O R I G I N S his door, until one day her curlosity got the better of her. She hid behind a post at her father's doorstep, and as he reached out tO grab the water pot, she saw his arm, richly ornamented as no ordinary man S would be. Masupa was furious. He called his three children to his house and, still unseen, informed them that he must now depart, leaving them to a life of hard work and misery. He gave them [ 001S and weapons and taught them hOW [ 0 forge iron. He told his daughter that of the three of them, she would experlence the most pain, suffering through childbirth. Masupa le 丘 secretly, still unseen, moving down the river. Soon the daughter gave birth to her first child. She named him Death-Is-Coming. He died two days later. From then on, no one escaped the fate of death. R E A L M S B E Y O N D D E A T H S O M E C U L T U R E S invented ways tO preserve the bOd- ies ofthe dead. The Egyptians in the third millennium B. C. the lnca in the 15th century A. D. , the Aborigines in Australia's Torres Strait ln recent times—all practiced their own procedures Of mummification. Of all the world's CiV- ilizations, the ancient EgyptIans most vividly represent a people who honored their dead with complex burial rites and awe-inspiring tombs. The Egyptian pantheon included a hOSt Of interconnected gods. Ra, god Of the sun, created Shu, god of the air, and Tefnut, goddess ofmoisture. They in turn gave birth to Geb, god 0f the earth, and Nut, god- dess ofthe sky, whose children included lsis and Osiris. The pharaoh st00d between humans and gods, responsible [ 0 bring divine order to the world below. ln his lifetime, he was seen tO be the incarnation Of HorLlS, son Of ISiS and Osiris, often portrayed with a falcon's head. After death the pharaoh merged with Osiris, considered not only the god fertility but also the god of the dead. An individual was composed Of several parts, the ancient Egyptians believed, including the 〃 or name, the or soul, the わ or internal li force, and the 4 走ん - the eternal spirit, which left the body after death and returned tO live among the gods in the stars. The ka remained behind and therefore deserved special treatment after death, especially on behalfofan elevated personage such as the pharaoh or a member of the royal fami ly. The body was mummified following procedures that blended tech- nical knowhow with religious belief. When Osiris was killed by his jealous brother, Seth, his sister and wife, lsis, gathered the pieces ofhis body, wrapped them together in linen, and brought him back to li . Every time Egyptian high priests embalmed and wrapped the body ofa pharaoh, they reenacted the myth, believing that the resident akh would soon live again with the gods. By the 13th century B. C. , during Egypt's New Kingdom, a text called the B0 磋イ坊 D イ inscribed on the walls of a tomb, codified the progress 伝 om death into the afterlife. The dead travel on a river through the under- world. The j ackal-faced god , Anubis , weighs the soul of the deceased against the feather 0f truth. Only those souls light of heart—that is , righteous and honest i n their earthly behavior—will proceed to the heavenly realm. Those who are judged worthy and survive the perils 0f the voyage through the underworld will rise at the next day's dawn with Ra, the sun god—perhaps civilization S earliest promise Of an eternallife after