tOing and froing 1919 〃 0 れ ) 功 asga ⅲ eda 知 e 々 0 ⅲ eco 〃怩 co 襯 - 〃レ r 襯の・ん 2 [C] a small hOle ⅲ a rock where you can put your f00t when you are climb ing tO ・・ na i l/'toone 川当 0 ( ) - / 〃 [C] the hard part that covers the top of each of your toes —see picture at F00 toe ・ rag ハ 0 記 9 旧 to ( ) - 々 C ] BrEspoken an offensive word for someone you dislike: T わ 0 ーの催 ag 曲 d tO 幵 / tnf い 0 : f / 〃 [CI BrEold-fashionedsomeonewh0 is rich or has a high social position tOf ・ fee / ・ tDfill'ta:fi/n [C,U] 1 a sticky sweet brown substance that you can eat, made by boiling sugar, water, and butter together, or a piece of this substance 2 can't dO sth fO 「 tOffee BrE ⅲ r 襯観 tO be very bad at doing something: He ca ″ 7 singfor toffee! toffee ap ・ ple ・・ / な [C] an apple covered with toffee and put on a stick toffee-nosed / ・・・・ / 0 山 BrE r 襯観 a toffee-nosed person thinks that they are better than Other people because Of their SOCial position: He'S 0 ガ色れ osed 〃″ん creep! tO ・ fu ハ 0 ( ) fu : 物 0 ( ト / 〃 [U] a soft white f00d like cheese, that iS made from SOYBEANS t091 /toglltu:g, to:g/ れ [CI 1 togs[plurall ⅲ r 襯襯 clothes 2 c わ〃た 0 / a unit for measuring the warmth Of QUILTS etc t092 v tog yourself u p/out 〃ん r し [T] informal t0 put on clothes for a particular occasion or activity tO ・ ga ハ 90 旧 to ( ) - / ″ [C] a 10ng100Se piece ofclothing worn by people ⅲ ancient Rome S1 tO ・ geth ・ e 「 1 / い・ geö可つ「 / adv WI- 1 MAKE ONE THING く江 you want to put two or more things together, you jOin them SO that they form a single subject or group: ⅸ 2 わリ″ er 0 〃 d sugar together.lHe added 加〃リ m わ催 s の ge 3 We stuck the pieces together 0g0 加 The model as held ge ″れ string. 2 ONE PLACE 江 you keep, collect etc things together, you keep or collect them all ⅲ one place:lgatheredall ) ゾ 0U0 レ r な 2 〃 0 加〃 gs ge 催 . 3 close/packed/crowded etc together 江 people or objects are close together, packed together etc, they areplacedveryneartoeachother: T ec 〃襯わ夜・ s e 尾 s ″れ〃 g huddled ge 〃 r アör ar 襯〃ér の・れ 0 襯ビれな e 尾 0 〃わレ〃 ed together 0 ″ e end 可 e shelj: 4 AGAINST EACH OTHER く if you rub, bang etc things together, you rub or bang them against eachother:Maxwasrubbinghishandstogetherwith glee.l ん〃 oc ん the わ r レ es toge cl 〃曲 em. 5 WITH EACH OTHER if two or more people are together or d0 something together, they are with eachotherordosomethingwitheachother: Wewere sc わ 00 oge 催ん ' S 0 〃 stay ge 曲催 or so 襯 eo 〃 e m な get s T わの , decided 加 e 〃ざ襯 0 尾 time の g 加 r. はわ e の・ George 0 〃 d his な got c ん の ge 催Ⅱ all together (now) 0 ん (=used when you are asking a group of people to say or dO some- th ing together) R な加 , men. A 〃 ge 〃 0 砒 .. P レ s わ ! 6 IN AGREEMENT < if people are together, come together etc they are or become united and work with each other: Together [ 怩 ca 〃加Ⅱ We m レ立 or ん closely ge 盟 2r0 れな 0 れ e. lbring the ー 0 sides ⅲ the 市 $ 〃リ ge 催 1000 , 2000 , 3000 mo 引 frequent words in Spoken and Written EngIish 7 ATTHE SAME TIME atthesametime: Ⅳわ ) , 面 0 〃 the わ襯 s 襯の , s come ge 催み Yo ″ 0 d わ 0 怩 used わ 0 the 0 なの ge 夜・ . 8 together with in addition to; at the same time as: . / リ bring ″わ ac the s の尾 , ge 肭 w ″力 0 盟・ receipt. 9 WITHOUT STOPPING old use without interruption: れ ra 加ル r. ルⅢ・ days together.—see SO get your act together (ACT2 ( 5 ) ) , hold together (HOLD り , piece sth together (PIECE2), pull together (PULLI) together2 0 可挈 0 ん例 someone who is together always thinks clearly and does th ings ⅲ a very sen- sible, organized way: 10 襯わ℃ Rosie ー she's such 0 ge 〃催 SO 〃 . tO ・ geth ・ e 「・ ness / い ' geöan いト 00 司〃 [U]the feeling you have when you are part of a group of people whO have a close relationship with each other: ー尾 0 〃 ) , 襯な s the ge 催れ ess ル″ co 〃 ege. tog ・ 9 厄 / ・ t 四可ド ta : - / 〃 [CI 1 a small piece 0f W00d or plastic that is used as a button on coats, bags etc —see picture at FASTENER 2 something on a com- puter that lets you change from one operation to another toggle switch た・・ / れ [Cltechnicala small part ona machine that is used tO turn electricity on and 0 by moving it up or down tOi11 / い町 v は always + adv/prepl 1 also toil away t0 work very hard for a long period 0f time: [ + at/ over] l've been 加ⅲれ g 0 0 ) , な essay 0 〃 ん e 〃ざ . 2 t0 move slowly and with great effort: [ + up/through/against etc] T れの , tOiIed s ゆレ〃 the わ襯 . tOi 12 〃 [U] 知 r 襯観 1 hard unpleasant work done over a long period: 0 ~ ife ″ 2 the tO ⅱ 5 0f 催 - の ) , if you are caught ⅲ the t0ils Of an unpleasant feeling or situation, you are trapped by it tOi ・厄 t / ・い山 t / 〃 1 [C]aIargebowlthatyousiton tO get rid Of waste liquid or waste matter from your body: Heflushed the 厄た 2 ℃ ] especially BrE a room or building containing a toilet; BATHROOM ( 2 ) AmE: 〃レわ〃 c 〃な 3 go tO the toiletBrE tO pass waste liquid or waste matter from your bOdy: M リ襯必ー怩の go the 〃 e だ 4 [UJ 0 は 知 s 加 0 れ困 the act Of washing and dressing yourself tOilet bag た・・ / れ [C] abag in which you keep things such as soap, TOOTHPASTE etC When travelling; SPONGE BAG BrE —see picture at BAG ー tOilet pa ・ per た・ . ・・ / 〃 [U] soft thin paper used for cleaning yourself after you have used the tOilet tOi 4 et ・ ries / ・い山 t riz/n [plurall th ings such as soap and TOOTHPASTE that are used for washing yourself toilet 「 0 / ・・・・ / れ℃ ] BrE toilet paper that is wound around a small tube toilet-train ・ ing ・・ / 〃 [U] the act of teaching a child tO use a toilet —toilet-train v [T] —toilet- trained 0 の tOi let wa ・ ter ・・ / 〃 [U] akindofpERFUME(=pIeas- ant smelling liquid) that does not have a very strong t0 ・ i09 and f 「 0 ・ ing な u : 川 and 哘っ ( ) 川ド fr 。 0- / れ [U] 1 movement backwards and forwards many times between two or more places 2 a 10t 0f activity that S2

close 2 NO LONGER EXIST < alsoclosedown [I,TI 江 become healthy: The s リ rgeo れ closed 2 ⅲ c な〃 a company, shop etc closes or you close it, it stops operating permanently: We わ 0 怩尾ル c decided 14 close ranks a) ifpeople close ranks, they 扣ⅲ の close e 知け 00. together tO protect each other, especially because 3 FORA PERIOD OFTIME also close up は , their group, organization etc is being criticized TI 江 a shop or bu ilding closes or you close it, it stops b) if soldiers close ranks, they stand closer together being open tO the public for a period Of time; SHUTI 15 close the book ( 5 ) on sth to stop working on ( 15 ) : The 毓 0 〃 s close 砒 six. something, especially a police inquiry, because it is 4 BOOK/SPEECH ETC く卩 always + adv/prep, lmpossible tO continue ・一・ see alSO CLOSED, CLOSING T always + adv/prepl if a b00k, play, speech etc DATE, CLOSING TIME, close/shut the (DOOR closes or someone closes it, it endS in a particular ( 16 ) ) , close your eyes tO sth (EYEI ( 39 ) ) way: close sth/with/by etc The Prime 外れ〃な r close