncome lnequality: Evidence from U. S. Tax Return Data," research paper (Bloomington: Sch001 ofPublic and Environmental Affairs, lndiana University, November 20m ) , http://www.indiana.edu/ [551GraefCrystaI, 、、 Larry Ellison Rides Again!" C い / 火に〃 0 0 〃 Executive Co 川〃 e 〃 , July 13, 2009 , http://www.graefcrystal.com/ [56]John S. LubIin and Scot Thurm, 、、 Behind Soaring Executive Pay, Decades ofFailed Restraints," 7 方にⅢ 4 ″ & 尾 et 、 / 0 ″〃 la / , October 12 , 2006. ln his three big years, Weill was paid $ 230.5 million in 円 97 , $ 166.9 million in 1998 , and $ 224.4 million in 2000. [57]MichaeI C. Jensen and William H. Meckling, 、、 Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency COSts and Ownersh ip Structure," ノ 0 ″ la / 可・ん〃 anc / Eco ″ 0 〃い 3 , no. 4 (October 1976 ) : 305-60. [58]MichaeI C. Jensen and Kevin J. Murphy, "Performance Pay and Top-Management Incentives,"Journa/ 可ア 0 / ⅲ c 記 Eco 〃 0 川 ) , 98 , no. 2 (ApriI 1990 ) : 225-64. [59]John Cassidy, 、、 The Greed Cycle," TheNew 群・ , September 23 , 2002. [6011bid. [61]Stephen Young, interview, October 円 , 201L 2 ド Home Depot's NardeIIi Ousted After Six-Year Tenure, ” Bloomberg, January 3 , 2007 , http://www. bloomberg.com/ [63]Lucian A. Bebchuk, AIma Cohen, and Holger Spamann, "TheWages of Failure: Executive Compensation at Bear Stearns and Lehman 2000- 2008 , ' ' Discussion Paper No. 657 (Cambridge, MA: John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics, 300

原注 [4]Ben Stein, 、、 ln Class Warfare, Guess Which CIass ls Winning, ” T んビルビⅣ ) の石川い , November 26 , 2006. [5]Citigroup, "PIutonomy: Buying Luxury, ExpIaining G10baIImbaIances," October , 2005. 恒 ]Citigroup, "Revisiting PIutonomy: The Rich Getting Richer," March 6 , 2006 , http://www.ifg. org ・ ロ ] paul Krugman , 、、 Graduates Versus Oligarchs," T んビ New 石川 , February 27 , 2006 ; Stiglitz, "lnequality. ' [81David Hirschman, 、 'The New Wave of Affluence,"AdvertisingAge, May 23 , 20 Ⅱ ; David Hirschman, 、、 On the Road to Riches," May 22 , 20 Ⅱ ,. 4 イ .4ge blogs, http://adage.com/ [9]Stephanie Clifford, 、、 Even Marked Up, Luxury Goods FIy offShelves," 月肥 New Yo 石川 e August 4 , 201L [10]Be 可 amin I. Page and Lawrence R. Jacobs, C ル加・ ? ルん .4 襯夜・のハ火ビ記仕 T ん〃 kA わ 0 Economic 加ビ 9 ″ロ〃り , (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009 ) ; lnequality Survey, 37-38 , pay data cited from simplyhired.com/ November 8 , 2007 , and Corporate Library Survey reported at aflcio.org/corporatewatch/paywatch. [11]Page and Jacobs, C ん初・ ? , 41. [121Benjamin M. Friedman, T んビ Mo 川 / Co ← 9 ″夜可五 00 〃 0 川た Growth (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005 ) , Ⅱ 6-120 ; Paul Krugman, "The Third Depression, ” TheNew 石襯い , June 27 , 2 田 0. [13]EmmanueI Saez, 、、 Striking lt Richer: The