death. ln images 0f the scene ofjudg- ment, there is always a little bird with a human face—the ba, or soul, of the person being judged—perched on the scales, waiting for the verdict. Other cultures prepared for the unknown after death by describing the passages the departed travel through and the experlences they undergo. According tO DaOiSt traditions, dead souls descended [ 0 hell and had to endure hardships t0 atone for their sins. During the Northern and Southern dynasties ofChina, in the fifth and sixth centuries A. D. the Daoist hell was the realm of the Emperor Fengdu, a netherworld Of incredible dimensions Where OPPOSITE: アん〃 2 〃〃衂 ) , イ〃ルん ) , げ加化ノル / ん go ム朝なんノ g 』〃〃ノ / な〃ぬムり〃んリ 0 〃翔り , 加 / ん怩ルのノノ ) 7

G E O G R A P H Y great natlon, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and be thou a blessing … and in thee shall allthe fam ilies of the earth be blessed. " Canaan was the land into which Abraham was called—the western reach of the Fertile Crescent, stretching along the Mediterranean coast and east to the Jordan River and the inland Sea of Galilee. Canaan was the only hospitable passage between the two powerful civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia; it also bore its own fruitful harvests: wheat and barley, dates and pistachios, and a dye of royal purple derived from 川” seashells. ln Canaan's Shechem—the city of Nablus today—God spoke again to Abraham, confirming that he was in the Promised Land. Abraham built an altar there and another on a hill nearby. HiS travels tOOk him intO Egypt and back again, intO territorial negotiations, and into battle, all at places that can be pinpointed on a map of the modern Middle East. God assured him that his progeny would be numer- ous as the stars in heaven, and eventually Abraham saw the birth ofa great number ofsons—lshmael, by Hagar, his wife Sarah's handmaid; lsaac, miraculously, by Sarah, who had passed childbearing age; and six more by a later wife, Keturah. Two of Abraham's sons played important roles. lshmael would later come to g10 in the tradition oflslam, revered one in the line ofprophets leading [ 0 Muhammad the Prophet of lslam and founder of the first lslamic com- munity. lsaac was taken by Abraham [ 0 a mountaintop in "the land ofMoriah," following God's command. There, the father dutifully prepared the body of his young son to be burnt on a sacrificial altar. An angel stopped Abraham just before he completed the deed. His willingness was proof enough t0 G0d 0f his devotion. Jews ever S1nce have heard in the dramatic story Of lsaac the features that distingcush their one God 伝 om others worshiped i n those times. This God talked with Abraham promising the possibility ofa directly personal relationship, and valued interior devotl()ns over out 、 ()fferings.. AS a O F R E L I G I O N physical mark 0f the covenant between humankind and GOd, Abraham's male descendants were reqult•ed tO be cir- cumcised. Through a series ofappearances, GOd consecrated the land of Canaan. Haran , Shechem , Negev, Bethel, Hebron —in all these places, God appeared [ 0 Abraham, assuring hlm that this was his Promised Land. Finally, God singled out Mount Moriah the place on which Abraham should make his ultimate show offaith. Abraham's sacramental act was the first Of countless more tO be performed on the mountaln ln the middle of the ci ty that would become