downphrv 1 仕 Tclosesth ・一、 down]ifa closed his c れの ma れ g 0 〃 0 e 知 r 〃 eace. は + company, shop etc closes down or is closed down, it with/by/whenl T 〃 2 novel closes わ 2 〃 e 知襯め , stops operating permanently 2 は ] BrE to stop are r 色リ〃″ ed in Prague.l closing remarks (=some- broadcasting radiÖ or television programmes at the thing that you say at the end Of an offcial talk or end ofthe day: BBC2closes down 0 ー 12. ・ 45 の g わた speech) close i n 〃ん r し [ 月 1 to move closer to someone or 5 close a n accou nt to stop having an account with a something, especially in order tO attack them : The bank 0 c10 d ⅲ知加ん襯 . は + on/around/uponetcl 6 FINANCIAL/ECONOMIC く卩 always + adv/ T わ 2 gang closed ⅲ 0 〃んの 71 わ ra 〃市 s わ加 g sticks. prepl 江 business shares (SHARE2 ( 6 ) ) or CURRENCY ( 1 ) closes at a particular price, they are worth that 2 江 the night, bad weather etc closes ⅲ , it becomes amount at the end Ofa day's trade on the STOCK MAR- darker or gets worse 3 if the days close ⅲ , they KET: ト at/down etcl PO 〃 d の・ es closed 0 〃ゆ 4 〃 become shorter because it iS autumn dO 田な 0 ー〃 2 . close sth 冖 Off わ r v [T] to separate a road, room 7 close a deal/sale/contract etc to successfully etc from the area around it so that people cannot go arrange a business deal, sale etc there or use it: 0 れ e 可 the lanes な closed 0 ガ知 r 8 OFFER 卩 ] to finish on a particular 、 date: re, 〃 0 ″・ S. S 朝 0 ガ催 cIosesJ ″雇 3. close outphrv [TlAmEifa storeclosesoutatype 9 DISTANCE/DIFFERENCE は , to make the Of goods, they sell all Of them cheaply: close sth ← , distance or difference between two things smaller: out Ⅳ ' 尾 clO 〃 g 0 ″ー曲な〃″ e 0 / s ~ m 田 ear. SOC 池ゆ needs close egg 〃 , e c れ 0 れ d or close upphr v 1 は , T close sth ← up] ifa shop Theother cat ・ as closingon ″ s 工ås た or building closes up or is closed up, it stops being 10 REDUCE ACTIVITIES ETC [ 明 to make an open tO the public for a period 0f time 2 [I,T]if a activity or opportunity no longer available: T わ 2 group Of people close up, they move nearer together: g な厄行 0 closes 0 ん一可 0 〃わ 0 加 the tax 厄 close up the ranks! ( =used t0 order soldiers tO 11 be closed 江 a particular subject is closed, you stand closer together) 3 [I,T] 江 a wound closes up are no longer willing tO discuss it: れ was 0 regret- or ifsomething closes it up, it grows together or is わル incident わ砒 / れ 0 出 co 〃 s 滬 the ma な催 clo d. sewn together and becomes healthy again 4 は ] tO 12 HOLD STH は always + adv/prep, T deliberately not show your true emotions or always + adv/prep] if someone's hands, arms etc thoughts: E 行襯 e ー as ん Je れ〃ア 0 わ 0 ″ー″ she ノレ立 close around something or they close them around closes レ〃 . something, they hold it firmly: ト around/round/ close with sb/sthphrv[T]BrE 1 toagreeto dO over etc]: The の , ' S れ〃 d closed 0 怩 r Ken's a business deal with someone: れ as such 0 good 13 WOUND く also close up [I,TI if a wound 0 ガ 0 ーー closed 田 i わ imo れ es 〃 0 れ 2 催 00 to closes or you close it, it grows back together and begin a fight or battle: The ー 0 の・ m s closed ″れ becomes healthy, or you sew it together for it to each 0 aro リ〃 da 加砒襯滬 dg ア . 328 d05 /klous llklous/ 0 可 ① NEAR ② LIKELY ⑨ CAREFUL ④ SIMILAR ⑤ ALMOST LOST/DANGEROUS ETC ① NEAR proximity The 〃 e わ 0 ″ s ⅲ g 阨花な加 c10 prox- 1 NEAR SPACE 、 not far: The 叩 s 0 れ ~ m ″ア 0 〃レ clear 盟 0 田 ers れ 0 ル 2 at close range/quarters very near: The victim 沢 0 〃 d Ⅳ 0 アので the closest. は + to] T わ c れ 0 0 わ ad 加 e 〃 s 〃 atclose range. s, 〃 close r れ盟・ for e わ・ c.l ⅲ close SI ⑥ FRIENDLY ⑦ ALMOST CORRECT ⑧ SPOKEN PHRASES ⑨ OTH MEANINGS

paintbrush 1298 taining dry blocks 0f paint that can be m ixed with water pa i nt ・ brush / 、 pe mt b 「 A 」、 / 〃 [C] a brush for spreading paint on a sufface —see picture at BRUSHI paint ・ er /'pemtall-or/ 〃 [C] 1 someone wh0 paints pictures; ARTIST: 0 landscape 〃厩催第〃 or 作 0 な 〃 0 わ・ 2 someone whose j Ob is painting houses, rooms etc 3 a rope for tying a small boat tO a ship or tO a post on land pa i nt ・ 2 「・ツ / ・ pe m い川トい司 0 可 typical Of painters or painting: 〃厩催なⅱ襯 ages S3 paint ・ ing / ・ pemtll)/ 〃 1 [C] a painted picture: W2 rge 〃 0 ⅲ〃 g ん mg 加 e カ 0 〃田 0 2 [U]theactof making a picture using paint: l've 0 , 0 ) s admired 0 ' んé ' Ss ゆ可〃厩ⅲ g. 3 [UI theactofcovering awall, houseetcwithpaint:paintinganddecorating paint strip ・ per た , ・・ / れ [U] a substance used tO remove paint from walls, doors etC paint ・ work / ・ pemtw3:kll-w3:rk/ 〃 [U] paint on a car, house etc: the 市・ 0 わ 0 工 ce ″々 itsfaded 盟ⅲ厩 wor ん 0 〃 d nicotine-stainedceiling pairl /peallper/ ″〃ル r 襯 pairs or pair [CJ W2 1 TROUSERS ETC a single thing made oftwo similar parts that are joined together: a pair of jeans/trousers/scissors/glasses etc GO 盟リー 0 〃 0 clean 〃ⅲ r 研 0 〃 s. 第″ 2 盟 0 炉 0 工 s レ〃 g 厄 ss 2 5HOE5 ETC 、 two things of the same kind that are used together: a pair of shoes/socks/ gloves etc 尾 e 〃 rsQ 工 soc ん s 第 0 炉 0 ア ca れ襯 es れ c ん引 a matching pair (=two things that are exactly alike) 3 in pairs ⅲ groups oftwo: OKclass, get ⅲ盟 0 レ s アör the 〃 e 工ー ac れⅲゆ . の・ r 加 gs SO 加〃 0 炉 s 4 TWO PEO PLE [singular] two people who are standing or dOing something together, or are connectedwith each other ⅲ someway: [ + 0 幻 0 0 炉 面れ c 催 s 第〃 0 レ可 s げ 4 の , 桶 5 the pairof you/them BrE$ 〃 0 ん 2 〃 used when you are angr 、 y or annoyed: 0 ん get 0 レな e - 〃 0 レ 0 工 0 リ 3 T 力の , crooks, e 〃 0 か可 e 襯 . 6 TWO ANIMALS [singularl a) two ani- mals, one male and one female, that come together tO have sex: ド 0 幻 0 盟 0 炉 0 / dO 怩引 the ma れ″ g 〃 0 わ・ b) 0 use two horses that work together: 0 carriage 7 1've on ツ 90t one pair of hands s. 〃 0 ん e 〃 used to say that you are busy and cannot dO any more than you are dOing 8 CARDS two PLAYING CARDS which have the same value: [ + 0 幻 0 〃ⅲ r 可ノ ac ん s 9 the happy pair two people who have just become married USAGE NOTE: PAIR WORD CHOICE:pair, Ⅱ可 e A pair isa t0f20 thingswhich arejoined or no ロ圸 allyus together, ortwopeople whO work or dosomethingtogether: 0 0 研 ノ ea / r 引 d ル 0 尹加 A CO 収 01e istwo orafew things ofthe same kind; ーをルなれ d / 0 ~ ル研 c わ市明 NOte that two married people ortwo people ⅲ a lasting relationship are a co 収 p NOT a pair: GRAMMAR ⅱ n that come inpairs andarejoinedcan 0 y be counted usingthe word pair,even 物 0 Ⅱ g れ theyarepl Ⅱ rä止盟可ノ レ研 g ss ( NOTag ss お月 pa 可 scissors Thingsthat come 加 pairs butarenotjoined れ becountedeither ⅲ pairsorseparately:one ↓ / 市引 0 勲 0 か研 s / i0 pa ⅳ 2 also pair up v [I, T usually passive] to form groups Of tWO or be put intO 部、 oups Of two: be paired with sb We 2 尾 eac わ〃ⅲ尾 d ″ん 0 〃 e co 襯マ 0 わ e ゆ W ″〃作 0 ⅲ ~ れ g. pa ⅳ 0 升〃・ v T い 0 come together or bring two people together tO have a romantic relationsh ゆ : A 〃 theothers ere 〃 0 炉ⅲ gQ ガ 0 〃 d ー as ~ グ tO 〃 ) , OW 〃 pairsboffwith sb T わの , 田のな〃 0 炉ⅵ rda ″ g s offwith rich men. pair up 〃加・ v [I] 1 tö become friends and start tO have a relationship 2 tO agree to start to work together with someone pais•ley /'peuli/ 0 可 made from clOth that is covered with a pattern 0f shapes that IOOk like curved drops ofrain: 0 盟 0 なーの , shawl —see picture on page 1167 pa•Ja ・ mas / po ・ d30 : m04 」 d50 : 」 d3 / 〃 [plural] the usual American spelling 0f PYJAMAS —paJ ama 0 の Pa ・ ki /ipæki/n [C]BrEtabooaveryoffensivewordfor a person from Pakistan, or a person born ⅲ Britain whose parents were from Pakistan Pak ・ i ・ sta ・ ni /,pækllsta:ni<ll-'stæni/n [CI 1 someone from Pakistan 2 from or connected with Pakistan pall / p 回 / 〃 [C] 1 informalaclose friend: 0 〃 0 〃観 0 ア襯加可Ⅳ 2 ノレ weren't 盟観 s 0 〃襯 0 尾 . 