EvoIution ofTop lncomes in the United States,' JuIy 17 , 2010. [141EmmanueI Saez, 、、 Striking lt Richer: The EvoIution ofTop lncomes in the United States ” (updated with 2009 and 2010 estimates), March 2 , 2012. The calculations ofEmmanuel Saez and Thomas Piketty cited throughout this book are based on salary, bonuses, and capital gains income—all inclusive. See alSO Shaila Dewan and Robert Gebeloff, "One Percent, Many Variations," 〃 1 の V ビ w ) ' 0 石川い , January 15, 2 田 2. The 石川い noted there were various ways of calculating income and reported that the FederaI Reserve Survey Of Consumer Finances set the cutofffor the top ー percent at $ 690 , 000 in 2007 , the latest year for which FederaI Reserve data is available. Econom ists at the Tax POIicy Center and Other institutions have developed figures close 301 to $ 600 , 000. [151Frank, c んな″ , 3. [16]Saez, 、、 Striking lt Richer, ”尸ロ w の財åg 礰ⅲ巳 [17]Saez, "Striking ItRicher," update, March 2 , 2012. [18]Ibid. , figure 3. [19]David Cay Johnston, 、 'Scary New Wage Data," October 24 , 2010 , http://www.tax.com/ [ 201"Pay of Hedge Fund Managers Roared Back Last Year," 7 ' んビ New ⅸ石川い , April 1 , 2010. 卩 1 ] Gregory Zuckerman, 。、 Trader Racks Up a Second Epic Gain," 〃尾ノ 0 Ⅲ・〃 4 / , January 28 , 20 Ⅱ . [22]Frank, 犬たんな″ , 3-12 ; see chart, 6. [23]Frank, 火たん立 an , Ⅱ -12. [24]Tony Judt, 7 ″ Fa 尾ビ Land(New York: Penguin Group, 2010 ) , . [251Frank, 犬んな〃 , 8-12. [ 26 ]Matthew Symonds, 、、 Absolutely Excessive,' ⅲり , Fair, October 2005. [271Robert H. Frank, 、、 Why 2 Paychecks Are Barely Enough, ” T んビ New 石い , Sunday Business, January 1 , 2012. [ 28 ]Abramowi レ and Montgomery, 、、 Bush Addresses lncome lnequality. ' [ 29 ] W Ⅲ Hutton, 、、 Log Cabin to White House? Not Any More," ア 0 房ビハ℃ April 28 , 2002 , http://www.observer.co.uk.com/ent/ story / 0 , 6903 , 706484 , 00. htm Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 、、 Divided We Stand: Why lnequality Keeps Rising,". 4 〃 0 怩 r ⅵビ w 可、 Growing 加 CO 〃肥 加ビ / ⅲいⅲ OECD CO 〃″・ & ・ Main ん〃 d ⅲ g 、 , accessed December6, 20 Ⅱ , http: 〃 www.oecd.org/ dataoecd / 40 / に / 4 ⅵ 70449. pdf. 卩 0 ] Hacker and Pierson, Ⅲⅲ〃夜・ - ん〃 Po / ⅲい , 34-40. [3111bid. , 35-38. [32]Larry MisheI, interview, JuIy 10, 2010. [331David Cay J0hnston, ( / と c ん eg ロた 7 方に Co- Ca 川〃ⅲ g 〃ね Rig 0 〃ド Tax をい m 召の 肪に & 甲夜・犬たん一の C んに E 怩わ 0 め , E な (New York: Penguin Gro 叩 , 2003 ) , 11. [34]Thomas L. Hungerford, "An Analysis ofthe 、 Buffett Rule,' ' ' CongressionaI Research Service, October 7 , 20 Ⅱ , fpc. state. gov. 卩 5 ] U. S. Treasury Department, 、℃叩 it 引 Gains and Taxes Paid on Capital Gains fo 「 Returns with Positive Net C 叩 ital Gains, 1954-2008 , ” http:// www.ustreas.gov/offices/tax-policy/library/

