su ( ( e55 ー e 1820 succession tO Sth the 4 ″ ee 〃 's succession the ーわ ro ″ e —compare ACCESSION ( 1 ) su ( ・ ( es ・ Si e ト 0 に ses Ⅳ / ad. ノ coming or following one after the other: The わ OC んの , am わ as わ ad success- れ V r S. —successively 5u0 ( es ・ 50 「ト 0k 、 es 可つ「 / れ ] 1 someone who takes a position previously held bY someone else:[ + asl HiS succeSSOr C わ 0 わ・〃 ~ 0 〃 takes over next wee ん . 2 - r 襯 0 ~ a machine, system etc that exists after an- Other one ⅲ a process Of development: 〃作 0 〃 s な - tor'S successor, the micrOChiP - ー OPPOSite PREDEC- ESSOR suc ・ cinct ト ok 、川 kt / 0 の 0 〃〃 v ⅲ gclearly expressed in a few words: 0 very SUCCinCt 2 ズ厄〃 0 れ 0 〃¯suc- cinctly adv —succinctness れ [UI su ( ・ ( 0 「ト Ak0 ト 0 「 / 〃 [U]the Americanspellingofsuc COUR —succor V [T] 5u0 ( 0 ・ tash /'sAk0tæJ ・ /n[Ul AmEa dish made from corn, beans, and TOMATOes COOked together su ( ・ ( ou 「 1 BrE, succorAmE / ・ SAk 可・ 0 「卩Ⅱ U ] 〃 ra help that is given t0 someone wh0 is having problems su ( ( ou 「 2 BrE, succor AmE— v [Tlliterary tO help someone WhO has problems: succouring the 〃 d ) , suc•cu ・ bus /isAkj9bos/ 〃ル r succubi /-bal/ [CI - 夜・ aryafemaledevilthathas sexwitha sleepingman ・—compare INCUBUS ( 2 ) suc•cu•lentl /'sAkj910nt/adj 1 juicy and delicious: 0 s レ cc ″加立ん 2 technicala succulentplanthas thick soft leaves or stems that can わ 01d a lOt 0f liquid —succulence 〃 [U] succu lent2 〃 [CI c わⅲ c 観 a succulent plant such as a CACTUS suc•cumb /sa'kAm/ v 卩 ] / örma ー 1 t0 stOP opposing someone or something that is stronger than and allow them tO take control: After 0 〃 intense 0 滝法 bombardment [ 加〃五〃 0 〃 succumbed•l succumb tO temptation Gina れ 0 〃 ) , succumbed 〃阨れ 0 れな d わ ad some 2 c 尾 0 襯 . 2 if you suc- cumb tO an illness you become very ill or die Of it SI suchl ト ^ 叮 / 〃尾 d 催襯ⅲ er , d er 襯加催 1 used t0 WI talk about a person, thing etc which is of the same kind as that which has already been mentioned: Such 加わ 0 or な扣〃 acc 叩わ厄加な sc カ 00 い 7 ' わ e rules make な 4 ⅵ cleat ・わ 0 ー s れ 0 d dO 〃 2 加 such 0 豆ル 0 れ 0 ルは + asl れ as 0g0 加立 such 0 わ ac ん ground な 0 ー肱 2 President made his speech. 2 su ch as used when giving an example Of some- thing: The ca ~ CO 襯襯リゆな s れ″ r 液 0 〃作 0- d ″ iO 〃 0 ~ industries such as - 厄 r 襯加 g 0 ″ d mining.l "There 0 尾な 0 ア 0 ツ S tO increase 〃 rod レ c れゆ . "Such as?"lpeople/things etc such as 〃 ro. ss れ 0 ~ eQ 〃 s リ曲 as m ん managers 0 〃 d solicitors 3 such a kind man/such tall women etc used t0 emphas ize hOW kind a man is, how tall particular womenareetc:Didyou わ 0 わレ ) , s ″ c わ 0 〃〃 e ″ s れ沼 C00 に一 YO レわ 0 怩″ 7 invited RO 〃わ 0 ) 0 レ ? 〃 2 ' S such 0 加尾は ' 怩 s 〃 0 〃 g わ e_ 知わ砒怩 r 砒 s レ c れ close 4 レ 0 ers. は + (that)] lt's such 0 行″アん″ c わ e れ 0 ー dO 〃 7 れ 0 の d0 much ん〃な c 厄 0 〃〃 ' Ss レ c わ 0 れ なー d0 〃 7 e 怩″ as ん him わ el. 〃 0 ″ mo 尾 . 4 0 「 some such person/thing etcaperson, thingetclike the one just mentioned: He said s カ 2 ん 0 ん ed scruffy, or ma somesuch わ el. 可 comment. 5 such as it is/ such as they are etc 〃 ec 〃 ) , $ 〃 0 e な used when you dO not think that something is good enough or impressive enough. : YO リ ' re 田 elco ~ 2 ね borrow my car ・ as れ is. 6 there ・ 5/n0 such person/thing as etc used t0 say that a particular person or thing does not exist: These days there's 〃 0 such 加 g as 0 1 PERSON < 加知 rm 襯 someone whO is easily su ( k ・ e 「 1 / 、、 k 可っ r / 〃℃ ] suck 科 CI an act 0f sucking レ〃ね the わ OSS. what you want: suck up tO sb He's 0 , 0 ) , s sucking things ⅲ order tO make someone like you or tO get suck up 盟加・し田 informalto say or dO alotofnice sucks. quality or that a situation is very bad: 〃催 ac れ〃 g expression meaning that something is very bad ⅲ 5 sth sucks ル rm お〃ビ c 〃 ) , AmE an impolite sucked ~ 〃 religious c リ″ S. especially a bad one: G ″盟わ厄盟 eo. 〃 ca 〃 ea 豆 get involved in a particular situation, event 4 suck sb i ntO sth tO make someone become ア可 r ゆれ s ! T わの , ' 〃 s レ c んレ g れ一リ〃 d . わ 0 〃 0 〃 dclogged ″ . lsucksb under/alongBecare- down/intol SO 襯 e 加 g got s 乢ん面〃加の the 印℃ at power and force tO a particular place: ド 3 PU LL く to pull someone or something with sucking 0 〃 0 aw わ rea ん er 工ör わ 0 既 0 〃わ 0 Ⅲ・ . 覊 c ん盟・リ m わ , dear!lsuck on sth Lara's 如 e な mouth and pull on it w ith your tongue and lips: DO れ 7 2 PUT MOUTH < t0 hOld something ⅲ your straw. up 〃ⅲ es レ c ん記叩〃わ″可 m 〃 w ″わわ催 sth 0 わ 0 わ ) , sucking 0 ー its mo 催 ' S わ尾 0 ト uck sth muscles Of your mouth t0 pull the liquid in: suck at tightening your lips int0 a small h01e and using the 1 DRI N K < to take liquid int0 your mouth bY suckl /SAk/ v[I,Tl 〃 or な SIMILAR: 〃な 0 〃 d わ ase わ 0 〃の滬 s リ c われん e s ″襯襯催 such ⅱ ke ~ ad. 月 0 ⅲ y before noun いん例 Ofthat kind; DO ) 0 レ enjoyplays,films 0 〃 d s リ c 厩承 such ・ likel /'SAt 、 flalk/pronspokenthings ofthatkind: CO 〃 ve ″〃た come 0 〃 such 0 〃 d such 0 dg dO 〃 7 agree レれ厄 SS it's time, amount etc that is not named: 〃の , ″ ) , 0 リの such and such た•,•/predeterminet ・ spokenacertain may dO SO 〃 0 . ticular group or kind: S ″可レ as なん 0 怩 5 such … as forma ~ those people or things Of a par- なれ 7 0 gat ・ den as such, ノレ 0 〃″怩 ge 阨わ厄〃砒 c ん something is not really what you are calling it: There 0 〃 d such. 4 not... as such 0 ん e ″ used tO say that 加のり , ⅲ g eci 観 , 丿レ立 0 ca ん 0 〃 d sandwiches such $ 〃 0 ん e な and people or things like that: れ 0 れ 7 田 as s ″曲の 0 ガ〃 d e 0 u•' 〃 0 he m . 3 and nation forsomething: 7 物 e ″ 0 ーリ尾 0 工 e 匆わ ass ″ c わ 工ör 襯 0 ~ or れ ra used tO give a reason or expla- 0 〃 d such indeed as the s 襯た 2 such... as/that been mentioned: A welsh ⅲ c り , わ ad been 〃尾市 c d that is of the same kind as that which has already such2 〃 ro 〃 1 used tO talk about a person, thing' etc as warm 0 〃 d れレなれ 0 レ s. or that it is Ofpoor quality: S レ c わア 00d0S の , ga 怩 us emphasize that there is a 引れ a Ⅱ amount ofsomething わ知 r life. 7 su ( h... as formal or れ花 ra used tO