2 s. 〃 0 ん 2 〃 used tO address a man in an unfriendly way: んな〃 , 0 / , ー dO 〃 7 0 〃ーア 0 ″わ 0 〃 g 加 g aro レ〃 d 襯 ) , sister 0 〃ツ more. pal aroundphrv は + withlAmEto go placesand dO things with someone as a friend: れ as 〃 e カ av - ing someone の〃 0 ~ aro リ〃 d w 〃ん pal up 〃ん・ v + with] BrE tO become someone's friend: ・ T んの , 〃 0 〃 ed ゆ作砒〃〃 g round E ・ 0 〃 e. pal•ace p ト / 〃 [CI 1 Often Palace a large grand house where a ruling king or queen, or a British BISHOP or ARCHBISHOP, ofhcially lives : B レ C ん i 〃 g ん 0 〃 ~ Pa 厄 2 a large, grand, beautifully decorated house: The れ 0 わ 0fFIorence わⅵ〃〃市 d 〃襯 aces. palace 「 e ・ 0 u ・ tiO れ ・・・ / 〃 [CI a situation ⅲ which a ruler or an important person ⅲ a large organization, has their power taken away by the less important people whO work with them pal•a ・ din /'pælodm/ 〃℃ ] 1 〃 ra a respected person whO strongly supports a particular action or opinion; CHAMPION ー ( 2 ) 2 a KNIGHT ( =a soldier Of high rank) in the MiddIe Ages wh0 fought loyally for hiS prince pa eo- /pæli oollpe ⅲ 00 / 〃尾カ x another spelling 0f PALEO- pal•e ・ 0 ・ lith ・ ic ん p 回 io び 110 ⅸ可 . pe ⅲ 0- / 0 の the British spelling Of PA LEOLITHIC

pack 1294 S2 W2 speak very effectively in an argument or discuss ion —see alSO send sb packing (SEND ( 9 ) ) pack sth ・、 awaypht ・ v はい 0 put somethingback in a box, caseetc where it is usually kept: Wepacked 0m0 ) , 肱 e か c ″ things. pack sb/sth ・一、 in 〃加・こ叮 1 informaltoattract people ⅲ large numbers: ・・ P レゆ F なれ 0 〃 " な really ac んⅲ g 〃 m ⅲ . 2 alsopacksthintosthtofitalot Of something intO a space, place, or period Of time: T わの , 〃 ac ん so 襯″ c わ加 e わ・カ 0 〃 dg ) , , の , 尾ル r 〃 ed れレ s d. 3 ⅲ r 襯 0 $ 〃 ec 液〃ァ月 rEtostop doing something, especially a jOb that you find unpleasant orannoying:Attimes 〃なー〃ん e 〃 ac んⅲ g ″ 0 〃 ⅲ 0 れ d going 0 作砒〃加 g. 4 pack it in 0 ん e 〃 used tO tell someone tO stop dOing something that is annoyingyou: Pack ″ⅲ ) , 0 リれむ 0. l'm tiredofheat ・ ing ) , 0 レ・ guing. 5 BrE informal tO end a romantic relationship W' ith someone pack sb/sth 0 幵んコ日 T ] ⅲ知 r 襯 to send some- one away quickly, tO avoid trouble or because you want t0 get rid ofthem: M ) , 〃の℃〃な packed us 0 ア 70 camp every S レ襯襯夜・ . pack up 〃加・ v 1 田ル r 襯観 tO finish work: Business was s 秋 and she packed 叩 early. 2 田 informal お〃 ec 液〃 ) , BrE if a machine packs up it stops working: The engine ' S 〃 ac ん ed レ〃 ! 3 [T] infor- 襯 0 / 月 rE to stop doing something such as ajob: He's 〃 ac ん ed レ〃 s 知わ可 r 0 〃ゆ尾 e 襯 0 〃 & pack2 〃℃ ] 1 THINGS WRAPPED TOGETHER several things wrapped or tied together or put ⅲ a case, to make them easy tO carry, sell, or give to someone : S 滬 0 の for 0 ・ア尾 e ⅲ知 rma 0 〃盟 ac んの d の ,. —see alSO SIX-PACK 2 SMALL CONTAINER especia 〃 ), AmE a small container, usually made of paper, with a set of things in it; PACKETl(1,2) [ + 0 0 〃 ac ん可、 ciga 尾″ es 第 ac ん ofgum BrE —see picture at CONTAINER 3 BAG ℃ ] BrE a bag carried by a climber, walker, or soldier, that is fastened to their shoulders and is used tO carry equipment, clothes etc 4 ANIMALS く a group of wild animals that hunt together, or a 部、 oup of dogs trained together for hunting: 0 0 既 0 第 ac ん可物 0 ″″ホ 5 GROUP OF PEOPLE a group ofpeople who dO something together, especially a group who you dO not approve of: 0 盟 ac 可・盟引 the 〃 0 00d わ r 襯〃 ac 6 MILITARY く a group ofaircraft, SUBMARINES, etc that fight the enemy together 7 be a pack of lies わの・襯襯 to be completely untrue: (k) ″ 7 ) , 0 レわ ve わ 0 ー″ says ⅲ〃 le 〃 0 〃ー ″ ' Sa 〃 ac ん可〃 . 8 CARDS く a complete set of PLAYING P ん 0 ⅵレガ e 〃 ac ん田滬観 . 9 Cub/Brownie pack a group ofchildren belonging tO a children ' S organization —see CUB SCOUT, BROVVNIE 10 ON AWOUND く a thick mass ofsoft cloth that you press on a wound to stop the flow of blood; COMPRESS2 —see alSO ICE PACK 11 BEAUTY TREATMENT a substance, often a spec ial mud or clay, that you put on your sk in to make you feel better —see alSO FACE PACK, MUDPACK pack ・ agel 節 k 記 5 / 〃 [CI 1 an amount of some- th ing, or several things, packed together firmly and wrapped ⅲ paper etc; PARCELI ( 1 ) : ト 0 幻 Ca れ ) , 0 〃 del れ盟・ 0 large 〃 ac ん age 可 0 ん s ? 2 AmE the box, bag etc that foods are put in for selling 3 a set of related th ings or services sold or offered together: 0 new s 可尾〃 ac ん ag の 7 ' カ e わ 0 れんな 0 〃・ⅲ g 0 special 五〃 0 ″ c / 〃 ac ん age 知 rs ル d に〃な . package2 also package up v は一 1 to make some- thing intO a package or tie it up as a package: She packaged ″〃 the clothes send わ催 da レ g わ催 . 2 tO put something in a special package ready to be so 旧 pack ・ aged p 記い d3d / 0 可 specially wrapped and put in a container for selling: T わ 2 S00 〃 was わ ea リなル〃 ) , packaged ⅲ 2 specialgift わ 0 ェ package deal/' ・・・々 C ] an 0 r or agreement that includes several things that must all be accepted together package hol•i ・ day ・・・をⅡ C ] BrEa packagetour package 5t0 「 e 广・・・ツ C ] A 襯 E ( 元 d : 厄 s 加 0 〃記 a store where alcohol is sold; OFF LICENCE BrE package tour ・・ / 〃 [C] a completely planned ho ト iday arranged by a company at a fixed price, wh ich includes travel, hotels , meals etc pack ・ ag ・ iれ9 尸 p 出 d3 川 / 〃 [UI 1 material used to cover a product that is sold in a shop: Packaging adds の the co 立可 : 厄 Od. 2 [Ulthe process of wrap- pingfoodforsale: P 尾〃 0 ed わ 0C0 〃 cat ア s 肭 ed 砒 eof 〃 ac ん ag 加 g. 3 a way Of making a plan or a poli- tician seem better than they are: the ー mag ⅲ 2 れ怩 〃 ac ag 加 g 0 / 0 〃レ〃 acce. 