JerusaIem. lt would be impossible to pin down accurate his- torical analogues for every detail in the life of Abraham and hiS descendants. Memories traditions pre- served orally, then collected and written down by differ- ent chroniclers and JOined, according tO some V1ews, intO a single text many centuries later. Scholars see evidence ln several literary sources for these early biblical books. These strands coalesce in their portrayal 0f Abraham as a monotheist: a person WhO believes ln one GOd tO the exclusion of a11 others. Abraham had traveled out of Sumer, where local deities were worshiped, and through Canaan, where the god Baal symbolized the cycle of the seasons in hiS annual death and resurrectlon. Just as Abraham traveled from Ur through Canaan and into the Promised Land, so he also moved from a region 0 日 ocal deities, through a culture With a relgning male weather god, and int0 a land 0f one G0d, not attached to natural forces but transcendent in power. M O S E S A N D T H E 旧 X O D U S I S A A C ' S S O N Jacob had a dozen sons, who are taken to represent the Twelve Tribes of lsrael. Jacob himself was renamed lsrael by GOd in one Ofa series ofencounters. After a lifetime of conflict and migration, Jacob journeyed with his family t0 Egypt t0 escape a famine. Out of that setting emerged the next great JewiSh patriarch: Moses. oppo : A 12 坊ーリ″ / ″ノ〃ノん訪″ z げ 4 〃 , ん畩い A 房勗 m 〃の / んル 4 勗 / 〃ぬな C ん云〃衂 4 〃ノむん 206

S E E I N G T H E D I V I N E M O S T H I N D U families make r00n1 for an altar in their home where they per 応 rm 第〃ノ , or wor- ship. There a statue or image ofa special household god is surrounded by depictions ofother deities, samts, gurus, or ancestors. A pitcher ofwater, incense, a bell, and a 1a1 p or candle are at the ready. The family brings offerings of flowers, fruit, and food—especially 勗 a sweet, spicy rice ball—to t he altar. Once a day, the family gathers there. The head of the household rings the bell, lights the incense, and requests the deity [ 0 descend intO their presence. Feeling the god's presence ln the central statue, the 〃 2 ”〃 , is called ハん〃ッ , seeing the divine. Then the family lights the lamp or candle and passes it before the deity in praise. They ShOW consideration for the divine presence by washing the statue, clothing it anew, presenting their gifts, and offering 応 od and water. When the deity has partaken of the offering, the family shares the food, called 第 . Hindus may visit a temple for puja to magnify their tribute to a deity. ln so doing, they gain karma, or merlt, and hope for a better afterlife. Underlying a Hindu temple's design is the idea that, with each step, a person progresses intO a sacred space, moving further away fr()l every- day illusions and deeper 1n [ 0 the ultimate reality of the divine. Passi ng through an archway adorned with scenes of Hindu myths and historical events, worshipers enter a square, pillared hallway, often used during festivals for dancing and singing. They proceed into the small, dark g 励〃ー g ルん 4 , or womb chamber, the sanctuary, where the temple murti iS enshrined. The resident god might be Shiva, Vishnu, or Shakti, Hinduism's three central deities, or a god worshiped locally. After offering gifts to the god, which the priest delivers,the worshipers maintain a prayerful state Of mind as they circumambulate the inner chamber clockwise. One or more