much-heralded 1190 impressive: ー市 d 〃 7 ma much 0 工カ催立れ ovel. ( ) to treat someone very kindly because you like them a10t : Ac ⅲ旧 ssco ″〃 , 市の , 襯 wa smade 襯″ c わ 可、 e 炉 nephews 0 ″ d ″池 c . —compare make little Of ( ロ” LE2 ( 8 ) ) 10 not/without 50 much as used when you are surprised or annoyed that someone did not do something: He ~ イれ肭 0 砒 so m ″ c れ assg ing good わ 3 SO ⅲ 0 d 〃 7 SO 襯レ c ん as 0 ″んれ知 r わ催カ e ゆ . 11 1'll say this/that much fO 「 used tO praise someone or something when they are being criticized a 10t : l'llsay な m 乢わ rFiO れ 0 ー s 加わ as 〃れゆ 0 工 s, か r ″ ! 12 50 much fO 「 used tO say that it was not worth using something because it had little effect, it was useless etc: SO muchfor 0r0 ⅲ gs れ 2 ' d 梔わ一 she's 加ⅲ昭 0 〃 ar ゆ g 加 ! 13 as much again the same amount or number as the one mentioned before: The c の・ 0 〃 CO me f500 わレー″ CO as 襯″ c ag 〃の g ″ⅲ s リ much-her ・ ald ・ ed イ 0 可 [only before nounl talked about a 10t before it actually appears : Ford 's 襯レ c んわ催襯 ded 能知襯め , s 観 00 ″ much ・ ness / ・ mAt 」、 nås/ れ be much Of a muchness BrE 加知 rm t0 be very similar: れ as わの・ d choose われ thecandidates—の , e 尾 0 〃襯レ c カ 0 工 0 襯レ C 〃〃 ess. mu ・ ci•lage /'mju:s811d3/ 〃 [UI a sticky liquid obtained from plants and used as a glue —muci- laginous /. mju:sÅ'Iæd3ånos/ 0 可 : the m ″ c 〃 ag ⅲ 0 レ s 女リ〃可 e ra 盟厩 muckl /mAk/n 月ⅲ r 襯観 1 especiallyBrEsome- thing such as dirt, mud, or another sticky substance that makes something dirty: Come 0 川 S ゆ 2 0 こ muck 0 工火ル匚厄 c 巳 2 BrE waste matter from ani- mals, especially waste matter that is put on land tO make plants grow better: dog muckl T れの , e 尾 s ん 0 レ 2 〃加 g 襯″ c ん 0 れ the fields. 3 something that is unpleasant or ofvery bad quality: 〃öw ca 〃 ) , 0 リ eat 曲 0 ー襯″ c ん ? れん 0 ん s disgusting.lAll 0 ー〃 0 〃 2 ・ ever 〃 r 加なな襯リ c ん 0 わ 0 レー〃 eq 〃 ' S sex 〃 v お . 4 as com- mon as muck BrEold-fashionedan insulting wayof describing someone Of a 10W SOCial class muck2 V muck about/aroundpht ・ v 召浦 informal 1 田 tO behave ⅲ a s illy way, espec ially when you should be working or paying attention tO something; mess around (MESS2): & 叩 mucking 0 加砒の〃 s ル 1 Ⅳ 2 spent the days mucking の・ 0 リ 0 〃 the ac ん 2 muck sb/sth about/aroundl t0 cause trouble and inconvenience for someone, especially by changing your mind a lOt; mess around (MESS2): The な・ 0 / agent わ as 尾観わ〃襯レ c んⅲ g me の℃レ〃 d 0 怩 r な / IO 〃 d01. muck in ん・ v 川 BrE ⅲル″〃襯 1 t0 work together with otherpeople in orderto get ajobdone; pitch ⅲ ( 円 TC 日り : 0 ん , s の〃 m00 〃ⅲ g ーざ 0 〃 go 0 襯レ c んⅲ ! 2 tO share things with other people: We're 0 わ″ 0 滝可 s, 〃 ace. (k) ) 0 ″ mind mucking ⅲ w ″わ eo 催わの , s? muck sth 、 , out 盟加・ v [I,T] to clean the place where an animal lives: tO muck out the s わん S muck sth ・つ up 盟加・ v [ BrE informal 1 to do something wrong or badly, SO that you fail to achieve something:l 尾ゆ m リ c ん ed ″〃 0 れむ 0 exams. 2 t0 spoil something, especially an arrangement or plan: The わ ad mucked ″〃 0 Ⅲ・〃靨ア 0r0 加 c c. 3 t0 make something dirty: DO ″ 7 muck レ〃 ) 0 Ⅲ・ s れ炉た muck ・ heap /ImAkhi:p/ れ℃ ] BrE a pile Of MANURE (=animal waste matter) ⅲ a farmyard muck ・ rak ・ iれ9 /'mAk-re1k10/n[U]the practice oftell- ing or writing unpleasant and perhaps untrue stO- ries about people's private lives, especially famous people: わ出 4 レ 0 〃 magazines specializing ⅲ muck- raking —muckraking 0 可—muckraker 〃 [Cl muck ・ spread ・ er /'rmkspredoll-or/ 〃℃ ] BrE a machineused on a farm tO spread MANuRE(=animal waste matter) on tO farm land —muckspreading 〃 muck ・ y/ImAki/adjBrEinformal 1 dirty, forexam- ple with mud or 0 ⅱ : YOI 砿れ 0 ″ ds ので 2 〃 m レ c ん ) ,. 2 a mucky jOke or story etc is slightly rude and about sex 3 mucky weather is cold and wet mu ・ (0u5 mem ・ brane /. mju:kas 'membrem/ 〃 [CI the thin surface that covers certain inner parts Of the body, such as the inside Of the nose, and prod- uces mucus mu ・ cus / ・ mju:kas/ 〃 [U] a liquid produced in parts Of your bOdy such as your nose —mucous ad. 丿 mud /mAd/ 〃 ] 1 wet earth that has become S0ft and sticky: 〃な shoes e 尾 c 砒℃尾 d w ″わ襯レ d. 2 your name is mud s. 〃 0 ん 2 れ if your name is mud, people are annoyed with you because you have caused trouble: 〃なれ 0 襯 e な mud ⅲ the 0ffice 0 ア・ れ 0 ーわ 0 盟〃 e 〃 ed. 3 earth used for building: 0 mud わ 4 here's mud in your eye 〃 0 ん e 〃祝 d ・ 工ås ⅲ 0 〃 ed used for expressing good wishes when having a drink With someone; CH EERS ( 1 ) —see alSO as clear as mud (CLEAR 19 ) ) mud ・ bath /'mAdbu:011-bæO/ 〃 1 [CI a health treat- ment ⅲ which heated mud is put on tO your bOdy, used especially tO reduce pain 2 [singular] a large area ofmud: 〃砒ッ rain ad turned theplayingfield ⅲ 0 m レ d わ観ん mud ・ dlel /'rmdl/n[Cusuallysingular] 1 astateof confusion or untidiness, that results ⅲ things being done wrong: 7 カ e 尾 as 0 わ″ 0 / ・ 0 muddle OV 催 0 レ r r 四 va れ 0 〃 s We わ ad の get 0 〃 acco レ〃″ー加 SO 0 themuddle. 2 be in a muddle a) tObe inan untidy and confused state: T わ e 0 〃夜・ s 夜で 0 〃加 0 muddle. ・ b) tO be confused because you have t00 much tO do: l'm 加 s リ 0 襯レ dd l'd CO 襯〃知 r - go な 2 ″ ) 0 ″ e 尾 CO 襯加 g dg muddle2 v alsomuddle up [TlespeciaIIyBrE 1 t0 put something ⅲ the wrongorderor mix something up: Someo e ' S ″Ⅲ dd d レ〃 0 〃 e 〃 0 〃 SO 〃 mydesk.l YO Ⅲ・ invoice got muddled ″〃″わ 4 介 Clark's. 2 get muddled (up) tO get confused between one thing or person and another, and make a mistake: S の・ , lgot 0 わ″″Ⅲ襯叩 0 怩 r 〃花面 get sb/ sth muddled (up) l'm 〃 4 ⅲ s レ 0 工 2 炉 ages, 7 ー get them 襯レ d 襯記ゆ . —muddled 0 可 : m ″ d 襯記 加ん加 g —muddling 0 可 muddle along/on 〃加・し田 BrE t0 continue d0ing something without having any clear plan: We ノ″立 s 襯の muddle 0 ん〃 g わレー never ma ん 2 0 〃 ) , real progress ・ muddle through 加・ v 田 2 ec 液 , BrE to achieve something even though you dO not have a clear plan or use the best methods or equipment:

attendance 112 研 50 ″ d 跖 m ″立砒〃 dsc わ 00 こ 3 は】 rm 襯 t0 hap- pen or exist atthe sametime as something: thepecu- 〃の・ 0 こ mos 〃わ催 e ⅲ c わ砒〃 ds s レ 0 ″ e 怩厩 4 [T] to look after someone, especially because they are Ⅲ attend tO sb/sth 〃れ r v は ] 1 tO deal w ith busi- ness or personal matters: ー ma ) 、加厄ーーわ 0 got 0 〃 2 のマ 0 物ⅲ gs 0 ″ e れ d の . 2 tohelp a customer ⅲ a shop or a restaurant tO buy or order something —see JOIN I(USAGE) Frequencies ofattend and go tO ⅲ spoken and written English. SPOKEN 1 側 日 nd 00 tO 2 300 per million 90t0 ・ 8 on the 8 嘛新 N ョれ on ( 0 「叩 5 and 物 2 Longman い n ( あ「〔 0 「 p し、 : Both verbs are used to mean ・ be at an event ・ . The graph 5h0W5 that in thiS meaning go tO iS much more common than attend in spoken English.ln w 「 itten 0 「 fo 「 m English attend iS more com mon. at ・ tend ・ ance /a'tendons/ 〃 1 [C] the number of people whO attend a game, concert, meeting etc: high/low attendance 0 わ 0 〃 e 〃 da れ ce 0 ー class 可、 8 イ ' S re レ加 0 〃 2 [C,U] the number oftimes that you go tO a meeting, class etc that is held regularly: Many students 0 0 り , 〃 OO? ・ 0 ″ 2 れ da ″ record. 3 be in attendanceformalto be at a special or important event: Ov 催 2000 〃〃 e 尾ⅲ 0 ″ e 〃 da 〃 ce 0 ′ es day's emo 〃 s 作 0 0 〃 . 