〃わズ pack a れ・ i ・ m ・・ / 〃 [C] an animal, such as a horse, used for carrying heavy loads packed /pækt/ 0 可 1 extremely full of people: 0 〃 ac ん面〃 ce ア 0 の・ 2 packed with/packed full 0f containing a 10t Of a particular kind of thing: 0 〃 2 田 襯 agaz 加 e packed ″わ exciting rec ゆ 3 Ot before noun]if you are packed, you have put every- thing you need intO boxes or cases before going somewhere 4 loosely packed packed without being pressed closely together: / öose packed 朝 ga ″ es 5 tightly packed pressed int0 a small space: れ g わ〃 ) , ac ん ed か・ es packed lunch /. ・・ / 〃℃ ] BrE a cold meal Of SAND- w に日 , fruit etc packed intO a bOX packed out /. ・・・ / 0 [not before noun] ル rm 観 a cinema, restaurant etC that iS packed out iS com- pletely full pa ( k ・ e 「尸 p k 可 -0 「 / 〃 [C]someone who works ⅲ afac- tory, preparing fOOd and putting it intO containers pack ・ et /'pækåt/ 〃 } 1 BrE a small container, S2 usually made of paper, with several things Of the same kind ⅲ it; PACK AmE: い 0 ロ 0 〃 ac ん可 0 / e 〃怩あ〃第盟 ac ん of cigarettes 2 a very small packet like an envelope: 0 〃 ac ん 0 / s s —see pic- tureatCONTAINER 3 costa packetBrEinformaIt0 cost a 10t ofmoney: T ん 0 ー car CO 立襯 ea 〃 ac ん可 . 4 a packet boat 5 catch/cop/get/stop a packet BrE 0 履ゾ s わ〃 e tO get intO serious trouble or receive a severe punishment packet boat / ・・・・ /n[C] old-fashionedaboatthatcar- ries ma ⅱ and usually passengers at regular times packet-switch ・ ing ・・ / 〃℃恒 method ofsending DATA (=information stored on a computer) on tele- phone lines, that breaks long messages intO pieces

harmonic 836 as ) ″立 0 わ″可わ ar 襯 ss 知れ . —harmlessly adv —harmlessness ″ [UJ har ・ mon ・ ic /haimomkllhå:r'ma:-/ 0 c ん ca / con- cerned with the way notes are played or sung together tO give a pleasing sound: カ armo c scales har ・ mon ・ i ・ ca 。 : ・ momko 物 0 : 「・ ma : - / 〃 [C] a small musical instrument that you play by blowing into it and moving it from side tO side,• MOUTH ORGAN ha 「・ mo ・ ni ・ 0u5 / ha : ・ m 測 nio 引 ha : mo ( ト / 0 可 1 har- monious relationships, ℃ ements etc are ones in which people are friendly and helpful to one another 2 sounds that are harmonious are very pleasant 3 parts, colours etc that are harmonious 100k good or work well together: The decor な 0 har- mo 加 0 レ s わ〃 d 可な 0 市れ 0 〃観 0 れ d 襯 od れ . —har- moniously adv —harmoniousness 〃 [UI. har ・ mo ・ ni ・ um 小0: ・ mouniomllha:r'mou-/n[Clamusi- cal instrument like a small piano worked by pumped alr harmonize also -iseBrE/Iha:mon01zll'ha:r-/ v 1 [ 日 tWO or more things harmonize, they work well together or 100k good together: [ + with]colour ・ s 曲砒 面れ 7 seem の加 r 襯 0 〃た e i each 0 催 2 [ to make two or more sets of rules, taxes etc the same: わ armo ″た加 g Europe's e U00 加 g ー襯 migra れ 0 ″ procedures 3 田 to singorplay music ⅲ HARMONY har ・ mo ・ ny / ・ h 。 : man 曜 ha : 司〃 1 [C usually plural, U] notes of music combined together in a pleasant way: in harmony 0 c わ 0 炉 singing ⅲ er_ わ ar 襯 0 2 be in harmony withformal to agree with another idea, feeling etc, or 100k good with Other things: Your suggestions 0 尾れ加カ armo 〃 ) , w ″カ the aims な・可 e け . 3 live/work in (per- fect) harmony to live or work together without fighting or disagreeing with each other 4 [U] the pleasant effect made by different things that form an attractive whole: the わ ar 襯 0 〃 ) , 0 工 sea 0 れ d s んア .com/ pare DISCORD ( 2 ) ha 「・れ e551 / ' ha : n ド ha : 司〃℃ , 切 1 apieceofequip- ment for controlling a horse, consisting oflong piec- es Of leather held together by metal and worn over the horse's head and shoulders 2 a piece of equip- ment used to fasten someone rn a place or to stop them 斤 om falling: 0 sa. harness 3 be back in ha rness 加 rm 襯 to have come back to do your usual work 4 in ha 「 ness with working closely with another group harness2 v [T] 1 to control and use the natural forceorpowerofsomething: 々 ar 〃 ess 加 g e 0 催可 2 wind g 0 elec 作な i り , 2 to fasten two ani- mals together, or to fasten an animal to something using a harness 3 to put a harness on a horse harpl / ha : 可 ha : 「 p / れ [C] a large musical instrument with strings that are stretched from top to bottom of a frame with three corners —harpist 〃 [CI harp2v harp on ⅲ知 r 襯観 [I BrE, T ス m 川 to talk about something continuously, especially ⅲ a way that is annoyingorboring: [ + aboutlM gra ″砒々わ ar, 〃 s 0 〃 0 こ加 ar “〃 the れ me. har ・ poon 小 0 : ' pu : 可 ha : 「 - / 〃℃ } a weapon used for hunting WHALFS —harpoon v[T] harp ・ si ・ chord /'ha:pslko:dlllha:rpslko:rd/ 〃 [CJ a musical instrument like a PIANO, used in former times har ・ py /'ha:pill'ha:rpi/ 〃 [C] 〃 ra a cruel or nasty woman har ・ ri ・ dan / ・ h 出口 dan / 〃 ] d ås 0 〃記 a bad- tempered, unpleasant woman ha 「・「 OW / ' h 田 ro 可ト ro 可〃 [C] a farming machine with sharp metal blades, used to break up the earth before planting crops —harrow し [I ,T] har ・ rowed / ・ h 出「測 d ll-rood/ 0 可 a harrowed look or expression ShOWS that you are very worried or afraid har ・「0W ・ ing /'hæroon-jll-roo-/adjvery frighteningor shocking and making you feel very upset: 0 わ arro - ing e ズ〃〃 ce 陋 0 な 0 加 g video 〃 es 0 アこ ot ・ル尾 har ・ ry / ・ hæri/ v harried, harrying ー 1 to keep asking someone for something ⅲ a way that is upset- ting or annoying 2 to attack an enemy repeatedly harsh / h 。 : Ⅱ h 。 : 可 / 0 可 1 CONDITIONS/WEATHER difficult to live ⅲ and very uncomfortable, cold etc: The 〃 so 〃 e ん ad endure わ ars わ living co 〃市れ 0 〃 s 0 〃 d れ 2 の・ 立 0 れれ 0 〃Ⅱ the わ ars ん加 0 工〃 0 ″ er ″ C 0 ー harsh reality e ズ e 加 g the わ ars ん 0 可 ad レ〃 life 2 SOUND/LIGHT/COLOUR unpleasant and t00 loud or bright: 0 わの・ s ん croa ん加 g し c 可 T わの , 立〃 edO 砒加ね the 力の・ s わ s レ〃〃わ 4 3 CR U E L/STRICT criticizing, punishing, or treating people in a very cruel or strict way: harsh criticism Brando カ as わ ad endure some わ ars わ criticism 工 YO 襯 2 盟尾 SS.1 0 わ ars 九 0 レ or ″ ar 液〃 4 LINES/SHAPES ETC ugly and unpleasant tO 100k at: the わ ars カ 0 レ〃加 e 0 工 e / äc 四 0g0 加立 the sky 5 CLEANING SUBSTANCE t00 strong and likely to damage the thing you are cleaning —harshly adv —harshness 〃 [ 切 hart 川 0 : tllh 。 : 可 C レ ec 液め , BrEa male DEER har ・ um-scar ・ um /. hea 「 'skeoromll,herom ・ sker-/ adv 0 チås 0 れ ed ⅲ an uncontrolled way and with- out thinking —harum-scarum 0 の har•vestl ha : v tll ・ ha : に / 〃 1 [C,U] the time when crops are gathered 仕 om the fields, or the act Of gath- eringthem: れ ar 立れ襯 e 2 [C] thesizeorqualityof the crops that have been gathered: a poor/bumper harvest ()a harvest that produces few crops or a lot Of crops) 3 reap a harvest tO get good or bad results: The CO 襯〃 at り , な〃 0 0 〃ⅲ g the harvest 0 / car グれ〃加 g. ha225 ヤ v [I,T] to gather cr 叩 s from the fields ha 「 est ・ e 「 / ・ ha : 、小嚠ド ha : 「 v / 〃ー C]someonewho gathers crops —see also combine harvester .COM/ BlNE2 ( 1 ) ) harvest fes ・ ti•val ・・・ / 〃 [CI e 液〃 BrE an occasion ⅲ the Christian rel igion when people thank God for the harvest —compare THANKSGIVING harvest moon 〃 [usually singular]the FULL MOON in autumn has/z, oz, hoz;stronghæz/thethirdpersonsingularof the present tense Of HAVEI