priests live in a HindL1 temple, caring for the murti and assisting worshipers. Unlike a household murti, the temple statue is the god's permanent dwelling place. lt is installed with anclent rites Of honorific cleansing, culminatlng with the recitation Of a mantra, a sacred incantation, praying that the breath Of life infuse the statue. PriestS perform PLIJa at sunrise, noon, sunset, and midnight to create a hospitable dwelling place for the god. The same ritual acts form the basis of all Hindu puja. By summomng, pralsing, and giving gifts t0 a god or goddess, Hindus connect with the divine.

I N D E X B()ldface indicates illustrations Aaron (Moses' brother): shri ne 12 , 12 Abbasid caliphate う 6 ーめ 9 , 56() -565 ; art portraya13 58 Aborigines 44 , う 3 ; baptism う 2 ; rock painting 44 Abraham (biblical figure) 205 ー 204 , 225 , 540 ; family tree 209 , 209 ; French manuscript 2 ( ) 6 , 2 ( ) 7 ; sac- rifice ofson 2 ( ) 6 , 260 , 261 , 54 う一 546 ; spiritualtrek 2 の一 2 ( ) 6 , 2 う 6 Abravanel , lsaac 576 Abravanel, Judah 242 Abugideiri, Hibba 372 ー 575 Adam and Eve 201 ー 202 , 534 Aden, Gulfof, Jordan 4 Adi Grantha (statue) 1 い Affan, Uthman ibn (caliph) 5 Africa: camel caravan 335 , 3 め ; Christianity 517 ー 519 ; lslam ろ 6 う 68 Agni (Vedic god) 4 ( ) , 77 , 81 , 87 Agung, Mount, lndonesia 122 Ahmet I , SuItan (Ottoman Empi re) 580 Ainus 38 , 38 Aisha (Muhammad's wife) 555 Aj anta caves , lndia: artwork い 0—151 , い 1 , い 2 Aji na-Tepe monastery, Kayfir-kala, Tajikistan い 7 Al-Aqsa mosque, Jerusalem , lsrael 引 4 , 引 7 AI-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt 565 al—Kh 、 varizmi 、「 K. hwarizmi, al— (mathematician) Al-WaIid (caliph) 501 , めう , 560 AIexander the Great 102 , 222 , 22 う Alexander VI, Pope 508 Alexandria, Egypt 222 , 281 Algebra (al-j abr) 564 Alhambra, Granada, Spain 569 , 369 , 引 5 ー引 6 Alhambra Decree 1492 576 Ali 砒 TaIib, AIi ibn Abi (caliph) Allah (supreme creator) 335 Allahabad, lndia 121 , 125 , 124 ー 125 Allen, Richard 516 Almoravids 568 AltneuschuI (Old-New) Synagogue , Prague, Czech Republic 242 , 24 ろ , 248 Amaterasu (Shint0 goddess) 175 "Amazing Grace" 引 6 Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji 188 Ambika (Jain goddess) 102 An (Sumerian god) 25 , 2 ( ) 2 Ananda (Buddha disciple) 145 , 146 Ananda temple, Bagan, Myanmar: statue 14 ( ) Ananias (biblical figure) 277 Anat (Canaan goddess) 217 Anawrahta, King (Burma) 178 Andaman Sea 178 , 185 , 384 Andrew, St. 274 Angkor Wat temple, Cambodia 1 ( ) , Antony, Marc 250 , 251 (Syria) 225 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King 298 Antioch (Antakya), Turkey 274 , 277 , Antigonus (Jewish leader) 230 Anti-Semitism 45 Animism 58 ー 39 Animals: religion and 引 -59 , 99 1 1 , 178 Anu the Sublime (Anunaki king) 61 1 い Arjuna (Hindu legend) 1 ( ) う一 1 ( ) 6 , Aristotle 248 の 64 , 5 Arhats (holy ones) 14() 522 ー 525 Ararat, Mount, Turkey 202 , 320 , Arabian Sea 74 の 84 Aquitaine, Duke 0f 292 Aquinus, Thomas 293 Aqaba, Gulfof, Jordan 22 ( ) , 554 Apophis (serpent) 54 Apollo (Greek god) 40 , 152 , Anubis (Egyptian god) う 7 282 Augustine 0fHippo 引う Athos, Mount, Greece 292 Athanasius (bishop) 281 Atahuallpa (lncan ruler) う 8 Assyrians 22 ( ) , 286 dent 91 91 ー 9 う , 94 ; sadhu 96 , 96 , 97 ; stu- dwelling 9 う一 96 ; householder Ashramas (stages of life): forest- 149 ー 151 , 154 Ashoka (Mauryan ruler) 1 ( ) う , 116 , 220 AshkeIon, lsrael 