4 be in attendance on Sb ア br ″ ~ 0 ~ tO 100k after someone or serve them —see also dance attendance on (DANCE 5 ) ) at ・ tend ・ antl /o'tendont/ 〃 [CI 1 someone whose jOb is tO lOOk after or help customers ⅲ a public place: 0 ca 印 ar ん 0 ″ e れ 0 厩 2 someone whO looks after a very important person, such as a king or queen attendant2 0 可知 r 襯観 1 connected with or caused by something: 〃乢 ar 〃 0 催 , ″わ 0 〃 its 0 ″ e 〃 da 厩 risks 2 going with or being with some- one ⅲ order tO help them SI 鵞 at ・ ten ・ tion / 0 可 on / 〃 WI 1 WATCHING/LISTENING CAREFULLY < a) pay attention to carefully listen to or watch something that is happening, or to be careful about what you are doing: T れ 2 ac わ催 got 0 れ g り , i 川 2 when ー 市 d 〃 7 〃 0 ) , 砒厩わルは + tO] T カ 2 TV as 0 〃わ砒 Di as ″ 7 0 ) , ⅲ g much 0 ″ e れれ 0 ″の it.lpay no atten- tion to ( =used to tell someone to ignore what some- one says because it is not true or not important) がを〃 0 ) , 0 〃砒加わ〃の him -- he's 観 0 ) s sg 〃 g s ル肱 ings. lpay little attention to/not pay much attention to ( =behave ⅲ a way that shows that you d0 not think something or someone is very important) We ん 20 お〃 0 な es com 加 g カ・ om レ〃 s s , わ we 市血〃 0 襯レ砒〃れ 0 れの them. b) 9 ive sb/sth your attention to listen to someone or study something carefully, especially SO that you can deal with a problem: give sb your full/undivided attention Ⅳ 0 田わ 2 ' Sgo れ e , ー ca れ g れ ) , 0 リレ〃 d ed 0 な e 〃れ 0 れ . 2 INTEREST く a) [U] the interest that people show ⅲ someone or something: She 田 as ア 0 な催 ed の , 0 〃 the 0 ″ビ〃れ 0 〃わ 2 as giving her.lgive sth atten- tion Thepress れ asg れ , e 〃 the 立 00 0 ー 0 工 0 な e ″れ 0 〃Ⅱ the centre Of attention ()a person who everyone looksatand is interestedin)Somepeopleenj の , わⅵ〃 g ece 〃な℃ 0 工 0 な e れれ 0 ル lthe focus ofattention (=the situation that people are most concerned about or consider tO be most important) Thefocus 0 / 0 ″ e 〃れ 0 〃 わ d 0 田の , 介 0 襯 domestic issues.lhold/keep sb's attention ( =make someone continue to be interested ⅲ something) Fo 〃 e なん〃 s the reader's 0 ″ e 〃れ 0 〃 ro ″ g わ 0 2 わ 00 ん lattention span ( =the periOd oftime during which you continue to be interested in something) C ん〃 d 尾〃 ge れ 2 ・観 0 3 MAKE SB NOTICE (a) attract/catch/get sb ・ 5 attention tO make someone notice you, espec ially because you want tO speak tO them or you need their help: She ケ d の 0 ″ ra the waiter's 0 な e 〃れ 0 〃 . b) attract attention 江 someone or something attracts attention, people notice them, especially because they lOOk very interesting or unusual: The わ 0 〃 d me 襯わ・ s co d 〃 7 go 0 砒ⅲ曲 2 わ eca レ 0 ″ rac d 0 襯″ c わ 0 な 2 〃れ 0 〃 . ( ) get attention tO make someone notice you and be interested ⅲ what you are doing: ChiIdren 0 尾 0 尹 e 〃 わ ad 加 order g 0 な 2 〃れ 0 ル d) drawattention t0 tO make people notice and be concerned about some- thing: The article was intended ね draw 0 ″ e 〃れ 0 れの the s ″″ 0 れ 0 〃加 Ca 襯ⅸ ) d . e) draw attention away from tO make people stop being concerned about something such as a social problem f) bri ng sth tO sb ・ 5 attention to tell someone, especially someone ⅲ authority, about something such as a problem: The matter as r 立わ ro レ g わーね my 0 ″ e ル れ 0 〃 ea r な 20r. g) come tO sb ' 5 attention 江 something such as a problem comes to the attention Of someone in authority, they find out about it 4 REPAIR/TREATMENT [U] a) something you dO tO repair or clean something, or make it work orbe able t0be used: 〃 0 れ da 5 c 知 r 厄 Needssome 0 ″ e れれ 0 ″ . b) treatment given tO someone whO is ill or injured: 襯 ed 0 ~ 0 な e 〃れ 0 れ 5 CARE < [C,UI thingsthatyoudotohelpsome- onewhich show that you likethem: Pe なれ da ん一 0 ア careand 0 ″ e れれ 0 ル 6 SOLD に RS standtoattention/be at atten- tion tO stand up straight ⅲ neat lines: attention! ( =used when ordering a group Of soldiers tO stand up straight) 7 SPEECH/ANNOUNCEMENT く a) may/could ー have your attention? s. 0 〃 used in a formal situ- ation when you want people tO listen tO you b) thank you foryourattention 0 ん used at the end Of a speech or statement to thank people for listening 8 LETTER く fo 「 the attention of used on the front Of an offcialletter when you want a particular person t0 read it or deal with it:for the 0 ″ e れれ 0 ″ 0 / the manager at ・ ten ・ tive / 0 't ent Ⅳ / 0 の 1 listening or watching someone carefully because you are interested ⅲ them: The professor pleased のわ 0 such 0 れ

2 5 ve•n vaunt /vo:ntllvn:nt/ v much-vaunted a much- veg ・ e ・ ta ・ tion ん ved3 e げ on / 〃 [U] plants in general, vaunted achievement is one that people often say is especially ⅲ one particular area: There as 〃″ very good, important etc, especially with t00 much ge れ 0 〃 0 〃 the な″ d. pride: eaga れ ' S 襯レ C わ vaunted eco 〃 0 ″れ C 襯 ~ rac eg ・ gie /'ved3i/ れ [CI informal 1 BrE a VCR /. ⅵ : si: ・ 0 : ド 0 : 「 / 〃 [CI especia 〃 ), AmE video cas- VEGETARIAN 2 AmE a VEGETABLE ( 1 ) sette recorder; machine which is used t0 record vehe ・ ment / ' Ⅵ omont / 0 showing very strong feel- television programmes tO play VIDEOTAPES; ingsoropinions:a ve わ eme 〃ー 0 ″ ac ん 0 ″ ep 尾 s é〃だ S VIDEO 1 ( 3 ) BrE わレ dg 〃 ro. 〃 0S0 な—vehemently adv: Da 〃 VD / vi: idi:/ 〃 [U] venereal disease; a disease that is 怩わ e ″厩 denies thecharges. —vehemence れ [ 切 passed from one person tO another during sex e ・ hi ・ ( 厄 / 'vi : ⅸ / 〃 [CI 1 especiallyformala thing S2 VDU んⅵ : di: iju:/n [CI visual display unit; a machine such as a car, bus etc that is used for carrying people like a television that shows the information from a or things from one place to another: " ムな 0 Ⅲ・ computer WORD PROCESSOR 怩 c 厄豆だ " as ん記こ加込 ma ル第んの , goods ′ e /v, ov/ the short form of'have': We'vefinished 怩 cle 2 vehicle fo 「 (doing) sth something that you use in order tO achieve something or as a way Of veal/vi:l/ 〃 [U] meat from a CALF ()a young cow) spreading your ideas, expressing your opinions etc: ec•tO 「ハ℃ kt 司っ r / 〃 [C]technical 1 aquantitythat The government レ d the press as 0 怩カ ic アör its . has a direction as well as a size, usually represented 〃 ro. 0g0 〃 0 by an AR ROW (2)—compare SCALAR 2 the course ve ・ hic•u•lar /vi:'hlkjglol-ar/ 0 可知 r 襯 connected taken by a plane with road vehicles: c ″ね r 作 0 c Ve ・ da /'ve 0 / 〃 [plural] the oldest writings of the ・ i い /vell/ れ [CI 1 a Hindu religion thin piece Of material vee•Jay /. vi:'d3e1/ 〃 [C] a VIDEO JOCKEY worn by women tO COV- veep /vi:p/n ℃ ] AmE informal VICE PRESIDENT er their faces at formal occasions such as wed- e ・「 / Ⅵ可 v 可 v 田 1 [always + adv/prep] to change dings, or for religious direction suddenly: ド off/away/across etcl The reasons 2 the veil car væred s ゆゆの the right 0 〃 d crashed. the system ⅲ lslamic 2 [always + adv/prep] to change suddenly to a very countries which different belief, opinion, or subject: [ + towards/ women must keep their awayfrom etc] T カ eco レれ一 leaders seemed veer faces covered ⅲ public ね wards 0 〃 0 〃 sm. 3 technicalifthe windveers places 3 draw a veil ⅲ a particular direction, it changes round to that 0 e 「 deliberately not tO direction talk about something veg 1 /ved3/ 〃 [plural] BrE 加ル rm 観 vegetables: 介レ″ that happened ⅲ the 0 〃 veg past because it is veg2 V unpleasant or embarrassing: ー加ん it's わ e ″催 we veg out 〃加・叭 I 可ör 襯襯 to relax by doing some- draw 0 〃 0 r ′加加厄 sorry 0 ガⅲ r. 4 veil Of thing that needs very little e 仕 0 such as watch ing secrecy/deceit/si lence etc something that stops television youknowingthefuIItruthaboutasituation:AveiIof 襯立 ery surrounds Ke 〃 j's dea . 