know 999 kno ( k ・「 / ・ nnk ' na : ko 「 / 〃 1 [CI a pieceofmetal on an outside door that you use t0 knock loudly 2 knockers [plural] slang an offensive word mean- ing a woman 's breasts 3 [C] someone whO is always criticizing knock-kneed /. イ・・・ / 0 の having knees that point inwards slightly kno ( k ・ 0 幵 /lnokofll'na:ko:f/ 〃 [C] AmE 加知 rm 襯 a cheap copy Of something expensive k れ 0 ( k -0 れ / ・・・ / 0 の have a knock-on effect t0 start a process ⅲ which each part is directly influenced by the one before it: Theseprice rises i 〃カ 0 怩 0 ん〃 OC ん - 0 〃 effect ro レ g Ot the eco 〃 om, 共 k れ 0 ( k ・ outl /innk-autll'na:k-/ 〃 [C] 1 an act 0f 5 HARD MASS 、 ahardmassthatisformedby knocking your opponent down ⅲ BOXING SO that he a 10t 0f things that are close together: 0 んれ 0 こ可・ cannot get up again: Thefight ended 加 0 ん″ OC ん 0 砒 . muscles 2 knockout punch/blow a) a hard hit that 6 WOOD く a hard round place ⅲ a piece 0f knocks someone down so that they cannot get up WOOd where a branch once joined the tree again —see also knock out (KNOCK り b) an action 7 a knot in your stomach/throat etc a hard or event that causes defeat or failure: High ⅲ尾立 uncomfortable feeling ⅲ your stomach etc caused rates わ 0 怩わ〃 0 ん〃 oc ん 0 砒わ lo の the わレ s ⅲ ess. by a strong emotion such as fear or anger —see alSO 3 ~ 〃 rma ~ someone or something that is very GORDIAN KNOT, at a rate Of knots (RATE 1 ( 7 ) ) , tie the attractive or successful: Ba わ ) , , ) , 0 リ ' 尾 0 んな OC ん 0 砒 . knot ( T 正 2 ( 4 ) ) , tie yourself (up) in knots ( 盟 E2 ( 5 ) ) 4 BrE a competition in which winning players or k れ 0 v knotted, knotting 1 [T] t0 tie together teams continue playing until there is only one tWO ends Of rope, cloth, string etc 2 [I,T] a) if wmner hair or threads knot they become twisted together knockout2 ad ノわ ~ 工ör 〃 ~ al making someone uncon- b) knot your hair tO arrange and fasten your hair scious: ん OC ん 0 砒〃襯引 the ん〃 OC ん 0 砒レ nc れ intO a tight round shape at the back Of your head knock-up 尸・・ / 〃 [C] BrEa short time before a game 3 [I,T] 江 a muscle or other part Of your b0dy knots, when the players practise, especially ⅲ tennis or is knotted it feels hard and uncomfortable: Feat ・ 0 れ d 0 〃ズゅん〃 0 な ed わ夜・立 omac ん knoll /noolllnool/ れ ] a small round hill knot ・ ted / ・ nnt 討旧 n 。 : - / 0 可 k れ 0t1 /notllna:t/ 〃 [C] 1 FULL OF KNOTS [only before nounl con- 1 引 E D ST N G く a 扣ⅲ made by tying together taining a lOt ofknots: 〃 c 0 工れ 0 ″ eds な加 g tWO ends Of rope, cIOth, string etc: é尾 , let mefix the 2 M USCLE く if a muscle or Other part Of your れ加 0 レ r tie.l Ca ″ ) , 0 レれ e ゆ me レ〃 dO 曲な静 10 に bOdy is knotted, it feels h は and uncomfortable: 2 HAIR く a) a mass of hairs, threads etc acci- ん″ 0 な ed s れ 0 d 催 muscles dentally twisted together: ca れ 7 get the 10 な 0 砒可・ 3 Get knotted ! BrE s, 〃 0 ん e 〃 used t0 tell someone 襯ん 0 炉 . b) a way Of arranging your hair intO a rudely tO go åway or that you dO not agree with them tight round shape at the back Of your head 4 HAN DS knotted hands or fingers are 3 5 P ・ 5 SPEED written abbreviation KT a twisted because Of 01d age or t00 much Work measure 0f speed used for ships and aircraft that is knot ・ ty /lnntilllna:ti/ 0 可 1 diffcult t0 solve: 0 about 1853 metres per hour ん〃ゆ・ 0 わ襯 2 knotty WOOd contains a 10t Of 4 PEOPLE < a small group of people standing KNOTS (=hard round places) close together 。 w リ n 。可 no 可ひ s ew / nj 出Ⅱ皿抛浦 c のル own 加可 noo 可 ① INFORMATION ② IKNOW ③ DON'T KNOW ④ YOUKNOW ⑤ BE CERTAIN ④ SKILL/EXPERIENCE ⑦ PERSON/PLACE ① INFORMATION れ 0 〃〃 e 〃んな 0 田肱を行 me ? にⅣわ 2 〃 0 尾の , 田・ - riving?" " Mg ) 梔作 s. 4 グ 0 なん〃 0 田 s. ' 卩れ s 作レ c 0 〃 s 1 [I,T not in progressive] t0 have information [continued on next pagel about something: Ⅳれ 0 ん〃 OWS the 0 れ s 田催 ? 卩 ) , 0 リ 1000 , 2000 , 308 mo 引 frequent words in Spoken and Written English knot knot knot graln ⑧ LANGUAGE/MUSIC ETC ⑨ REALIZE ⑩ RECOGNIZE EXPERIENCE @ SPOKEN PHRASES ⑩ OTHER MEANINGS

387 ( 0 れ Sta ncy S な′ S ″〃〃 0 夜・ Of CO ″立″レ行 0 〃 0 / rights 2 continuing tO develop ⅲ the same way: 0 CO 〃 s なな 2 〃ーわ〃〃 rovem れ ~ ″ eco レ〃な 1 ' Seco 〃 om ) , 3 a con- s istent argument or idea is organ ized SO that each part agrees with the Others 4 be consistent with if something that is said, written , or done is consist- ent with a particular idea or piece Of information , it says the same thing or follows the same principles: Thisevidence な″ 0 こ CO 〃 S な〃れわ 0 い , 0 レ sa 滬 ear - lier. —opposite INCONSISTENT —consistently adv: l'mfed レ〃 i 0 レ r CO 〃 s な〃〃 ) 〃 2g0 れ怩 0 ″″レ色 ( on ・ 50 a ・ tiO れ / , knnso ' に叮 0 可 . ka : n - / 〃 [C,UI some- one or something that makes you feel better when youare sad ordisappointed: れ as SO 襯ビ″ SO 行 0 〃 for me のん no ーわ ad 0 〃〃 ed の 2 %. consolation prize ・・ / 〃 [C] aprize that is given tO someone WhO has not won competition: Ten r レ〃〃 ers - レ each received 0 T - S わわプ as 0 CO 〃 SO 厄れ 0 〃 r に e. ( 0 れ・ 50 ト a ・ tO ・「 y /konlsnlotori, 」 SO ( ) に - ト・ SO ( 0 : ri , - ・ sa : - / 0 山、ル r 襯 0 / intended t0 make someone feel better ( 0 れ・ 50 ー el / ko が so ( 川ド so ( ) リ v [ T い 0 make someone feel better when they are feeling sad or disappointed : ル 0 one could co 〃 so ん夜・田〃 e 〃 P 催市 console sb with CO 〃 so , 0 Ⅲ・ se i the 0 ″ g わー〃 0 0 〃 e 田 as injured! ( on ・ 50 ー e2 /'konsoolll'ka:nsool/n[C] 1 a flat board that contains the controls for a machine, piece Of electrical equipment, computer etc : 0 games co 〃 so 厄 2 a spec ial cupboard in which a tele- vision , computer etc is fitted con ・ 50トi ・ date /kon ・ solådeltll-isa:-/ v [I,T] 1 t0 make your position Of PO ℃ r stronger and more likely tO continue, or maintain the same level Of achievement, profit, success etC SO that it seems likely tO continue: His successful れ eg 液 0 ″わ the Americans ん e ゆ e him tO ・ CO 〃 s 祝 e his 〃 OS ″ iOt な Canon ん as co 〃 SO 〃 da d its わ祝 d 0 〃 the E Ⅲ・ 0 れ mar ん . 2 t0 扣ⅲ together a group Of companies, organizations etC, or tO become jOined together 3 tO combine several jObs, ・ duties etc —consolidation —consolidated 0 可 together /kan,solå'de1JanlI-. su:-/ 〃 [C,UI ( on ・ som ・ m /kon ・ somel, ・ konsomelll,ka:nsolmel/ 〃 [UI clear soup made from meat or vegetables ( on ・ 50 ・れ an ( /ikonsononsll'ka:n-/ 〃 1 in ( 0n50n - a nce with 工örma ~ agreeing w ith something or exist- ing together without any problems 2 [C ,UI c わ〃な 0 / a combination of mus ical notes that sound pleasant: HARMONY ( 1 ) ( 0 れ・ 50 ・ nantl /'knnsonantll'ka:n-/n[Cl 1 a speech sound made by partly or completely stopping the flow of air through the mouth 2 a letter that rep- resentsone ofthese sounds. Theletters 、 a', 'e', 、 i', 、 0 ' , and 'u' represent vowels, and all the Other letters are consonants ( 0 れ sonant2 0 の 1 consonant with アörma ~ not seem ing tO shOW that a statement or belief is wrong: T わな〃 0 れの , な scal ℃ ely CO れ SO 〃 0 ′田〃〃 the g 砒盟・ル ment's declared ⅲ襯 s. 2 c ⅱ ca ~ being a combi- nation Of musical notes that sounds pleasant ( 0 れ・ 50 杙 1 /lkonso:tll ・ ka:nso:rt/ れ [CI 1 in ( 0n50 代 (with (b) formal doing something together with someone: The 〃〃 ruled ~ 〃 consort ″んわな 1000 2000 3000 mostfrequent words in Spoken and Written English 知催 . 