com. [11]Steven Greenhouse and Reed Abelson, 、、 Wa ト Mart Cuts Some HeaIth Care Benefits, ” 7 ' んビ New 石川ぃ , October 20 , 20 Ⅱ . [12]Excerpt ofinterview ofJon Lehman for the Fro 〃市″に program 、、 ls Wal-Mart Good for America?, ” July , 2004. http://www.pbs.org/ frontline. /frontl ine. [131MichaeI Barbaro, 、、 Wal-Mart Says Mo 代 than HalfIts Workers Have lts Health lnsurance, ” T んビ New 石襯い , January 23 , 2008. [141Greenhouse and Abelson, 。、 Wal-Mart Cuts. '' い 5 ] John Matthews, Costco senior vice president for human resources and riSk management, interview with Owen Smith, January 26 , 20 に ; James Flanigan, 、℃ ostco Sees VaIue in Higher Pay," ん 0 4 〃 g にん、石〃肥を February 15, 2004 ; Ann Zimmerman, "Costco's Dilemma: Be Kind to lts Workers, 0 「 Wall Street?" The 朝〃 & 尾 、 / 0 Ⅲ・〃記 , March 26 , 2004. [161"CEO lnterview: Costco's Jim Sinegal, ” E のな Co 川〃 at リ , November 1 , 2008 , www.fastcompany. com/magazine/130/thinking-outside-the-big-box. html. い刀 R. J. Hottovy, "Morningstar's 20 Ⅱ CEO ofthe Year Redefined RetaiI, ” M の・〃ⅲ g 、′・ , January 4 , 2012. [18]Ibid. い 9 】 Brooks Hamilton, interview, December 8 , 2010. Hamilton, a corporate pension consultant, based his calculations on Labor l)epartment figures. [ 20 ] Jeffrey lmmelt, GE Annual Outlook lnvestors Meeting, transcript, December 14 , 2010 , http:// WWW. ge.com/ [21]Ellen E. SchuI レ , 犬 e ⅲ℃襯ビ厩〃éなた〃 bw Co 川 - 〃 4 ⅲい plundet ・ P 加 0 襯ビルビ Eggs 可・ . イ川の・たロれ初・ (New York: Portf01i0/Penguin, 20 Ⅱ ) , 9. [2211bid. , 3-25. [23]Hacker, G 尾 R なん S ん第 , ix-x. [24]MetropoIitan Life, 、、 The MetLife Study ofthe American Dream, ” January 25 , 2007. [25]Ibid. [26]Ibid. [27]Ibid. MetLife's nationwide survey found 68 percent said they had not achieved the American Dream; 48 percent ofbaby boomers and older (over forty-two) said they did not expect t0 achieve the American Dream. See 引 so "The 2009 MetLife Study of the American Dream. ' [28]American Bankruptcy lnstitute, Annual Business and Non-Business Filings by Year ( 1980- 2009 ) , http://www.abiworld.org/ [29]Warren and Tyagi, Two - 加 co 〃肥ル 4 〃 , 6. 卩 OlBoard of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Reserve Statistical ReIease Z. 1 , FIow 可下″〃ホ」 C00 ″〃な可、に U ⅲイ & い , table L,IOO, September 16 , 2011 , http://www. federalreserve. gov; Federal Reserve Statistical Release G 」 9 , Co ″川の・ Credit, October 7 , 20 Ⅱ , http: 〃 www.federalreserve.gov. [31]Pam Scholl, interview, December 29 , 2011. [32]Robert Lawless, testimony before U. S. Senate Committee on Judiciary, December 4 , 2008 , http://www.judiciary.senate.gov/pdf/08- 12-04LawIessTestimony. pdf. Also see FederaI Reserve Statistical Release G.19 , Co ″川夜・ C 尾浦な and Federal Reserve Statistical Release Z. 1. [33]Warren and Tyagi, Two - 加 co 〃肥乃・ 4 〃 , 127. 