5 veil 0f mist/ ve ・ gan /'vi:gonll'velgon, ' ⅵ : - / 〃 [CI someone whodoes cloud etc a thin layer Of mist, cloud etc that covers noteatmeat, fish, eggs, cheese, ormilk—veganadj: something SO that you cannot see it clearly 6 take 0 ga 〃市 the veil d : 厄 s 0 〃困 tO become a NUN e ・ ge ・ bu 「・ 9 ・「 /'ved3iIbg:goll-,bg:rgor/ 〃 ] BrE a vei12 じ ] 1 be veiled in mystery/secrecy ifsome- BURGER made with vegetables, beans etc, but no thing is veiled ⅲ mystery etc, very little is known meat about it and it seems mysterious 2 to cover some- ー e90 ・ ta ・ b 厄 /'ved3tobol/ 〃 1 ℃ , 切 a plant such as thing with a veil a CABBAGE , CARROT, or potato which iS eaten raw or veiled /velld/ 0 可 veiled criticism/threats/hints etc COOked and is usually not sweet: ge わ厄 0 川 green vegetables 朝作リ s 介レ″ s andfresh green 怩 ge わ s criticisms, threats etc that are hidden because you —see picture on page 630 2 [CI ⅲ知 r 襯 0 ~ someone d0 not say directly what you think or mean: thinly whO cannot think or move because their brain has veiled(=onlyslightlyhidden)thinlyveiledthreatsof been damaged ⅲ an accident r 0 〃 0 れ 0 〃 vegetable mar ・「0W vein /vem/ 〃 1 [CI one ofthe tubes through which 匚・ / ″ [CI a MARROW ( 2 ) b100d flows to your heart from other parts of your 》e9 ・ e ・ tar ・ i ・ an /,ved3å'teorian<ll-'ter-/ 〃 [CI someone bOdy —compare ARTERY ( 1 ) 2 [C] a) one Of the whO eats only vegetables, bread, fruit, eggs etc and thin lines on a le or on the wing of an insect does not eat meat or fish ・—compare VEGAN —veg- b) one Of the thin lines on a p iece of wood, cheese, etarian ad. 上 0 vegetarian restaurant MARBLE ( 1 ) etc 3 ℃ ] a thin layer 0f a valuable eg ・ e ・ ta 「・ i ・ an ・ is ・ m /,ved3å'teoriomzomll-iter-/ 〃 [U] metal or mineral which iS contained in rock: 0 r わ the practice 0f not eating meat or fish 怩加可ん催 4 [singularl a particular style or eg ・ e ・ tate /ived3åt elt/ v 田 not tO dO anything and way, especially when slmking or writing about feel bored because there is nothing interesting for something: ⅲ the same vein/in a similar vein 〃な you t0 do: lgotfed レ〃ん怩 g 0 れ〃 g 砒わ ome. second れ 0 ~ なⅲり , much 2 same ⅲ as the 1000 2000 3 0 mostfrequent words in spoken and written English veil

1189 much 加 'd 面 0 ん一″催 3 Thedivorce tvas 襯斗 0 〃 d 砒 e れ襯 e 叩 s わ催怩 much. は加 SO m んん 0 ん知 r - ward の ) , 0 ・ⅲ引 0 ・ m リ c れ ) , 0 レわ 0 0 g 0 ″ s ″わ 0 go の e の盟 . 3 not much a) only a little, only t0 a small degree etc: ・・ D ) 0 レ e 可の , the 盟アの・″ za 〃 c " " ル襯レ c ん′ " はわ 0 怩〃 7 s ″ 7 初り , r over20 ) , e の・ s. 〃éわ as 〃 'tc カ 0 ″ ged 襯リ c れ 3 れⅢ 0S0 〃な 0 ) , 0 ″〃 gdog ー″襯リ c んん ig わ催 0 〃襯 ) , ん〃 . b) used t0 say that something does not happen 0ften: We dO ″ 7g0 e な℃ m リ c ん thesedays.l T わ e 〃 2 CO 襯 - 盟 0 け discs 襯 ea れ ) , 0 ″ d0 〃 7 see LPs 加 the s わ 0 〃 s as much. —see graph at LITTLE 4 much like/much as/m uch the same used tO say that something is very similar tO something else: T カ 2 わ 0 レ se 田 as v ツ 襯レ c れ as l'd remembered it.llt's ea 斗の confuse us, e ' 尾 much the 覊襯 e わⅵ and カ 0 the same CO ム 0 Ⅲ・加炉 . 5 not be much good at something tO not be able tO d0 something such as play a sport, speak a foreignlanguage etc very well: Brian 's 〃・ わ″ much good 0 [ リれ d s 他〃 d ⅲ g 0ther 〃厄 ' S e 〃〃 g & 6 m uch 厄 55 used t0 say that one thing is even less true, possible etc, than another: He ca 〃 0 ゆ 0 ガörd わ e 催 , 襯リ ss 0 襯〃 ag 〃 e. 7 betOO much/a bit much $ 〃 0 ん 2 〃 usedto say thatsomeone's behaviour is rude or impolite: ー 0 レ g 厩か・んⅲ g ) , 0 ″ r 加 dO 0 〃 d ビズ〃 e けⅲ g ) , 0 レ〃 0 ) ゾör ″ 0S0 わ〃 襯リ c ん ! 8 not 50 mu ( h... as... used tO show that something is bigger, more d ifficult etc than people maythink:ln ma 〃 ) , cases 〃リ rs 加 g な〃 0 om ″ c わ 0 丿 0 わ 0 way ~ . 9 much as sb does sth used t0 mean that although one thing is true, something else is also true: M わ as / e 可の , S わ 0 ん es. 0 は g d when e 〃厄 ) , wasover. 10 much tO sb ' 55u 「 p 「 ise / d isg ust etc. ル rm 襯 used tO say that someone was very surprised, very disgusted etc: レ c 〃 my dis- 〃厄 as ″尾 some 0 ア the 盟レ〃〃 s ⅲ the sc カ 0 れ 0 わ een s 襯 0 版れ go レな濯 e ega s. 11 50 much the better ( fO 「 sb ) es 〃 ec 液〃 0 ん e 〃 usedtosaythatyouthinka situation, idea etc is very good: わ e 0 〃なの〃 drink 0 〃 ddr れ沼 e り , 0 〃 e わ 0 襯 e , SO 襯リ c 〃 the ″アör us! 12 NOt much! used tO emphasize that you re- ally d0 want t0 d0 something, that you really are excited about something etc : " YO レ dO 〃 7 , 0 〃 t 0 〃 ) , ca ん巳面 ) , 0 レ Tom2" " Ⅳ襯レ c れ′” USAGE NOTE: MUCH GRAMMAR POINTS Much, with or without , 0 ⅲ y 社 s with nouns ifthey are uncountable, and then only with negativeclauses or in questions: She d 能 s な 'tg 0 m れ新 D ug 認怩襯ん 大面〃 0 出襯々〃れ面 4 ? Forpositive statements andwith countable nouns, you use a 10t ormany: S 加 ' S 面 0 ′ Ⅳ e 夜℃襯 0 、 0 盟ー加 ? You 0ften use (very)much withverbs ⅲ negative orquestion contexts. questions, it usually comes at the end 0fa clause: 荻 ) 釶″ go の乙 0 れ襯 c れ ? ln negative contexts, it may come before the verb, or, more Often. at the el . SO you would say: ー dO な襯レ曲れ 2 れひ加 g 加ん 0 れ面広は面がロ i 嶽 , 加 g 加ー dO な襯れ (NOT ー d0 がロ既をれじ加 g 襯れん滬 0 の . SO much, as much, much moreand t00 much are 0 れ e Ⅱ used inpositive contexts with verbs and uncountable nouns: lgo S 阨なおの社 s 1000 , 2000 , 3000 most frequent words in Spoken and Written EngIish ッ t0 工 asm 乢わ as s ルヨⅣざ 4 〃 d m 々 m で襯 0 れ肱れな 0 れ With some verbs, especially with the general meaning ・ 1 状ざ , very much canbe used ⅲ positive contexts aswell» USing very much before a verb is ic ⅲ ly common ⅲ BritishEngIish:Rhoda 膨襯 ~ 可 & れ昭 ( NOT. R れ 0d0 可ひ s 襯 uc s んなれ g ). は ん加ド襯ん YouaIsosay: ア 0 0 レ (Very)much is used with mostadjectivesonly beforemore and t00 , or when theyare ⅲ the -erform. YO 鬮 cannotuse it simply instead Of very: This な m レ曲 0 尾〃市 cu But note thatyousay:lam お . ( NEVER ノ 0 襯 川れ sorry, or ー 0 襯 r 怩襯 ) Some adjectives end in-ed or -ingand 100 like forms ofverbs,but they take veryrather than much (unless moreor t00 is there as well) 、 SO you would used much ⅲ this sentence: She 0 much ・ lovedcotleague,because loved is a passiveverb, but you would use very ⅲ this one: ア加 Sa 尾 g 市れ gu ツ t 炉 , because tired is an adjective• m uch2 4 リ 0 〃こ er 1 used tO mean a 10t Of some- thing especially ⅲ spoken English ⅲ questions and negatives or ⅲ formal written English: T わ・ 2 なな 7 much れ襯色 pack the わ 0g4 レ ic ん〃é市 d 〃 7S0 ア m リ c わ 0 砒″わ砒〃ん加ん hiswife ~ ー m.lD0 レ g 襯″ c わ 0 ″ ce の作 0 怩ⅱ〃 ) 0 知わ ? 〃催襯リ c れ de れわ era れ 0 〃 ー加ノ″ dgesa の・ d 記ビ〃 r 泛 0 財な s 阨〃厄 how much? 〃 0 m リな thedr ・ ess ″わ 2 CO 〃のす much Of Much 0 工 the city was destr ・の℃d 加 the 0 な ac ん 2 50 much/too much used t0 talk about a particularly large amount 0f something, especially more than necessary: ーⅲん″ 0 d s 花〃・ ) , 0 レ d 〃 7 use SO 襯リ c わ sa ″ 3 There was 0 much 田 or ん知 ro 雇〃催 SO 〃 .lfar / much etc t00 much: Easy 0 〃 the gin! YO ″ ' Üe 〃砒ⅲ much 0 襯″ c わ ! 