2 the w ife or husband 0f a ruler —see also PRINCE CONSORT 3 a group Of people whO play music from former times or the group 0f 01d - fashioned instruments they use ( on ・ 50 杙 2 /konlso:tll-o:rt/ v formal + with/ together] tO spend time with someone whO Other people disapprove Of: consorting with the enemy (=spending time with and helping the enemies Of your country) ( on ・ 50 「・ ti ・ um ,/kon ・ so:tiomll-o:r-/ 〃〃 ~ レ ra ー consor- tiums or consortia a combination Of several compan ies, banks etc working together tO buy some- thing, build someth ing etc con ・ spec•tus /kon'spektos/ 〃 [Clformal a short report giving the most important ideas Of a subject ( on ・ spi ( ・ u ・ 0u5 /kon'splkjuas/ 0 1 someone or something that iS conspicuous iS very easy tO notice, especially because they are different from every- thing or everyone else around them : ムル″ e り , CO ル $ 〃リ 0 ″ S in my S ″″ー ev 円ツ 0 〃 2 else , in ノ 20 〃 S. 2 unusually good, bad, skilful etc; REMARKABLE : The ca 襯〃 g ″わ ad been 0 CO 〃 $ 〃 ic レ 0 ″ s success• 3 conspicuous by your absence used t0 say that people noticed that you were not in the place you should have been —opposite ー NCONSPICUOUS —con- spicuously adV —conspicuousness 〃 [U] con ・ spi ・ ra ・ cy/kanlsmrasi/n [C,U] a secretplanmade by tWO or more people tO dO something that is harm- ful or illegal: conspiracy t0 (dO) sth 0 CO 〃〃わ・ 00 , の s 襯レ gg 市・レ gs 加 eco リ加叮 conspiracyagainst A CO 〃 s. 〃わ 0g0 ⅲ立 the elected go r 〃襯 2 ″ conspiracy ofsilence ( =an agr 、 eement tO keep quiet about something that should not be a secret)l conspiracy theory (=the idea that an event was caused by a conspiracy) CO 〃 s. 炉 00 , theories 0 れ President Kennedy's assassi ″ 0 〃 ( on ・ spi ・「 a ・ tO 「 / kO が sp Ⅳöt 可つ「 / ′Ⅱ C ] someone whO is involved ⅲ a secret plan tO d0 someth ing harmful or illegal ( on ・ spi ・「 a ・ tO ・ⅱ・ a ー /kon. SP1ro' い :ri01/ 0 可 1 con- nected with a secret plan tO d0 something harmful or illegal: CO ″ s. 〃炉 0 r 液 I discussions 2 conspira- tO 「 i grin/giggle/wink etc is one between tWO people whO know a secret —conspiratorially adv con ・ spire 、 pa いト / v い ] 1 t0 plan something harmful or illegal together secretly: conspire (with (b) t0 dO sth 〃éわ adco ″ $ 〃炉 ed 田 i 0 〃 accomplice 川わ the わ 0 ″ん lconspire against sb M め , 襯 eo - 〃厄 sometimes わ e 〃 e 怩″一尾れじ 0 尾 CO 〃 s. 〃かⅲ g 0g0 加立 them. 2 if events conspire tO make some- thing happen, they happen at the same time and make something bad happen: conspire t0 dO sth Tec 〃れ 0 g 襯 . 厄〃Ⅲ℃砒滬 0 ″〃 O$ 〃わ催 CO 〃市れ 0 〃 s conspired 襯 0 んん色 0 ガⅲ ossi わ厄 ( on ・ sta ・ b 厄 /IkAnstob0111'ka:n-/ ″ ] a British police officer Of the lowest rank —see also PATROLMAN ( 1 ) ( on ・ stab ・ u ・・ /kon'stæbjglorill-leri/ ″ [C] BrE the police force Of a particular or country ¯see aISO PATROL2 ( 2 ) con ・ stan ・ cy /lknnstonsillika:n-/ 〃 [UI formal 1 the qualityofstayingthesameeventhoughotherthings change: CO 〃 s れ 0 , 可〃盟・〃 0 齔 2 loyalty and faith- fulness tO a particular person: CO ″ s 〃の , わ可〃 hus わ and 0 〃 d u なル

assassinate 106 important person: Kennedy's s レ〃〃 0 d assassin, ん 〃 0 叮 Os 出 d as ・ 5a5 ・ Sin ・ ate /o'sæsåne1tll-sone1t/v[T]tomurderan important person: 0 0 assassinate the P 尾 s 2 なー —see K ルい (USAGE) as ・ 5a5 ・ sin ・ a ・ tion ne 叮 on / れ [C,U]the act Of assassinatingsomeone: 0 〃・ 0 立 gro リ〃〃′れ〃 ga 〃 assas 豆〃わ〃 lassassination attempt ()a situation ⅲ which someone tries but fails tO assassinate —see alSO character assassination someone) (CHARACTER ( 6 ) ) W3 as•saultl /a'so:ltlla'so:lt/ 〃 [C,UI 1 the crme 0f attackingsomeone:increasesin しわ″ーリ″・ thepastdecadel sexual assault 尾 e. at ・ s ⅲ〃 r な 0 〃 for ズレ襯 assa ″〃 2 a military attack to take con- trol Of a place controlled by the enemy: the 〃 0 が S unsuccessful assa レ″ 0 〃 the ル d 催〃 os ⅲ 0 れ s 3 an attempt tO achieve someth ing difficult, especially usingphysicalforce: [ + onl 0 ″ as リ″ 0 〃れ E 尾 (=an attempt tO climb (t) 4 assault on a strong spoken or written criticism Of someone else's ideas, plans etc: 2 わ acco ⅲ d レ立り , ' S recent assa レ″ 0 〃 〃〃 s ban 朝 g の℃″ es assau lt2 v [TI 1 to attack someone ⅲ a violent way: PO ce 襯 2 〃 were assaulted わア 0 レ〃 g demo s な・砒の・ s. 2 tO strongly criticize someone's ideas, plans etc: The MP as assaulted ″ん 0 わの・ - rage 0 工 0 わレ se ア YO 襯 0 〃 g s 作・ s. 3 if a feeling assaults you, it affects you ⅲ a way that makes you uncomfortable or upset: The 〃 0 な e 加 the c ルわ assa レ″ e 0 レ r ears. assault and bat ・ ter ・ y/ ・ド ・・・ / 〃 [U]IawtheomciaI name for a violent attack and the threats that the attacker makes before it assault ( ou 「 se ド / 〃 [C] BrEan area ofland with special equipment tO climb, jump over, run through etc that is used for developing physical strength especially by soldiers; OBSTACLE COURSE AmE as ・ say /o'ser/ v は ] 1 t0 test a metal 2 〃 rary to attempt tO dO something: ね assay the os 豆わ —assay /0 ・ sel,iæselll'æsel, æ'sel/ 〃 [C] as ・ se ・ gai / 材 9 田 / 〃℃ } a long thin wooden stick With iron point, used as a weapon in southern Africa as ・ sem ・ blage /o'semb11d3/ ″知 rm 襯 1 ] a group Of people or things that are together 2 [Ulthe act ofputting parts together ⅲ order to make something as ・ sem ・ b 厄 /o'sembol/ v 1 田江 a group of people assemble ⅲ one place, they all go there together: ス large crowd ん ad assembled 0 盟〃 0 豆 the American embassy. 2 い 0 gather a large number of things or people together ⅲ one place: Over theyears we've assem 0 huge co 〃 ec れ 0 れ可 0 0 . 3 [T] to put all the parts of something together: 0 〃イ 0- as 襯わん″ S3 as ・ sem ・ b ツ /o'sembli/ 〃 1 ℃ ] a group of people W2 who are elected to make laws for a particular coun- try orarea: theNew YO S 他 As m わり , 2 [C + 0 新 a group 0f people whO gave gathered together for a particular purpose 3 [C ,U] a regular meeting of all the teachers and pupils of a school 4 [UI the process Of putting parts together ⅲ order to make something: 加 s 作レ c 行 0 れ s 知 r assembly 5 the right Of assembly/freedom Of assembly the right ofany 部、 oup tO meet together ⅲ order tO discuss things assembly line ・ / 〃 ] a system for making things ⅲ a factory ⅲ which the products move past a line 0f workers wh0 each make or check one part as ・ sem ・ bly ・ man /o'semblimon/ 〃 [C] AmE a male member Ofan ASSEMBLYI ( 2 ) as ・ sem ・ bly ・ wom ・ an /ö'sembli,womon/n ー襯 Ea female member of an ASSEMBLY 1 ( 2 ) as ・ sentl /a'sent/n [U]formalapproval or agreement from someone whO has authority: 0 〃 0 0 工 assentl the Royal assent ( =act of officially signing a new law by the British King or Queen) assent2v[I + to ] 工örma ハ 0 agree to a suggestion, idea etc after considering it carefully as ・ se 杙 / 0 ・ : t ト 3 : rt / v [T] 1 asse 代 your rights/ i ndepen dence etc to state very strongly your right tO d0 or have something 2 asse you 「 se げ to behave ⅲ a determined way so that people け 0 not make you d0 things you do not want: Yo リ〃 d ね assert yourself 襯 0 尾 . 