卩 4]LawIess, interview, November 3 , 2010. [35]Ibid. [36]Excerpt ofinterview ofShailesh Mehta for the Fro 〃市〃に program "The Card Game," November 24 , 2009. http://www.pbs.org/frontline./frontline. [37]Warren and Tyagi, 石 0- 加 co 〃肥ロ〃 , 1 引 , 139-140. [38]Ibid. , 130. [39]LawIess, interview, November 3 , 2010. [ 40 ] Bankruptcy Data Proj ect, Harvard University, accessed February 24 , 20 Ⅱ , http://bdp.law. harvard.edu/ For 2009 , the figure was し 950 , 492 ; and for 2 田 0 , it was 2 , 094 , 623. [41]Robert M. Lawless, Angela K. Littwin, Katherine M. Porter, et al., "Did Bankruptcy Reform FaiI? An Empirical Study 0fConsumer Debtors, ” .4 川夜・たロ〃召ⅸロ ) , んロ w ノ 0 ″閉記 82 (October 15 , 2008 ). [42]Ibid. 第 8 章新富裕層 [11Joseph E. StigIitz, 、、 lnequality: Ofthe 1 % , by the 1 % , for the 1 % ' リⅲ Fair, May 20 Ⅱ . 卩 ] Michael Abramowi レ and Lori Montgomery, 、、 Bush Addresses lncome lnequality, ” 7 ' ん e ル 'a - ⅲ g 〃 PO 訂 , February 1 , 2007. [3]Robert Frank, 犬んな他広 .4 ノ 0 Ⅲ・〃り , T ん・ 0 ″ g ん の 4 川夜・たの料ル記 B00 襯のビカⅳい可、〃肥 New 犬たん (New York: Crown Publishing Group, 2007 ) , 3. 301

原注 原注 プロローグ い ] JohnW. Gardner, remarks, 、、 The American Experiment, ” Council for Excellence in Government, ApriI 1 , 1998 , http://www.pbs.org/ [2]AristotIe, PoIitics, in The 召のたル初・ ks ツ・ , 4 ドな加 - 〃に (New York: Random House, 1941 ) , 122L 卩 ]ArnoId J. Toynbee, chap. 5 , "Challenge and Response," in 図 & ″め / ・〃な / 0 , abridged vols. 1-6 , ed. D. C. Somervell(London: Oxford University Press, 1947 ) , 60-79. [4]Toynbee, & ″め , 可、〃な , chap. 18 , "Schism in the Body SociaI, ” 371-428 ; ch 叩 . 19 , "Schism in the SouI," 429-532 ; 引 so see part 2 , The Geneses ofCiviIizations, and part 4 , The Breakdowns of Civilizations; "A Study of History," カ ~ ん , February 23 , 1948. [5]Abraham LincoIn, 、 'A House Divided," speech delivered in Springfield, lllinois, June 16 コ 858 , in vol. 2 of 7 ' んビ Co / た c イⅢ 0 ド ks 可し 4 わ ra ん襯 ⅲ 00 ん , ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953 ) , 461-69 , http: 〃 quod.lib.umich.edu/I/Iinc01n/linc01n2/l:508?rgn= divl;view=fulltext. [6]NaftaIi Bendavid, 。℃ ountry ls Headed inWrong Direction, 74 % Say, ” The ル〃 & 尾可 . / 0 Ⅲ・〃 , October 13 , 20 Ⅱ ; "Just 1 in 5 Americans H 叩 py with Direction ofCountry," CBS News poll, October 3 , 20 Ⅱ , http://www.cbsnews.com/ [7]Lewis F. PoweII, Jr. , memorandum, "Attack on American Free Enterprise System," August 23 , 1971 , http://law.wlu.edu/deptimages/Powell%20 Archives/PoweIIMemorandumTypescript. pdf. [8]CharIes Murray, Co 川ⅲ g 〃 al ・た〃肥 State 可、 Ⅲん .4 川げた 0 , ノ 960-2 似 0 (New York: Crown Forum, 2012 ) , 11 , 12. ]Alan Krueger, "The Rise and Consequences of lnequality in the United States, ” remarks , Center for American Progress, January 12 , 2012 , http:// www.americanprogress.org/events/2012/Ol/pdf/ krueger. pdf. For a 、、 chasm" reference, see