216 , 217 , 218 一 219 , Asherah (Canaan goddess) 217 Aryans 4 ( ) , 77 Ark of the Covenant 2 い , 217 Augustus, Emperor (Roman) 2 引 ) , 266 Aung San Suu Kyi 185 Avalokiteshvara (bod hisattva) 174 , 184 , 18 う Averroés 砒 lbn Rushd Avicenna (lbn Sina) (scholar) 364 Aztecs 509 , 309 ; calendar 23 Baal (Canaan god) 206 , 217 Baal, Shem Tov 248 B abur, Emperor (MongoI (a) 582 Babylonians 61 , 22 ( ) ー 221 Bacon, Roger 295 Bagan, Myanmar: temples 152 ーい 5 , 1 め Baghdad, lraq め 9 , 360 BahubaIi, Gommateshvara 102 ー 1 ( ) 5 , 103 408 Bhikkuni (Buddhist nuns) 146 4 う , 12 ( ) BharatiyaJanata Party (BJP) (lndia) B harati , Chandrasekhara 1 ( ) 1 125 Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Bhagoriya (Hindu festival) 126 106 Bhagavad Gita (Hindu holy book) 267 Jesus 266 ー 271 ; shepherds 266 , Bethlehem, Middle East: birth Beta lsrael 252 Bernini (architect) 引 ) 2 Berbers 6 , 56 う , 引う Bengal, Bay 0f, lndia 72 , 75 , 184 Benedictine Order (monks) 292 ー 295 Benedict (monk) 292 Benares, lndia 91 BeI (Mesopotamian lord) 61 Bedouins 5 引 , 引 6 Battle ofYarmuk ( 656 ) 298 Battle the Ditch ( 627 ) 346 Battle of Kosovo ( い 89 ) 58 ( ) Battle ofBadr ( 624 ) 引 6 Bastet (Egyptian goddess) 58 Basques 57 う Banias , Syria 46 destruction い 6 Bamiyan, Afghanistan 156- い 7 ; BaIi, lndonesia 5 ( ) BaIfour DecIaration ( 1917 ) 2 う 1 Balams (Mayan myth) 5 ( ) Baladhuri, al- (historian) 569 ー引 4 Bakr, Abu (caliph) め 5 , 569 BhiIs 126 , 126 ー 127 Bhubaneswar temple, lndia 116 Bhumib01 Adulyadej, King (Thailand) 185 B huvaneswari (Hindu goddess) 1 10 Bible 225 , 271 ー 274 , 281 ; King James 506 ; 砒房「り New Testament; Old Testament; Torah Bibli0th&que NationaIe, France 297 BilaIi 38 う BiII ( 正 Rights 引 2 Bimbisara, King (Magadha) 14 う Bin Laden, Osama い , 586 B i rdman (god surrogate) 69 Bismarck Archipelago, lndonesia 5 ( ) BJP see Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) い 6 ー 161 , 164 ー 170 ; Councils 164 , 167 , 171 , 177;Chinese Central Asian い 6 ー 157 ; Ch'an い 9 ー 146 ; caste system 14 う ; Buddhism 109 ; Buddha's path sculpture い ( ) , 151 146 ー 151 ; path い 9 ー 146 ; 188 ; death 146 ; early followers Buddha 110 , 152 , い 4 ーい 6 , 161 , Bubastis, Egypt 38 Brownell-Grogan, Barbara 11 Brigit (Celtic goddess) 39 Bramante (architect) 引 ) 2 116 , 184 , 188 Brahmaputra River, Asia 82 , 82 , Brahmans (priests) 87 Brahma (the One) 74 , 99 , 110 100 Brahma TempIe, Pushkar, lndia 100 , 288 , 288 Bosporus Bridge, lstanbul, Turkey Borobudur Temple, lndonesia 170 The Book of Roger 57 う carving) 57 Book ofthe Dead (Egyptian tomb Book ofMormon 引 6 5 ( ) 6 Book ( 正 Common Prayer (Cranmer) Bonaparte, N 叩 oleon 248 Bombay, lndia 119 Bodhisattvas 148 , 174 Bodhidharma 164 い 9 ; monuments い 7 , 144 , 14 う Bodh Gaya monastery, Bihan, lndia Bodh Gaya, Bihan, lndia い 6 ーい 9 Boas , Franz 54 581 81 BIue Mosque, lstanbul, Turkey 380 , BIavatsky, H. P. 188 (lndia)