3 tO state firmly that some- thing is true: assertthat Theprofessorasse,•・ ted 0 e 尾田 as 〃 0 ⅲ g wrong ″ん his eo り ,. 4 asse itself if an idea or belief asserts itself, it begins to influence something: れ″ 0 〃 i な〃″ e ″ ceass ・な itself r 加わ is 0 可り ,. as ・ se 「・ tiO れは S3 : 」、 on ト 3 : r - / 〃 [C] something that you say or write that you strongly believe: assertion that Ⅳ〃んⅲ so 〃ん e. 〃い・ e. 〃 20 〃 g his ass ⅵ 0 〃 0 ー he as ~ 〃〃 0C2 〃た as ・ se 「・ ti e /o'sg:uvll-3:r-/adjbehavinginaconfident way SO that people notice you —assertively adv —assertiveness 〃 [U] assertiveness な・ ~ 〃 ~ 〃 g as ・ 5e55 /o'ses/ v ] 1 to make a judgment about a S2 person or situation after thinking carefully about it: W2 lt's d れ c レ″ assess the effects 可、 e 〃夜む g なれ 0 ″ 丿レ立 e い assess what/how etc We've 作 d の assess w わ 0 went wrong. 2 to calculate the value or cost ofsomething: assess sth at T ん assessed the value ofthe ん 0 レ se 0 ー ov 催 250 , 000. as ・ 5 ・ 55 ・ me れ t /o'sesmont/ 〃 1 [C,U] a process ⅲ S2 which you make a j udgment about a person or situ- W2 ation: What's ) , 0 盟・ ass s 襯群な 0 工ーれビ s ″レ 0 れ 0 〃加 Ⅳ・催〃 / 尾厄〃 d? 2 ℃ ,UI a calculation about the COSt or value Of something: 0 tax assessment —see alSO continuous assessment ((CONTINUOUS) ( 3 ) ) as ・ 5 ・ 5 ・ 50 「 / 0 ・ ses 可つ「 / 〃 [CI 1 someone who decides hOW well someone has done in an examination 2 someone Whose jOb iS tO calculate the value ofsomething or the amount oftax someone should pay 3 someone who knows a lot about a subject or activity and whO advises a judge or an ofhcial comm ittee as ・ set /'æset/ ″ [CI 1 [usually plurall the things that a company owns, that can be sold to pay debts W2 2 [usually singular] something or someone that is useful because they help you succeed or deal w ith problems: A sense Of わレ mor な 0 real asset ⅲな わレ s ⅲ ess. lbe an asset to ー加ん沢 ac わ el wo レ加 0 〃 asset ね the de. 〃 0 me ″れ—compare LIABILITY —see alSO LIQUID ASSETS asset strip ・ ping ・・ / 〃 [U]the practice Of buying a company cheaply and then selling all the things it owns tO make a quick profit as ・ se ・ e ・「 ate /o'sevarelt/ v [T + that] to state some- thing very firmly and seriously

317 clasp clan /klæn/ ″℃ ] 1 a large group 0f families that often share the same name: the Ca 襯〃加〃 c ね〃 2 わ umorous a word meaning a large family, used especially when they are all together on a special occasion: T れ e ん 0 c 厄〃襯加わ e 尾盟・ C ・ i 立襯 as. clan ・ des ・ tine /klænldestån/ 0 の clandestine activi- ties or organizations secret: 0 clandestine 0 ガ 0 わ・ clang /klæo/ v [I,TI ifa metal 0bject clangs or ifyou clang it, it makes a loud ringing sound ¯clang 〃 [singularl clang ・ er / ' klæり 0 ト 0 「 / 〃 drop a clanger BrE ⅲル r 襯襯 to make a careless remark that upsets or embar- rasses someone very clang ・ 0u「 BrE, clangor AmE k 屈り可 - or / 〃 [U] the hard ringing sound that is made when metal is hit clank /klænk/ し [I,Tlifa metal Object clanks or ifyou clank it, it makes a loud heavy sound —clank 〃 [C] [ 加 c 厄れん襯 ac ⅲり , clans ・ man /'klænzmon/ ″ [CI a male member 0f a CLAN clans ・ wom ・ an /lklænz,womon/ ″ [C] a female mem- ber Ofa CLAN clapl /klæp/ t•' clapped, clapping 1 川 tO hit your hands together loudly and continuously tO show that you enj oyed a performance or that you approve Of something: The crowd ro の℃ d ″れ 0 〃〃 rov 観 0 〃 d cla 〃〃 ed. —see picture on page 1457 2 clap your ha nds a) tO hit your hands together loudly and continuously tO shOW that you approve' agree' or have enjoyed something b) tO hit your hands together tO attract someone's attention or tO stOP them d0ing something: She c 厄〃 e わ催〃の滬 s 0 〃 d 毓 0 砒 e 駅 OS , 立叩市襯加 ! " 3 clap sb on the back/s houlder etc t0 hit someone lightly with your open hand ⅲ a friendly way or tO show that you are amused 4 cla p eyes on BrE informal t0 suddenly see someone or something: U 〃ー〃 this 襯 or 〃 ing I'd れ ev の・ cla 〃〃 eyes ⅲ襯 . 5 clap your hand on/ over etc tO put your hand somewhere quickly and sudde ⅲ y : Ba わ sclg 〃〃 ed わ催わ 0 〃 dO 怩 r わ ermo レ sg ing, "MY GO 1 ⅲん一一 [ 2 OV 例 0 〃 . " 6 clap h 0 旧 0f tO take hOld Of someone or something sud- denly: ー clapped わ 0 可 him の , [ 加 0 d 催 0 〃 d 〃カⅲ襯 0 砒可 the 介 0 襯 door. 7 clap sb in p ⅱ 50 n/ja Ⅳⅳ 0n5 tO suddenly put someone in prison or chains —clapping ″ [Ul clap 2 〃 1 [singular] a sudden loud sound that you make when you h it your hands together, especially tO show that you enjoyed something or that you agree: give sbaclapBrE: C0m20 れ e 怩り , 0t 花 t'sg れ沼 Tommya c 〃 . 2 a clap on the back/shoulder an act of hitting someone on the back or shoulder t0 show that you are friendly or amused 3 a clap Of thunderaloudsoundmadebythunder 4 theclap slang GONORRHOEA clap ・ board /'klæpbo:dll ・ klæbord, 'klæpbo:rd/ れ [C,U] AmE a set Of boards that cover the outside walls 0f a building, or one 0f these boards; WEATHERBOARD ( 1 ) BrE: 0 c 〃 ) ard わ 0 レ se clapped-out /. ・イ 0 の BrE 衂ル r 襯観 a clapped-out car, machine is in very ition it is old and has been used a 10t clap ・ per は læp 可つ「 / ″ [CI 1 the metal thing inside a bell that hits it tO make it ring 2 BrE a piece 0f equ ipment used by farmers that makes a noise tO 1000 , 2000 , 3000 most frequent words in Spoken and Written English frighten birds away 3 run like the clappers BrE 加知 r 襯観 t0 run extremely fast: YO ″ ' 〃れ 0 怩の r レ〃 れん e the clg 〃〃催 s リッ 0 レ〃ロ 0 ca れ that わレ s. clap ・ trap / ・ k 屈 p い出 P / 〃 [ U いなル r 襯襯 stupid talk clar ・ et / 盟卩日 C , U ー 1 red wine from the Bor- deaux area Of France 2 [U] a dark red colour —claret 0 可 clar ・ i ・ fied but ・ ter/i ・・・ / 〃 [U]butterthathasbeen made clean and pure bY heating it cl a 「・ i ・ fy /'klæråfal / v [ T い 0 make something clearer and easier tO understand: Ca ) 0 レ c 厄ガ , 0 ー s 襯 2 〃′引 clarify how/what etc The re. 〃 0 aims cl の・の , わ OW these conclusions e 尾 reached.l clarify your position (=tell people what you think about a particular subject and what you intend t0 d0 about (t) Re 〃 0 滝催 s asked the Congressman の clat ・の, hiS 〃 OS ″ iO 〃 0 ″ el. 尾襯 . —clarification は læは e 叮。 n / ⅵ切 clar ・ i ・ net /lklærå'net/ ″ [C] a musical instrument shaped like a long black tube, wh ich you play bY blowing int0 it and pressing keys (KEY 3 ) ) t0 change the notes —clarinettist ″ [C] cla 「・ i ・ 0 れ call /lklærian . kö川ト、 kD : リ〃 [C] a strong and direct request for people tO dO something cl a 「・ i ・ ty / 盟第 i/ 〃 [UI the quality Of expressing ideas or thoughts in a clear way: the c 厄 0 れ d 〃 - c な i0 〃 0 工 s ・ OS 可 clarity ofvision/purpose Chur- 襯 ' S c 厄な可ⅲⅵ 0 れ ~ 襯〃尾 ss 0 ″加ん〃 e 加襯 . cl ash.l 屈 f / v 1 田江 tWO armies, or groups 0f peo- ple clash, they suddenly start fighting each Other: Tro 叩 sc 厄 s わ″ e の・ e わ ord . は + with]Policehave clashed ″れ demonstrators 0g0 ⅲ dg 2 [l] if two people or groups Of people clash, they argue because their opinions and beliefs are very differ- ent:[ + withl l)emocratsclashed i Re. レわ〃 ca 〃 s 加 0 れ ea d debate. 