3 not m uch used tO mean that something is not important, interesting, worthy etc: The car 襯 0 ) , 〃わ e 襯リ c わ ん 0 ん砒わ砒 it's 怩 rel 液わ Spend the vac の iO 〃 deco- rating? ー don't ⅲん襯レ c わ 0 工 0 [ ea. は加ん we s わ 0 d 0 怩 . T わ e 尾れ 0 ⅲ g 襯レ c れ 2 ca 〃 dO 加ゆ The sequel was s 〃 g ゆ加″催 0 れ the r 立 襯 0 ⅳ e わリー市砒 ' S 〃 sa 〃 g 襯レ c ん 4 not be up tO muchsp0kenespeciaIlyBrEtobefairIybad: Theres- レ ra 厩 ' S grand 加な e 知 0d な〃 7 レ〃の襯レ c ん 5 not be much Ofa dancer/swimmeretcto notbea good dancer, swimmer etc: Greg 〃 much 0 0 、ル 0 な わ 0 〃・わ″な yo リ ca 〃 7. 危″〃 his mo 行 va れ 0 〃 . 6 it was as much asl/she etccould doused tO say thatsome- one could only just manage t0 dO something: He 0 ん記 S00 わ s リ rd , 〃Ⅲ as 襯リー CO 襯 d 面 keep 0 立 raig 工åce. 7 betOO much forsbtobetoo diffi- cult for someone tO do: Climbing 肭 2 stairs な 0 m リ知 r わ加田 s ' S ⅲカ 9 . 8 think/say etc as m uch tO think or say what you have just men- tioned: She わ el d 0 ー the 〃 0 ″ ) , s わ 0 ″ 0 わ 0 ル 面″ s 乢わ 0 r な・叩 OS 襯 0 〃 d 滬 as 襯リ砒 the meeting. 9 make much Of sb/sth a) t0 treat information, a situation etc as though you think it is very important or serious: The press 市 d ″ 7 ma as much 可 the 市怩り , as might わ 0 d0 れ b) tO think that something is very good or very SI WI

1222 SPELLING Nobody meaning 、 no one' is always spelt as one word: T 2 出 as れ 0 の加 re ←加催 so の . Compare: アわ e 尾出 as 加わ 0 の , there(=there was れ 0t a dead bodythere). no ・ bly / ・ noobli に no ( ト / adv 1 ⅲ a morally good or generous way that should be admired: g 尾 0 ー〃 0 ⅲ ″ 0 わな , わ or 〃 2 nobly born 〃 r の 1 having parents whO are members Of the NOBI LITY ( 1 ) no ・ bOd ・ yl /'naobodill'nooba:di, -bodi/ 〃 ro 〃 no one: ー SI ん″ oc ん ed 0 れ thedoor わ″ー″ 0 わ Od ) , 0 〃 swe 尾ざ . —see also W2 like nobody's business (BUSINESS ( 27 ) ) , sb is nobody's fOOI ( FOOL 3 ) ) —see N02 (USAGE) no ヨれ〃ル r 襯 noes 1 [singular] a negative answer nobody2 〃 [C] someone who is not important and or decision: The answer as 0 de. 〃″ 2 ″ 0. 2 has no influence: l'm 行尾 d 可加ⅲ g 0 〃 0 わ Od [plural] votes against a proposal in parliament no-claims bO ・れ us ・・ / 〃 ICI BrE a reduction in NO. 10 ,n,«mbo en ト ba 司″ [singular] No. 10 Downing the amount that you have tO pay for car insurance, Street; the address Of the official home of the British because you have not made any claims Prime Minister no-cou nt ・ / 0 可 [only before nounl AmE a no- ・・ / 0 可襯 E another form Of the れ 0- a ( ・ ( れ t word NO - C ( ) UNT : aser SQ / 〃 0- acco ″″ーわ 0 工庁″ dS 田わ 0 count person never achieves very much because drank 加 0 much they are very lazy : my ″ 0- co ″〃ー good : た〃 0 加 g NO ・ ah ・ 5 ark /. no ( 帰 / 'u:kll,nouoz 第 : ⅸ / 〃 [singular] the large boat wh ich Noah bu ilt, according to the B ible, れ 0 ( ・ tu 「・れ a ー / nok ・ t3 : n na : に t33 、 / 0 可 1 c カⅲ c 観 tO save his family and two Of every type of animal an animal that is nocturnal is active at night: 〃åm - from a flood sent by God の・ S 0 尾〃 0 けレ r ″ 0 / creatures. 2 . r 襯 / happening れ Ob /nnbllna:b/ 〃 ] BrE d : 厄 s 0 〃 a rich person at night: 〃 0 け″ r ″ 0 ~ visits —nocturnally adv withahigh social position: T 〃 watchedtheno わ s ⅲ noc•turne/'nnktg:nll'no:ktz:rn/n [Clapiece ofmusic, their sa 行れ 0 〃 d. ル 0 ・ S. especially a SOft beautiful p iece Of piano music れ 0 ball / ・・・ / 〃 [CJ an act ofbowling (BOWL2 ( 1 , 2 ) ) the ball, in games such as CRICKET, a way not allowed by the rules れ ob ・ b 厄 / ・ nobolll'na:-/ v ] BrE わ rm 襯 1 to get someone' s attention, espec ially in order tO persuade them tO do something: I'II な ) , 〃 0 わわん襯 0 〃ん 襯加 ' 〃加ゆ . 2 to make someone do what you want by offering them money or threatening them 3 tO prevent a horse from winning a race, especially by giving it drugs NO ・ bel Prize /n00. bel ・ prau, . no ( ) bel イ no ( ト / 〃 ] a prize given ⅲ Sweden each year tO people from any country for important work in science, medicine, literature, economics, or work towards world peace no ・ bil•i ・ ty /noulbllåti, na - 扣 0 ( ト , na--/ 〃 1 the nobility the group Of people ⅲ some countries who belong tO the highest social class and have titles such as duke or countess; the ARISTOCRACY 2 [U] nodl /nodllna:d/v nodded, nodding [I,T] 1 tomove W2 the quality 0f being noble ⅲ character or your head up and down, especially ⅲ order t0 show appearance: For ⅲ襯 , 作レ e ″ 0 加〃なな . ″〃 d ⅲわの・ d agreement or understanding: ー asked 々夜・ she as ん . 尾 0 のの go, 0 〃 d she れ Od e 畆国 0d your head Jane れ 0 ・ b ー el / ・ noob 列新 00- / 0 可 1 someone who is noble 〃 Odd カ催 head 斗襯〃 0 e れ c ゆ . 国 Od your behaves in a morally good or generous way that approval/agreement etc (=show your approval should be admired: lt's 怩 no わ可 ) りレの s. 〃滬 0 〃 etc by nodding) 2 t0 move your head down and up Ⅲ・ん例 ds 加ゆ加 g the Old 知 . 洳 0 わん ea な again once in order tO greet someone give some- 2 something that is noble is very impressive and one a sign t0 dO something: [ + at/t01 Thejudge 〃 Od - beautiful: な〃 0 わ襯 0 〃レ襯なの 0 Ⅲ・ wat ・んの・ 0 d 記砒 e 尾 ma 〃加〃 roc d. 2 〃 0dded の靨 e 3 belonging to the nobility: 0 ma 〃可〃 0 わルわ 襯ん記 . 3 be on nodding terms (with)/have a 4 a noble metal, such as gold or silver, is not affected nodding acquaintance (with) tO know someone chemically by the air —compare BASE METAL slightly or know a little about a subject: B Ⅲ・ん 2 as れ Ob ー e2 〃 [C] a member of the highest social class 0 ケ ead. ) , 0 〃〃 Od 市れ g terms with 0 〃″ m わの・ Of with a title such as duke or countess, especially in 〃 0 . 第 nodding 0C0 リ 0 ⅲ″ w ″〃 / 0C0 / わな加 0 , the past: 0 じ 0 立 ga 市・ⅲ go_ / んⅲ gsa 〃″ 0 わ s ー℃ om - nod Off 〃加・ v 川 tobegintosleep, whenyoudonot pare COMMONER intend to: ー襯な se ″ movie わ ecause l'd nodded 0ff れ 0 ・ b ー e ・ ma れ / ⅲ 00b ma 可・ no ( ) - / 〃ル ra / noblemen nod2 〃 1 [CI an act ofnodding: T ん 2 0 襯 0 〃 g 尾可 ed /-mon/ [CI a man whO is a member of the highest social class and has a title such as duke us ″〃 0 〃 Od 可 e 加 0d3 give a nod ー s わ OW the d00t ・ ma 〃 my card 0 〃 d he ga 0 カ加〃 d 〃 Od. no ・ blesse 0 ・ blige /noo,bles 0 ・ bli : 引 no ( ) - / れ F 尾〃 c わ 2 give sb the nod BrE 加 rm 襯 to give someone used tO mean that people who belong to a high social class should be generous and behave w ith honour permission tO dO something: Ⅳビ ' 尾 0 ″ⅲ g. ル r the bOSS g れ℃ us ーん 2 〃 Od 0 〃なひ〃 e. 3 a nod ・ 5 as no ・ ble ・ wom ・ an / ・ n 測 bol,womon 旧 n00- / 〃〃ル r 襯 900d as a wink わⅢ〃 ot ・ 0 リ s used tO tell someone that noblewomen /l-,wlmån/ [C] a woman who is a mem- ber Of the h ighest social class with a title such as you have understood something, although it was duchess said in an indirect way 4 on the nod BrE infor- nod Sam 5h00k his head. The lady nodded her head.