I N D E X Taklimakan Desert , Chi na い 7 Talib, AIi ibn Abi (caliph) 555 TaImud 223 , 256 ー 2 引 , 248 TamiIs 4 う Tanakh (Hebrew BibIe) 220 , 271 Tang Dynasty (China) 58 , 165 , め 9 Tangata Manu see B irdman (god sur- rogate) Tao Wu Ti, Emperor (China) 167 Tara (Tibetan goddess) 184 Tashi Lhunpo monastery, lndia 196 , 197 TCV see Tibetan Children's Village (TCV), Dharmsala, lndia Tefnut (Egyptian goddess) 57 TeIIo (site), lraq 61 Temple ofArtemis, Ephesus, Turkey 280 , 281 Temple ofJerusalem 砒 Second Temple (Temple ofJerusalem); S010mo ん s TempIe, Jerusalem , lsrael Temple ofTa Prohm, Angkor, Cambodia 178 , 180 ー 181 Temp10 Mayor, Mexico City, Mexico 509 Ten Commandments 212 , 2 い ; Five B ooks of Moses 214 ー 215 Teshik Tash (site), Uzbekistan 21 ThaiIand: Buddhism 185 ー 184 Theodosius I, Emperor (Rome) 286 , め 5 , 569 Theresa, Mother い Thomas, St. 516 Thongas う ( ) Thor (Norse god) 引ー引 "The Thousand and One Arabian Nights" (alfLayla wa Layla) 560 Three Jewels (Buddhism) 140 ー 146 Tibet (Xizang, China): Buddhism 184 ー 188 ; Chinese invasion 185 ー 188 , 192 ; government 188 , 197 ; independence struggle い 9 ; 19 [ h century painting い 8 , 159 ; nuns い 9 ; parade 192 , 192 ー 195 ; refugees い 9 , 188 ; sacred litera- ture 184 ー 185 ; woman and child 192 Tibetan Book ofthe Dead 184 ー 18 う Tibetan ChiIdren's ViIIage (TCV), Dharamsala, lndia い 8 ー 159 Tibetan Nuns Project い 8 ー 159 Tierra del Fuego, Chile 58 Tiger's Den monastery, Bhutan 154 , 1 め Tigris River, Mesopotamia 61 , 74 , 202 , 3 引 Ti laurakot ()i (e) , Nepal い 6 Timbuktu, Mali ろ 68 Tintern Abbey, Wales 506 22 う ; Zohar commentary 242 ; 砒 225 , 256 ー 237 , 248 ; translation 240 , 242 ; Shema 22 タ Talmud Moses 214 ー 2 い ; Mishnah 257 , Torah 221 ー 222 , 247 ; Five Books of Tongsa monastery, Bhutan 188 , 189 Mountain , South Korea 175 Tongd0-sa monastery, Yongj uk-san Toltecs 5 () Todaiji temple, J 叩 an 175 Tlaloc (Toltec god) 50 Titus, Emperor (Rome) 254 , 257 Tissa (Burmese myth) 185 Tissa, King (Sri Lanka) 154 154 , 166 , 185 Tipitaka (Buddhist doctrine) 155 , Twain, Mark 250 Tutu, Mpho 11 , 4 ( ) 5 引 6 , 40 う Tutu, Desmond 1 1 , 12 ー 15 , Trois Fr&res, France 21 Triangle 0 「 Orissa 1 16 Torres, Luis de 385 4 ム 0 Old Testament United Nations 252 Ungud (Unumbal god) 26 565 , 380 Cultural Organization) Educational, Scientific and UNESCO (United Nations Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria 581 Umayyad caliphate 5 56- め 9 , ろ 60 , Umar (caliph) 298 , 574 Uisang (philosopher) 170 TyndaIe, WiIIiam 306 Twelve Tribes of lsrael 206 4 り Uzza (Arabian goddess) 555 Urban Ⅱ , Pope 301 202 , 205 Ur (site), Mughair, lraq: ziggurat Upanishads (Hindu scriptures) 99 Upanishad , Svetasvatara 75 Unumbals 26 585 ; witch trials 引 6 persecution 512 ; slavery 512 ー 316 , I_Jnited States Of America: religious Vaishyas 87 , 91 Varanasi, lndia 70 ー 71 , 73 , 87 ー 91 ; bathers 74 , 7 う ; cremations 98 , 99 , 121 Vardhamana 1 () 2 Varnas (class) 87 Varuna (Vedic god) 77 Vatican 502 , 引 9 ー 520 Vedas (scriptures) 26 , 77 ー 81 , 87 , 104 Vegetation G0ddess (Vincan) 21 Venus (Roman goddess) 282 Via DoIorosa, JerusaIem, lsrael: women 264 , 265 Victor Emmanuel III, King (ltaly) 5 ( ) 2 Vima, King (Kushan Empire) 1 う 1 Vincans 21 Virunga Mountains, Zaire 14 ー 15 , 17 Vishnu (Hindu god) 77 , 110 , 115 , 119 , 121 Visigoths 575 Von Humboldt, AIexander 59 Voudon 49 ; rite 引 2 , 引 3 Vulgate (bible) 281 , 28 う Wallanganda (Unumbal god) 26 War0f1812585 Wartburg castle, Eisenach , Germany 506 , 引 ) 7 気 [ e 「 : myths 27 Wesley, John 引 6 Western 気 11 (KoteI ha-Ma'aravi) 254 , 257 , 2 ろ 8 ー 2 ろ 9 ; worshippers 240 WheeI oflife い 8 , い 9 WhirIing Dervishes 砒 Mawlawyiwah order WiIken, Robert Louis 引 4 Winthrop, John 引 2 Wondjina (Unumbal spirits) 26 , 44 ; rock painting 44 WorIdWarI ( 1914 ー 1918 ) 251 , 580 WorId War Ⅱ ( 1 男 9-1945 ) 246 , 248 Wounded Knee, South Dakota 60 Wovoka (Paiute leader) 