Ron Haskins and lsabel V. SawhiII, Creating ロ〃 0 〃 - 〃 0 ″ⅲり , Soc 池り , (Washington, DC: Brookings lnstitution Press, 2009 ) , 33. [101EmmanueI Saez, 、、 Striking lt Richer: The EvoIution of Top lncomes in the United States (Updated with 2008 Estimates). '' working p 叩 er 311 (BerkeIey: lnstitute for Research on Labor and Employment, University of California at Berkeley, July 17 , 2010 ). [ 11 ]EmmanueI Saez, 。、 Stri king lt Richer: The EvoIution of Top lncomes in the United States (Updated with 2009 and 2010 Estimates)," March 2 , 2012 , elsa.berkeley.edu/—saez/saez- UStopincomes-2010. pdf. い 2 に Most in Poll See Growing Wealth Gap, ” T んビ 朝ⅲ g ね〃 Po 新 November 9 , 2011 ; 、、 PoIIs Find Voters Are DeepIy Divided, ” The 〃 & 尾可 . / 0 ″記 , November 8 , 2011 ; also see Andrew Kohut, "Don't Mind the G 叩 , ” T んビ New 石襯い , January 26 , 2012. [13]William H. Gates, Sr. , and Chuck Collins, 2 記の 0 Ⅲ・ Co 〃〃〃 0 〃 wea 〃んⅢのし 4 川の元ロ ShouId ロ 4c 翩襯″なた dFo Ⅲ肥ゞ (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002 ) , 21 ; PhiIippe Aghion, Eve CaroIi, and CeciIia Garcia-Pefialosa, "lnequality and Economic Growth: The Perspective Of the New Growth Theories,". / 0 Ⅲ・〃可下 co 〃 0 ″ⅱ c 石 ra ル尾 37 , no. 4 (December 円 99 ) : 炻 15-60. [14]Aghion, CaroIi, and Garcia-Pefialosa, "lnequality and Economic Growth," 1616-17. [ 1 5 ]Andrew G. Berg and Jonathan D. O stry, 、、 lnequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides ofthe Same Coin? ” IMF StaffDiscussion Note, lnternational Monetary Fund, April 8 , 2011 , http:// W 、 VW. imf.org/ い 6 ]lsabel V. SawhiII, 、、 Trends ⅲ lntergenerational MobiIity," in JuIia B.Isaacs, lsabel V. Sawhill, and Ron Haskins, Ge ⅲ〃 g , 4 んにロイの・カの - ing G 川〃〃 ECO 〃 0 〃ⅱ c MO わ市り , ⅲ .4 川夜ゾ c ロ (Washington, DC: Brookings lnstitution, 2008 ) , 8 -9 ; see a ト 0 lsaacs, "lnternational Comparisons ofEconomic M0bility," in lsaacs, Sawhill, and Haskins, G にⅲ〃 g 能ロ 4 37-44 , http://www. economicmobility. 0「g. [17]Rush Limbaugh, 、、 Democrats and the Middle CIass," 7 ' んビ R ″川わロ″ g ん Show, Oct0ber 25 , 20 Ⅱ , http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/ [18]Richard Trumka, "Your Money," CNN, September 4 , 20 Ⅱ , http://transcripts.cnn.com/ and Trumka, remarks, Brookings lnstitution, September 30 , 20 Ⅱ , http: 〃 www.brookings.edu/ [19]The title ofPrinceton University professor Larry M. BarteIs's excellent b00k on modern U. S. politics and economics: Bartels, U 〃〃 De 川 ocra . ・ The PoIitical Eco 〃 0 Ⅲ ) , 可、のⅣéw G 〃 d ビイ月 g ビ (New York: Russell Sage Foundation;