1715 smoky withoutshowingit: GrahamsmiIedathiscoIleague's suggestion. 3 ー T い 0 say or express something with a smile: "SO なな , 0 盟・ secret ea 〃 0 〃 " he smiled.lShe s 襯〃 ed 0 welcome. —compare GRINI(I) 4 be all smilestolookveryhappyandtobehave ina friendly way 5 smile tO think/see/remember etc tO be amused when you th ink about something, see something etc: Ⅳわ e れ / 0 んわ ac ん砒襯 ) い , 0 リー smile ⅲんわ 0 6 LUCK/FORTUNE く [ e ec 〃 ) , literary if luck or FORTUNE smiles on you, you have very good luck —smilingly adv: Melissa sm ⅲ昭 r c ん r 0 cigarette. S2 sm 計 e2 〃 [C] an expression on your face in which W2 your mouth curves upwards tO show that you are happy, amused, friendly, etc: George わ ad 0 わな s 襯〃ビ 0 ″ his. face. ド〃 0 , " 加 said i 0 smile.l give sb a smile Tracygave ビ g わソ 0 wat ・襯 s 襯〃 smirk ト mg : k ト m3 : ⅸ / v は + at] to smile in an unpleasant way that shows that you are pleased by someone else's bad luck: T わの , s 襯わ噎ん″ 0 ⅲ g ゆ砒 c ん 0 夜・ across the わ厄—smirk れ [C]I Wipe 肭砒 smirk 0 ガ 0 Ⅲ・エ 0C2 ー there's 〃 0 加 g 工 ) , 0 わ 0 ″ⅱだ smite /smalt/ じ〃 0 立 tense smote ト ma 国ト mo ( ) t / 〃 0 立 〃の・れ c ゆ smitten / ・ smltn/ [T + down] 1 0 厄 usetO hit something hard 2 わ〃 ca ~ tO destroy, attack, or punish someone sm ith /sm 用 / 〃℃ ] 1 someone who makes and repairs things made Of iron; BLACKSMITH 2 90 旧 sm ith/si lversm ith etc someone whO makes things from gold, silver etc -sm ith /sm 用 / s ″工れ x [in nounsl a maker of something: 0 g レ〃 s 襯〃わ (=someone whO makes guns)la word- S ~ 〃″わ (=someone WhO works With words, for exam- ple a JOURNALIST) —see alSO -SMITH smith ・ e ・ reens /,srmöo'ri:nz/n [plurall smash sth to sm ithe reens 加 rma / to completel-y destroy some- thing by breaking it intO very small pieces smith ・ y /'sm1öill-Oi, / ″〃ル r 観 smithies ℃ ] a place where iron objects such as HORSESHOES were made and repaired ⅲ the past smit ・ ten /'snutn/ v 1 the past participle of SMITE 2 be smitten (with sb/sth)tosuddenlyfeelthatyou love someone or like something very much : The 0 リ〃 g 襯 0 〃 as s 襯な″田″わ ra ″ 0 0 〃 d れ夜・ Cわの・ ms.lbe smittenwith adesireto do sth(=want tO dO it very much) She as s 襯″〃 w ″れ 0 sudden desire のわ四・ ic わ〃 e 襯 . smock /smok ト ma:k/n[C] 1 apiece ofclothinglike a long, loose shirt, worn epecially by women whO are PREGNANT (=going tO have a baby) 2 a piece Of clothing like a coat, worn by artists , hospital work- ers etC smock ・ ing /'smDk10111smu:-/n [UI atypeofdecoration made on cloth by pulling the cloth into small regular folds held tightly with stitches 5E09 ト mng ト mu:g, smo:g/n [U] brownunhealthyair caused by smoke from cars and factories in C ities S3 smokel ト mook ト mo ( ) k / 〃 1 [U] grey gas that is W3 produced by something burning: Clouds 可わ c ん s 襯 0 ん e belched 介 om the わリ〃 d ⅲ g. iga 尾″ e s 襯 0 ん e 1000 , 2000 , 3000 mo 引 frequent words in Spoken and Written English 2 [C usually singularl an act of smoking a cigarette etc: 0 c ″〃可 CO. ガ 0 〃 d 0 smoke 3 [C] slang a ciga- rette or drugs that are smoked 4 the Smoke BrE, AustrE London or any large town or city 5 90 up in smoke informalifyourplans go up in smoke, you cannot dO what you intended tO d0 6 there's no 5m0 ke without fire 0 ″ used t0 say that if some- thing bad is being said about someone, it is probably partly true —smokeless 0 可 smoke 2 v 1 [I,T] to suck or breathe in smoke from a cigarette, pipe etc: ーカ 0U2 れ 7 smokedfor over [ 0 ) e の・ s. 2 [ T い 0 breathe ⅲ smoke from burning an illegal drug: s 襯 0 ん加 g dope 3 田 if something smokes it has smoke com ing out Of it: 0 s 襯 0 〃 g c m 〃の , 4 田 if a fire smokes it lets t00 much smoke intO a room 5 ぽ ] tO give fish and meat a special taste by hanging it ⅲ smoke smoke sb/sth ← - outphr v [T] 1 t0 fill a place With smoke tO force someone or someth ing tO come out 2 tO discover whO is causing a particular prob- lem and force them to make themselves known: 0 〃 0 な〃 0 s 襯 0 ん e 0 ″ー 0 dd わ e s レわ ve れ rc お in government smoke a•larm / ・・・ド / also smoke detector お・ [C] a piece Of electronic equipment which warns you when there is smoke or fire in a building —see pic- ture at ALARMI smoke bomb た・ / 〃℃ ] something that you throw that lets out clouds 0f smoke, used by police tO CO ル trol crowds smoked /smookt ト mookt/ 0 の smoked 5 mon / bacon/sausage etc fish, meat etc that has been left ⅲ smoke tO give it a special taste smoked 9 恰 55 / , ・・・ / 〃 [U] glass that is a dark grey colour smoke-free /. 可 0 の sm oke-free a rea/zone etc a place where you are not allowed tO smoke smok ・ e 「 /lsmookoll'smookor/ 〃℃ ] 1 someone whO smokes cigarettes, CIGA RS etC : (=someone whO smokes a lOt) 2 a railway carriage in which smoking is allowed smoke ・ screen /lsmookskri: smook-/ ″ [C] 1 some- thing that you d0 or say tO hide your real plans or actions : A 〃 0 ルガ 0 加レー加加 ga わ ess 襯 0 〃田 as ノリ立 0 smokescreen 加 hide んな criminal ac れ es. 2 a cloud Of smoke produced SO that it hides SO ト diers, ships etc during a battle smoke 5i9 ・ na リ ・・ / 〃】 a message sent out tO peo- ple whO are far away, using the smoke from a fire smoke ・ stack /'smookstækll'sm00k-/n[C] a tall CHIM- NEY at a factory or on a ship smokestack in ・ dus ・ try ・・・ / れ usually plu- ral] especia 〃 AmE a big traditional industry such as car-making or coal ・ mining smok ・ i れ 9 ト m 測 k ト mo ( ) k - / 〃 [Ul the habit or activity ofbreathing in tobacco smoke from a ciga- rette, pipe etc: The sign says ・〃 0 smoking'•l give up smoking (=stop) 7g0 リ〃 smoking nearly 〃 ) ℃の・ s 0g0. —see alSO PASSIVE SMOKING smokingjack ・ et/' ・・ /n[Cl a type ofman's JACKET ( 1 ) smoking 「 00E / ・・・・ / 〃 [C] a room where smoking is allowed in a building such as a hOtel or factory smok ・ y / ・ smo ( ) ki 旧 smo ( ト恒の 1 filled with smoke: 0 S2 W2 S2