3 田 if tWO colours or patterns clash, they 100k very bad together: ト withl T わ砒 〃レ〃厄 tie clashes with ) , 0 レ r red shirt. 4 卩 } if two events clash, they happen at the same time ⅲ a way that is inconvenient: [ 十 withl U 〃レ〃 0 the CO ル cert clashed i A 〃〃 0 〃 d 襯 ' S dinner 〃のカ ,. 5 [I,T] 江 two pieces Of metal clash or if you clash them, they make a loud ringing sound: The の , m わ観 s clashed. clash2 〃 ] 1 a short fight between two armies or groups Of people: わ OR ・ d 催 clashes 2 an argument between tWO people or groups 0f people: 0 clash 0 / 襯〃催 0 襯 e 加は + betweenl 0 〃 g clashes わ ee 〃 To 0 れ d ん 0 わ 0 Ⅲ・ m ⅲな r 引 personality clash (=a situation ⅲ which two people dO not like each other) 3 a loud sound made bY tWO metal objects being hit together:the clash ofswords 4 a combi- nation 0f two colours, designs etc that 100k bad together 5 a situation in which tWO events happen at the same time in a way that iS 0 sc わレ〃〃 g clash 0 〃 TV claspl に : s 可 k 屈 sp / 〃 1 ] asmallmetalobjectfor fastening a bag, belt, piece Of jewellery etc 2 [singular] a tight hO ; GRIPI ( 1 ) : reassur- ing clasp 可加 r わ 0 ″ d clasp2 v は ] 1 tO hOld someone or something tightly, closing your fingers or arms around them: A の mo 〃んの , clasps its 襯 0 ' S 知 r 行 g 引 clasp sb/sth in your hands/arms S れ 2 clasped 2 わ 0 - gra 〃わⅲ herhands.lclasp sb t0 yourchest/bosom

349 come 知面 CO 襯わ加砒〃は + 0 A com na れ 0 offactors mg ア be s. 〃 0 〃豆わ / の・ the increase ⅲ ca 〃 c 催 . 第 screen heroine れ 0 な 0 com わ ~ ″ 0 れ 0 〃 0 工ーわ e modern 0 〃 d 2 作 ad 〃 04A 襯わ加 0 れ 0 れ 0 アねの 0 リ - ority was needed d20 / i the 豆ル 0 れ 0 ル lin com- bination (with) C 催加 drugs 加 c ん 0 尾 sa. 加〃 ″ s 印 ara な , 0 尾観ⅲ com 加 na れ 0 〃 . 2 [Cl a number Of things chosen 仕 om a group and put in a particular order: C 催ⅲ com わ加 0 れ 0 れ s 0 工 SO レ″ ds 0 尾 〃〃 OSS めⅲ English. 第〃リ〃レ s レ観 com加naれ0〃可 co Ⅲ・ s 3 [C]the series Of numbers or letters you need tO open a combination lock: l've ル rgo な e 〃 the CO 襯わⅲ 0 れ 0 〃 . ル r 襯 ) , 加 cycle わ c ん ! 4 a winning com- bination amixtureofdifferentpeople orthingsthat work successfully together 5 [UI especially AmE used before a noun in some phrases tO mean that something does more than one jOb or uses more than one method: 0 CO 襯 na れ 0 〃 r 0 れ d dryerl CO 襯わⅲ 0 れ 0 〃 c れ e 襯 0 erg 盟 6 combinations [plu- rall BrE 0 知 s ⅲ 0 〃 ed a piece Of underwear cover- ing the upper part Of your b0dY and legs, worn especially ⅲ the past; UNION SUIT combination lOCk ・ / 〃℃ ] a lock which can only be opened by using a series Of numbers or let- ters ⅲ a particular order S3 com ・ binel /kom'barn/v 1 [I,T] ifyou combine tWO W2' ormoredifferentthings, ideas, orqualitiesor ifthey combine, they begin tO exist or work together: l'm 0 ん加 g ra わⅲ c わー ca 〃 CO 襯 e 市尾加 aspects 0 / 襯〃催〃 ce sofar.lcombine tO dO sth r 襯 factors れ ad 襯わ加 ed harm ひレ r 介 d ゆ 3 combine sth with The SO. 尹 0 尾 〃 ac ん age com わⅲ es 〃 0 ″わ ma 工 ~ 襯レ襯ア e 〃ゆ combined with 〃 ea treatment な襯 0 翫 effective com わⅲ記 with 尾 g リ r わア豆 0 曲 0 combined effect/effects ( ニ the result OftWO or more different things used or mixed together) The 襯わⅲ effects 可 the わ e 砒 0 〃 d の 0 m レ観 CO れ祝襯 0 S わ feel na レ s レ s. 2 [I,T] 江 tWO or more different sub- stances, liquids etc combine or 江 you combine them, they mix or 扣ⅲ together tO produce a new single substance, liquid etc : combine tO dO sth Di 2 尾〃ー am ~ 〃 0 acids combine toformproteins.lcombine sth CO 襯加能 0 ″ the 加 g 尾市 e 厩 s ⅲ 0 sa 加い combine sth with Steelis produced の combining 炉 0 れ w ″れ c の・わ 0 ル 3 [T] t0 d0 tWO very different activities at the same time: combine sth with YO レ ca 〃 7 CO 襯わⅲ e studyingfor 0 レ r 2 ズ 0 襯 s w ″わ 0 田〃 d social な厄勹 combine sth and sth れ 's no easy task com わ加加 g アåmi ゆ尾〃 0 〃豆わⅲれ es 0 れ d 0 エレ〃 - れ襯 e わ 0 combine business with pleasure ( =work and enjoy yourself at the same time) 4 [I,TI 江 two or more groups, organ izations etc combine or if you combine them, they jOin or work together ⅲ order tO dO something: combine tO d0 sth T 0 可加 sma 〃催 groups わ ad com わⅲね知 r 襯 0 〃 e large 0m3 combine sth 0 尾〃 0 滝 0 〃 the advantages 0 / CO 襯わ加 - ingsmall ⅵ〃 agesc わ 00 な com ・ bine2 / ・ kombamlllka:m-/n ] 1 also combine harvester a machine used by farmers tO cut grain, separate the seeds from it, and clean it 2 a group Of people or organizations wh0 work together for a particular purpose: T 加 / 0 け 00 was SO 0 B れ s わ CO 襯わⅲ e 可花 r the ar. com ・ bined な0m ・ bamd/ 0 可 1 [only before noun] done, made, or achieved by several people or groups working together: combined effort/action/ operation " Ⅳわ 0 COOked the d 加″ e " " Ⅳ 2 〃 , ″ as 0 comわ加記 0 re 観 1 combined salaries (=the tOtal amount Of money that tWO or more people earn) 2 having two very different feelings at the same time: A 〃〃″ 0 combined 尾〃 0 〃ざ sadness. combining form ・・ / 〃 ] technicalaform Ofa word that has a meaning but cannot be used alone, and iS used With Other words tO make new ones such as 、 AngIo', meaning 'English' , ⅲ the word 、 Anglo- American' ( om ・ bO /'kombaull ・ ka:mbou7 〃 [C] ⅲ r 襯襯 1 a small band that plays JAZZI ( 1 ) or dance music 2 AmE any combination Of different things, especially a meal at a FAST FOOD restaurant: l'll れ 0 e s れ CO 襯 go. com ・ bus ・ ti ・ ble om 物 ASt / 0 able tO burn eas- ily: A な 0 加ⅱ s 厄 g れ com わリ s れわ ( om ・ bus ・ tiO れ 1kam'bnstfrn/n[lJ] 1 theprocessof burning 2 c われ観 chemical activity which uses oxygen t0 produce light and heat 3 combustion chamber the enclosed space ⅲ which combustion happens —see alSO INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE SI WI ド ( om ・ /kam/v をのま tensecame 廖 m / = 加 s ゆ 0 れなの加 e ① MOVE ② TRAVEL ③ ARRIVE ④ REACH A CONDITION/STATE ⑤ HAPPEN/EXIST ① MOVE 1 [I] a word meaning tO move towards someone, or tO visit or arrive at a place, used when the per- son speaking or the person listening is ⅲ that place: Come 0 〃な closer.lSarah's CO 襯加 g 厄 r 0 れ . は加 come 0 砒 e ルわ″ 0 市 , 催れ sed. は + tO/ 1000 , 2000 , 3000 most frequent words in Spoken and Written English ⑥ REACH AS FAR AS ⑦ SPOKEN PHRASES ⑧ IN AN ORDER/POSITION ⑨ OTHER MEANINGS ⑩ PHRASAL 、 FERBS towards/here etc] 朝 ~ e 尾 0 れ d ん 0 ん観 this•l Ⅳれ 2 〃 0 尾レ comⅲg c ん引 comeand osth Ca 〃 7 come 0 〃 d see 0 レの襯 orro come t0 0 sth A mancomestocleanthewindowsonFridays.lcome for sb ( = ⅲ order tO take them somewhere) Ⅳれ e 〃 [continued on next pagel