原注 and Busi ness, Harvard University, February 2010 ). [641Frank Ahrens, 、、 Big Payday Awaits Chairman After Countrywide SaIe," 7 ' ん e ル 'a 、んⅲ g ね〃 Po 新 January 12 , 2008. [65]Eric Dash, 、、 Dodging Taxes ト a New Stock Options Scheme, ” 7 方 e ルビ w 石川 , Oct0ber 30 , 2006 ; 、、 Stock-Options Scandal Fugitive Puts Roots Down in Namibia, ”アん e ル 'a 〃 & 尾 . / 0 〃翔記 , November ロ , 2006 ; 。、 How Backdating HeIped Executives Cut Their Taxes, ”〃にル 'a 〃 & 尾ノ 0 ″″ ia / , December 12 , 2006. [ 66 に Jobs Helped Pick 、 Favorable' Dates for Options Grants," 〃にル 'a 〃 & 尾、 / 0 ″” 1a / , December 30 , 2006 ; and AIan Sipress, "AppIe ChiefBenefited from Options, Records lndicate, ” The ル 'a 、ん加 g ね〃 Po January Ⅱ , 2007. 7 ] 、、 Embattled CEO to Step Down at United Health, ”〃肥ル 'a 〃 & 尾ノ 0 ″記 , October 16 , 2006 ; "How a Giant lnsurer Decided to Oust Hugely SuccessfuI CEO, ” The ル "a ″ & ノ 0 Ⅲ・ - 〃 , December 7 , 2007. [68]Lucian Bebchuk, Yaniv Grinstein, and Urs Peyer, "Lucky CEOs and Lucky Directors," Discussion Paper NO. 573 (Cambridge, MA: John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics, and Business, Harvard University, December 2006 ) , published in ノ 0 Ⅲ・〃記ツ・ Finance 65 , no. 6 (December 2010 ) ; John Hechinger, 、、 Backdated Options Pad CEO Pay by Average 0f 10 % ' ' 7 ' んに ル 'a 〃尾可、 / 0 ″ロ / , November 17 , 2006. [ 69 】 John C. Bogle, The B 襯ぉ the 立″ / 可℃叩 他 / な川 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005 ) , 10-26. [70 ]Jay Lorsch and Rakesh Khurana, 、、 The Pay ProbIem," 〃の・Ⅷ ga ゴ〃に , May-June 2010. [71]Despite his dismay, Jensen was against abandoning the pay-for-performance stock options. TO solve the problem, he suggested better-designed stock options. 、、 HOW tO Pay Bosses: Michael Jensen Still Thinks He Has the Answer," 7 ' んビ Eco 〃 0 襯なれ November 凵 , 2002 , http://www.economist.C0m/n0dC月44慴39. [721Arthur Levitt, ルんビ 0 〃に & 尾 . ・ルん〃 S ″℃に / 〃 d CO ~ ア 0 ドた川の・ロ DO 〃 7 朝〃ー ) の″ / 0 Know (New York: Pantheon Books, 2002 ) , 236. [73]MerriII Lynch & Co. , study by Gary Schieneman, C. P. A. , 5 , June 19 , 2001 , 5. [74]Warren Buffett, 、、 Who Really Cooks the Books?" 7 ' ん e New 石川い , July 24 , 2002 ; and 199 Buffett, 、、 Fuzzy Math and Stock Options," T ん け朝、ん〃 g 〃 PO 新 July 6 , 2004. [75]Levitt, 0 〃ビ & 尾 , 106- Ⅱ . [76]Arthur Levitt, interview, March 12 , 2002. [77] 、、 Foreign Firms to Expense Options: New lnternational Rule Pressures U. S. to HandIe Stock Grants the Same Way," The 〃 & 尾可 . / 0 ″″ / , February 20 , 2004. [78]Gary Rivlin, 、、 ReguIators Adopt Tighter Rules on Accounting for Stock Options," 〃肥 New York 石川 , December 18 , 2004. [ 79 lJohn Nester, SEC communications director, and SEC, email and interview, October 18 , 2011. 