dummy 556 dum ・ myl / ・ dAmi/n [CI 1 COPY < an object that is made to 100k like a tOOl, weaIX)n, veh icle etc but which you cannot use: . DO れ 7 0r0 0 ル材わ eg レ〃 , ″ ' Sa dummy. 2 FOR CLOTHES a large model ⅲ the shape Of a person, especially used when you are making clothes or tO show them ⅲ a shop: 0 dressmaker's dummy 3 FOR BA 引 ES < BrE a specially shaped rub- ber object that you put ⅲ a baby's mouth for it tO suck; PACIFIER ( 1 ) AmE 4 STUPID PERSON ~ 可öt ・ m 観 especially AmE someone WhO iS stupid 5 CARD GAME cards that are placed on the table by one player for all the other players to see ⅲ a game OfBRIDGEl ( 4 ) d ummy2 0 可 [only before noun] a dummy tool, weapon, vehicle etc is made tO lOOk like a real one but you cannot use it: 0 dummy r 2 dummy3 v dummy up ロ ) [I]AmEslangto stay silentand not speak: Ⅳん e 〃ー asked her name she ノリ立 dummied dum my run た・れ [C] an occasion when you prac- tise doing something ⅲ complete detail to see if it dumpl /dAmp/ v 1 PUT STH SOMEWHERE は always + adv/ preplto put something such as a load, bag etc some- where ⅲ a careless, untidy way: dump sth in/on/ there etc Ⅳわ 0 d ″襯 eda 〃 these 0 0 れ my 就 ? 2 GET RID OF く [T] to get rid of someone or something that you do not want: ーわ r んレわ as dumped わ催介〃 d. ' S dump the c の・ 0 れ d 0 2 立 e wg ). 3 SE は G00D5 [T] to get rid ofgoods by sell- ing them in a foreign country at a much lower price 4 COPY INFORMAT{ON [ T レ ec れ c 観 to copy information stored in a computer's memory on to something else such a DISK or MAGNM'IC TAPE 5 dumping ground a place where you send people or things that you want to get rid of: The estate な 0 dumping groundfor 盟 ro わ m れ 0 〃 dump on sb わ r v は ] AmE わ広ör 襯 1 to crit- icize someone very strongly and often unfairly: DO 〃 'td レ〃 0 れ盟 2 teachers e ' g 厩 , ' 尾 do ⅲ ga good 扣わ . 2 to tell someone all your problems: 、 ) , 知レ mæ〃レ〃砒 , lwasfeeling ん加 d 可 dump2 〃 [CI 1 WASTE a place where unwanted waste is taken and le 化 the ね〃わわな々 d レ襯 2 WEAPONS aplacewheremilitarysupplies are stored, or the supplies themselves: 0 〃 0 襯襯レ - れ 0 〃 dump 3 UNPLEASANT PLACE informalaplacethat is unpleasant tO live ⅲ because it is dirty, ugly, untidy etc: DO so ″ ~ んⅲ g 0 わ 0 レー 0 レ r room, it's 0 4 down in the dumps ⅲ r 襯観 very sad and with- out much interest ⅲ 1 江ゴ加加 e れ el ⅲ ga わ″面〃 加肱 2 dumps 厄 . 5 COMPUTER c わ加 c 観 the act of copying the information stored ⅲ a computer's memory ontO something else, such as a DISK dump ・ ertruck/ ・・・・ / 〃 [ClBrEavehicle withalarge open container at the back that can move up to pour sand, soil etc ontO the ground; DUMP TRUCK AmE dump•ling /'dAmp110/ れ ] 1 a round lump of flour and fat m ixed with water, cooked ⅲ boiling liq- uid and served with meat: mince 0 〃 d dumplings 2 a sweet dish made OfPASTRY filled with fruit: 0 〃〃 dumplings Dump ・ 5 彙 e 「 /'dAmpstoll-orl 〃 [C] 作 ade 襯の・ん AmE a large metal container used for waste ⅲ the US; SKIP2 ( 2 ) BrE dump truck た・ / れ [CI AmEa DUMPER TRUCK BrE dump ・ y / ・ dAmpi/ 0 可ⅲ知 r 襯観 someone who is dumpy is fat, short, and unattractive: 0 d レ襯〃 ) , 〃な du n /dAn/ れ [C,UI a dull brownish-grey colour —dun dunce/dAns/n [Clold-fashionedsomeonewho isslow at learning th ings: the レ〃 ce 可 the class dunce's cap / ・・・・ / 〃 [C] a tall pointed hat that a stu- pid student had to wear ⅲ school ⅲ the past 0uれ・ dee cake /dnn ・ di: ,kelk/ ″ [C,U] a British cake made with fruit and nuts dun ・ der ・ head / ・ dnndohedll-or-/ 〃 [C] 0 ås 0 d someone WhO iS stupid dune /dju:nlldu:n/also 〃 [C] a hill made ofsand near the sea or in the desert; SAND DUNE dune bug ・ gy / ' ・・ / 〃 [C]AmEa car with bigwheels and no roof that you can drive across sand; BEACH BUGGY dung /dAIJ/ 〃 [Uls01id waste 作 om animals, especially COWS dun ・ ga ・・ 5 /,dAり90 ・ ri:z/ 〃 [plurall 1 BrE 100Se trousers that have a square piece ofcloth that covers your chest, and long thin pieces that fasten over your shoulders; OVERALL3 ( 2 ) AmE 2 AmE heavy cotton trousers used for working ⅲ d u れ・ g ・ 0 れ /'dAnd30n/ 〃 [C] a dark underground prison used ⅲ the past, especially under a castle dunk /dA0k/ v [TI 1 to dip something that you are eating ⅲ tO ℃ 0 ee , tea etc: L ル〃 'td ″〃ん 0 レ r レ″加 ) , 0 レ r 0 ! 2 AmE tO push someone under water for a short time as a joke; DUCK2 ( 2 ) 3 tO throw the ball downwards intO the basket BASKETBALL —see aISO dunk for apples (APPLE ( 3 ) ) , SLAM DUNK —dunk 〃 [CI —see picture on page 1 3 du れ・れ 0 /'dAnoo/ 〃 0 ″ a way of saying ・ I don't know' , that some people think is incorrect: "Do ) , 0 ″ 0 れ 0 CO 襯 e? " " ー d レ〃″ 0 , lmight. du ・ 0 / ・ dju : 0 可・ du : 0 可〃 ] 1 apieceofmusicfortwo performers 2 two people whO perform together or are Often seen together: comedy d レ 0 Reeves 0 〃 d ーör れ襯 er du ・ 0 ・ dec ・ i ・ mal /,dju:oldesgmol<ll. du:-/ 0 のⅲ c a duodecimal system of numbers is based on the number 12 , instead of the usual system based on ten du ・ 0 ・ de ・ num /,dju:o'di:namll,du:-/n [C]technicalthe tOP part 0f your BOWEL, below your stomach—duo- denal /. dju:o'di:nl<ll,du:-/adj: 0 d レ ode ″襯 c —see p icture at DIGESTIVE SYSTEM du ・ 0 ogue /'dju:ologll ・ du:olo:g, ・に : g / 〃 [ CI 知 r 襯観 a conversation or discussion between tWO people, especially ⅲ a play dupel /dju:plldu:p/ 〃 [C] someone whO is tricked,

lntroduction ・ 13 Welcome to the third, completely new, edition of the Longman Dictionary Of Contemporary English! ln this dictionary, we have tried tO provide new solutions tO some problems that face teachers Of EngIish and students at intermediate tO advanced level. Fast Access ー Students should not have tO wade through a 10t Of irrel- evant meanings, SO all the definitions are ⅲ frequency order w ith the most common meanings first. Our new 'signposts', words or short phrases that distinguish the meanings Of longer entries, act as a visual index tO help the user access the meaning they want as quickly as possible. Spoken EngIish ー Studying the way that the spoken variety Of EngIish, with American EngIish now joining our British spoken corpus, has been one Of the most fascinating and enlightening aspects Of the new Longman Dictionary Of Contemporary English. AII the recordings used are Of natural speech , not radiO or TV pro- grammes or language that is in any way scripted. This has had a profound effect on the coverage Of some frequent words such as 襯 ea 〃 and better, but definitions throughout the bOOk that are partic- ularly frequent in the spoken corpora are marked with the label 0- ん e ル Frequency ー Students are interested in frequency SO that they can know which words are usual and which are unusual. Ⅵ have been building the corpora that make up the Longman Corpus Network for nearly 10 years now , always w ith the intention that it would rep- resent the broad span Of the language and be reliable as a source Of such frequency information. The frequency graphs in the dictio- nary ShOW users Wh iCh are the most common constructions Of com- plex words, like decide, and just hOW much more common let is than 〃 er 襯″ , except in the formal varieties Of English. We have also been able tO mark the 3000 most frequent words ⅲ bOth spoken and writ- ten EngIish , again relying on our authentic data from American as well as British EngIish. Phrases and collocations ー EngIish is expressed through fixed com- binations Of words, but it is difficult for students tO predict what the words are, SO collocations ( g 襯 de r 襯 i 〃 0 れ 0 〃 ) , specific objects (invade someone's 〃 r 00 ) and phrases from spoken English ( わ r with me 0 mo 襯 e 〃ー and been e 尾 , done ーれ 0 の are given full treatment throughout the b00k. All people involved in the creation Of th is new dictionary hope that you find it useful and informative, and we welcome any comments from users. Della Summers D irector Of D ictionaries E-mail: 100441 , 2246.com/userve.com