第Ⅲ部不平等な民主主義 第 9 章ゼロ年代の税戦争 [11BarteIs, し〃叫″のに襯 0 夜・ ac ) , , 287. [21Page and Jacobs, C ん”ル加・ ? , 88 , 93. [3]Joseph E. Stigli レ , 励ビ Price 可、加″ロ〃り , (New York: W. W. Norton, 2012 ) xii, xxi. [4]President George W. Bush, remarks, White House, May 28 , 2003 , PR Newswire, http://www. prnewswire.com/ Bush, remarks, U. S. Chamber ofCommerce, May 6 , 2003 , PR Newswire, http:// WWW. prnewswlre.com/ [5]Dirk Van Dongen, interview, ApriI 25 , 20 Ⅱ . [6]Kristin Jensen, Jonathan D. Salant, and Michael Forsythe, 、、 Bush Relies on Corporate L0bbyi sts to HeIp Him Push U. S. Agenda," Bloomberg, September 23 , 2005 , http://www.bloomberg.com/ [7]A Congressional Budget Office study estimated that Bush tax cuts reduced tax revenues by S2.9 billion from 2001 to 20 Ⅱ , while less than expected growth reduced revenues another $ 3.5 billion, cited ⅲ Bruce BartIett, 、 'Are the Bush Tax Cuts the Root of Our Fiscal Pr0blem? ”ルビ w York 石川 Eco 〃 0 川ⅸ , July 26 , 20 Ⅱ , http://economic. blos. nytimes/2011/07/26. are-the-bush-tax-cuts- the-root-of-our-fi scal-problem; James Horney and Kathy Ruffing, 、、 Economic Downturn and Bush PoIicies Continue tO Drive Large Pr0Jected Deficits," Center on Budget and P01icy Priorities, May 10 , 2011 , http: 〃 www.cbpp.org/ms/index. fm?fa=view&id=3490; "The Bush Tax Cuts Costs Two and a HalfTimes as Much as the House Democrats' HeaIth Care ProposaI," Citizens for Tax Justice, September 8 , 2009 , http://www.ctj. org ・ [8]Dirk Van Dongen, interview, ApriI 25 , 20 Ⅱ . [9]Alison Mitchell, "lnterest Groups Are Gearing

Up for High-Stakes Tax Cut Fight," T んビ New 石′〃い , February 24 , 200L [10]Estimate, JOint Committee on Taxation, 、℃ ongress Cuts DeaI on Taxes," CQAlmanac 20 似 (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 2002 ) , http://www.cqpress.com/ [11]MicheIe Davis, memo, February 27 , 2001 , in Ron Suskind, The 乃加 e ツェの , 記り ,. ・ Ge01 ・ ge 召んⅢん〃 0 ″ , の e Ed ″ ca 行 0 〃可アåt 〃 O'Neill (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004 ) , 0. い 21"Key Goals Face Early Obstacles," 7 ' / 肥朝朝 - ⅲ g 〃 Po 新 February 27 , 2001. [13]"Public Buys Bush's Tax-Cut Plan, but Details Magnify Differences, ” The 2 ″ & 尾 . / 0 〃 , March 8 , 200L [ 14 ド Poll Analysis: Bush in Honeymoon period,' 0 4 〃 gel い石″にゞ , March 8 , 200L [ 15 ] Richard W. Stevenson, 、、 ltching to Rebu ild the Tax Law," T んにに w ) 初・ん石川ぃ , November 24 , 2002. い 6]Jeffrey Birnbaum, "The Man in the Middle, ” CNNMoney.com/ Aprill, 2002 , http://money. cnn.com/ い 71Jensen, Salant, and Forsythe, 、、 Bush Rel ies on Corporate Lobbyists. '' [181"Bush Pushes Huge Tax Cut in U. S. Congress Debut," Da 〃 Mo 翔加 g News, February 28 , 2001. [19]"Union Campaigns to Thwart Tax Cut Plan," ″ån DaiIy ル初・ / ApriI 8 , 200L [20]Marc Lacey, 、、 Bush Deploys Charm on Daschle in Pushing Tax Cut," 7 ' んにルに w 石川い , March 10 , 200L [21]Jensen, SaIant, and Forsythe, 、、 Bush Relies on C orporate L0bbyists. ” [221The Center for Responsive Politics reported business interests pouring $ 333 million intO the 2009-10 election campaign cycle. By the center's calculations,just