411 ( 05t a word: The word 7 カⅢ・ sda ) , な 0 co な″〃行 0 〃 0 ア T わ or ' S D の ,. ( 0 「・ sage / k so : ko : 司〃 [Clagroupofsmallflowers that a woman fastens tO her clothes on a special occasion such as a wedding ( 0 「・ sa ⅳ / ・い : seo ko : ハ er 卩日 C ] 01d ″ the name 0fa North African 円 RATE 1 ( 3 ) , or their ship ( 0 「 se 0 : 引 ko : 「 s / 〃℃ ] 0 ″ se or oe れ cal a CORPSE ( 0 「・ set お ko : s ド ko : 「 - / 〃 [CI 1 a tightly fitting piece Of underwear that women wore in the past tO make them 100k thinner 2 a strong, tightly fitt ing piece Of clothing that supports your back when it is inj ured ( 0 「・ tege / ko : ・ t 引引 k3 : e3 / 〃 [C] a line ofpeople, cars etc that move along slowly ⅲ a funeral ()「・ tex /lko:tekslllko:r-/ 〃盟ル r 観 cortices /-tåsi:z/ [CI c わ〃 ica ~ the outer layer Of an organ such as your brain —cortical k3 : t ⅸ k3 : 「 - / 0 の ( 0 「・ ti ・ 50 れ e k3 : tåzo ( ) 可 ' ko : ロい 0 ( ) n / 〃 [U] a HORMONE that is used especially in the treatment Of diseases such as ARTHRITIS ( 0 「・ us ・ ( a ・ ti れ 9 /'koroske1t1011'ko:- 'ka:-1 0 の知 rm flashing with light: coruscatingjewels ( 051 /koz/ CO 可レ〃 c れ 0 〃〃 0 〃 S 〃 dard an abbreviation Of because ( 052 /kosllku:s/ 〃 the abbreviation 0fCOSINE ( 05h 1 /k nfll ka : 」 C ] BrE r 襯観 a heavy weapon ⅲ the shape Of a short th ick pipe ( 05h ~ V[T] informal especially BrE tO hit someone with a cosh ( 0 ・ 5i9 ・ na ・ tO ・「 y ん kO び s noto 「 i 旧 kO び signo いⅲ / れ [CI forma ~ one Ofa group ofpeople whO sign a legal docu- ment for their department, organization, country etc: Ⅳれ〃〃 eed わ 0 co g 〃 0 es 豆 g ″ ec わレ e. ( 0 ・ si れ e /'kousamll ・ koo-/ 〃 [CI c わ〃 ica / the measure- ment Ofan ACUTE ( 6 ) angle in a TRIANGLE ( 1 ) with a RIGHT ANGLE that is calculated by dividing the length ofthe side next tO it by the length ofthe HYPOT- ENUSE —compare SINE ()5 ・ met ・ ic /koz ・ metlkllka:z-/ 0 可 [only before noun] 1 dealing with the outside appearance rather than the important part Of something; SUPER- FICIAL(I): Ⅳé ' 尾襯 0 んⅲ ga cosme れ cc わ 0 〃 g ね the ん 0 ″ se わ fore 2 sell ″Ⅱ cosmetic exercise ( =some- thing you dO that 100kS good but does not achieve anything) 2 intended t0 make your hair or skin 100k more attractive: the cosmetic 加 d レ s なツー ) , 0 ″ 0 ″ the d ーエör わ eal orcosmetic reasons? ()5 ・ me ・ ti ・ cian / 。 kDzmo 第、い可 . ka : た / 〃 [C] someone whO is professionally trained tO put cosmetics on other people ( 05 ・ met ・ i ( 5 /kozlmetlksllka:z-/ 〃 [plural] creams, powders etc that you use on your face and b0dy in order tO 100k more attractive cosmetic su 「・ ge ・「 y ・・ / 〃 ] medical oper- ations that improve your appearance after you have been injured, or because you want tO feel more attractive ( 05 ・ mi ( / ・ knzmlkll'ka:z-/ 0 可 1 connected with space or the universe 2 extremely large: 0 scandal ofcosmicproportions —cosmically /-kli/adv ん 〃 [C usually plural] a stream Of ( 05E ー ( ray RADIATION ( 2 ) reaching the Earth from space 1000. 2000 , 3000 most frequent words in Spoken and Written EngliSh ( 05 ・ mog ・ 0 ・ ny lknz'mnganillka:zlma:-/ 〃 [C,U] the origin Of the universe, or a set Of ideas about this ( 05 ・ mo 0 ・ gy /kozImDlad3illka:zIma:-/ 〃 [U] the sci- ence Of the origin and structure Of the universe, especially as studied in ASTRONOMY ()5 ・ mo ・ naut /'kozmono:tll'ka:zmono:t/ 〃 [C] an ASTRONAUT from the former SOViet Union ( 05 ・ mo ・ po ト i ・ ta れ 1 /,kozmo'polåtan<ll,ka:zmo'pa:-/ ad. ノ 1 a cosmopolitan place consists of people from many different parts Of the world: the cos 襯 0 〃 0 〃〃 わ″ s 〃 e 0 / Sa 〃 Francisco 2 a cosmopol itan person, belief, opinion etc shows a wide experience of differ- ent people and places: B g ″わ as such 0 cos 襯 0 〃 0 〃 - 〃 0 レ〃 00 ん 0 〃な厄 cosmopolitan2 〃 [C] someone who has travelled a 10t and feels at home ⅲ any part of the world ( 05 ・ E05 /'kozmosll'ku:zmos/n the ( 05m05 the whole universe, especially when you think of it as a system ( 05 ・ set /'kosåtlllka:-/ v は ] to give someone as much care and attention as you can , especially when it is t00 much: Ⅳ 0-0 れ e 加 e ア 0 襯〃 ) , gets as 襯レ c ん cosset- ″ g as ー ca だ ( 05t1 /knstllko:st/ ″ 1 MONEY PAID く ] the amount of money that you have tO pay ⅲ order to buy, do, or produce something: I'II give ) , 0 レ 5 cover the co of the gas.lat a cost Of The わレ〃 d 加 g ' S going レ〃 0 [ 0 CO 立 0 / $ 82 襯襯れ 3 high/low cost 0 IOW CO source elec な加国の 1 full costlfno s 0 厄 rs わゆ s 0 催 aid ので 0 し 0 〃 0 わ s ル d なツ〃わ 0 〃ア 2 アレ″ co 立 0 ア e レ education.lcost Of living (=the cost 0f buyingall the f00d, clothes etc that you need tO live) The CO 立 0 工〃 v ⅲ g rose 10 〃 erce 〃ⅱ〃 the lastyear.lat noextracostAcassette/radio iSi 〃 cl リ deda ー″ 02 ズ作 0 CO 立 . 2 LOSS/DAMAGE く [C,UI something that you lose, give away, damage etC in order tO achieve something: at (a) cost tO D ″″ ca ″ 0 〃 00 ) , s 〃レな〃 0 ル 〃わ ' S needs わ尾わな 0 〃 , 0 ー CO 〃 s 2r0 わ CO 立 himself. ー whatever the cost (=no matter hOW much work, money, risk etc is needed) He 's determined 田ⅲ , わ 0 r the cost.l at all costs ( =whatever hap- pens) Ⅳ 2 襯レ立 0 0 0 scandal 砒 0 〃 CO 立 s. 3 ( 05t5 [plural] a) themoney thatyou mustregu- larly spend in order tO continue having a home, car, business etc.• increase COStS protested ーわ 0 ー the new taxes 田 0 ″ / d わ rease rod レ c れ 0 れ costs ″〃 reaso 〃 0 わり 3 reduce/cut costs We've got の cut costs 0 〃 d e ' 尾立のⅵ〃 g ″わ the 〃わ 0 〃 e bill.lcover costs ( =make enough money tO pay for the things you have bought) Atthis ra e ' 〃わ 0 尾 CO し 0 Ⅲ・ costs.l running costs ( =the cost Ofown ing and using a car or machine) Because 0 工 e engine's e 類 c 〃 0 , the car わ as じ 21 わ r レれ〃 ~ ″ g costs. b) ( 05t5 also court costs AmE the money that you must pay t0 lawyers etc if you are involved ⅲ a legal case ⅲ court, especially if you are guilty: Be 〃な・田 0 〃曲 2 case 0 〃 was awarded COS な . 4 PRICE PAID < [singularl especially AmE the price that someone pays for something that they are going tO sell; COST PRICE: at COSt ーイなレ〃 C 'S 0 dealer 0 〃 d 一襯わ the ・ CO . 5 find/know/learn etc sth to your ( 05t tO realize something is true because you have had a very unpleasant experience: Driving アー ~ 〃 wet CO 〃 - SI WI