one 0fDirk Van Dongen's six groups, the Business Roundtable, and its 208 corporate members and their executives and families contributed $ 142 , 955 , 958 to that campaign cycle. Email April 炻 , 2 田 2. See 引 so "Business-Labor-Ide010gy Split ⅲ PAC & lndividual Donations tO Candidates and Parties," Center for Responsive Politics, based on FederaI Election Commission data, March 27 , 20 Ⅱ . [23]Jensen, Salant, and Forsythe, 。、 Bush Relies on Corporate Lobbyi sts. ' ' [24]Benjamin I. page and Robert Y. Shapiro, 7 ' ん e 襯〃記 P ″わ〃 c. ・ Fifty ロハツ・ e 〃ホⅲ月川のゾ - cans' Po 〃 q P 生ル尾〃 c (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992 ) , 166 , 287. 卩5] 、、 Bush pushes Huge Tax Cut. '' [261Richard W. Stevenson, 、℃ ongress passes Tax Cut, with Rebates This Summer," 7 ' んにルビ w 物 石襯い , May 27 , 200L [271John McCain statement on final tax reconciliation bill, press release, May 26 , 2001 http://mccain.senate.gov. [28]"The Bush Tax Cuts Costs Two and a Half Times as Much as the House Democrats ' HeaIth Care Proposal," Citizens for Tax Justice, September 8 , 2009 , http://www.ctj.org/ [29]Jacob S. Hacker and paul Pierson, 、、 Abandoning the Middle: The Bush Tax Cuts and the Limits of Democratic Control," P 夜・ s. ビ ct ⅳビ、 0 〃 PO 〃行 0 、 3 , no. 1 (March 2005 ) : 33-53. [30]Nace, Gangs ツし 4 襯のロコ 48-49. [31]Based on Federal Election Commission data, the Center for Responsive Politics reported total business donations tO the 2009- IO campaign cycle as 新 , 362 , 777362 compared with $ 96 , 824 , 239 for labor, w ith soft-money contributions from individuals representing business interests Of $ 971 , 645 , 729 versus $ 9 , 906 , 072 forlabor, and $ 332 , 951 693 in contributions from business PACs compared with $ 69 , 073 , 927 from labor PACs. 、、 Business-Labor-IdeoIogy Split in PAC & lndividual Donations tO Candidates and Parties,' Center for Responsive Politics, based on Federal EIection Commission data, March 27 , 20 Ⅱ , http:// www.opensecrets.org/overview/blio.php. [32]Lobbying Database," Center for Responsive Politics, opensecrets.org/ based on data from Senate Office of Public Records, January 引 , 20 Ⅱ . Business groups spent $ 5.998 billion in those two years compared with $ 91.7 mi llion by labor groups. That pattern is fairly typicalin recent years. Even though the media generally treat business and labor as roughly equal "special interests," business interests heavily outspent labor interests on lobbying from 1998 through 20m by roughly a 60- to - I ratio ( $ 28.6 billion to $ 492 million). See http://www.opensecrets.org/ lobby/i ndex. php. [33]Ibid. ; see also Drutman, 7 ' んに召″、ⅲ肥可、 , 4 川の元ムカ 0 わⅲ g , online doctoral thesis, 3-6. [34]Drutman, 召″、ⅲ肥可ツ襯・ / ca , Ⅱ 7. [35]Jonathan Peterson, 、 'Lawmakers Debate Bill 19 8