59 ー 60 Xavier, Francis 308 Xizang, China see Tibet Xuan Tsang 161 Yahgans ろ 8 Yahweh (lsraelite god) 209 , 217 , 222 Yam (Canaan god) 217 Yamas ofthe Ten Halls (Chinese myth) 58 Yamuna River, lndia 82 , 105 , 121 Yangtze River, China 164 , 18 う Yazid (Sunni caliph) 556 Yellowstone National Park, United States 27 , 27 Y1-jing (Chinese pilgrim) 170 Y1nyé-a-nyfiet (Koryak myth) 54 Yochai, Simon Bar 242 Yoga 91 , 92 ー 95 ; fulfillment paths 99 ー 102 Yom Kippur 231 Yomei, Emperor (J 叩 (n) 175 York, Cape, AustraIia 18 Yoruba V00d00 49 Young, Brigham 516 Yungang caves, China 167 Zagazig, Egypt 58 Zakkai , Rabban Johanan ben 2 ろ 6 Zambezi River, Zambia 27 , 28 ー 29 , 引 7 Zambia: circumCIS10n ritual う 5 , 54 ー 5 5 Zazen (meditation) 177 Zeus (Greek god) 46 , 277 Zhongyue Temple, Song Shan , China 164 Zhu Fahu 砒 Dharmaksema (B0dhisattva of Dunhuang) Zion seeJerusalem (Zion), lsrael Ziyad, Tariq ibn 568 , 57 う Zohar (Yochai) 242 Zoroastrianism 555 , 581 ZuIus 52 Zwingli, Huldreich 306

ー響譱ー 1 応Ⅱ ow an underlying sequence ofreadings, actions, and song, uniting in the ritual With Jews around the world. Passover IS one 0f the many commands given t0 the Jewish people by G0d through Moses. ln every ques- tion ofright or wrong, Jews refer to teachings conveyed by Moses from God. The people stood at the 応 ot of Mount Sinai, but Moses climbed to the top, where he talked directly with G0d. He descended carrying two stone tablets on WhiCh were written, according tO the BOOk Of EXOdus 'the words Of the covenant, the Ten Commandments. This event is celebrated by the festival of Pentecost, called Shabuoth in Hebrew. The Ten Commandments form the foundation of morallaw for all three religions descending 伝 om Abraham: Judaism, Christianity, and lslam. Unique [ 0 the times, they begin with the principle ofmonotheism—"You shall have no other gods before me … for I the Lord your God am a jealous God. ' They forbid idolatry, require observance of the seventh day as a day Of rest, command that parents be honored , and include the la 、 VS Of social contract against mur- der, theft, lying, and adultery. The laws voiced by Moses numbered well more than ten. Jewish scribes counted 613 mltzvoth, or commandments, in the Five BOOkS Of Moses, the Torah, which define the practice of Judaism. They range frOI the ethical (not tO wrong anyone ln speech, not tO bear a grudge or take revenge, and [ 0 love a stranger) [ 0 the practical (not t0 sow different seeds together in one field) tO the charitable (not tO harvest the grapes or Olives that have fallen [ 0 the ground or that lie in the corners of fields, nor gather discarded corn, all which had [ 0 beleft to the poor). Some are profoundly metaphysical ()o know that God eXIStS and not tO entertain the idea that there is any god but AB()VE: . C んル〃川 0 〃 as た〃い / んノ / ん、ルイ " 着るなんけ 4 ツ房〃バルん功い加イ川伽示砌〃紘ⅵ / ん翔 g 訪 . 214

I N D E X Muawiyah (Sunni caliph) めう一め 6 Mudhead (earth symbol) 59 Mughal Empire 119 , 582 Muhammad, Elijah 586 Muhammad (the prophet) 206 , 7 ; birth 6 , 7 ; death め 1 ; Mecca return 546 ーめ 1 ; Medina rule 545 ー 346 ; Night Journey 引 4 , 544 ー 54 う ; Night ofPower 340 , 545 , 352 ; Qur'an messages 540 ー 544 Muktananda, Swami 1 () 1 Mumm ification 57 MusIims: extremist 156 , い 7 , 586 ; women 572 , 372 ー 575 ; worship- pers 590 ー 59 う ; see also lslam MussoIini, Benito 502 Mutasiva, K1ng (Sri Lanka) い 4 Muttalib, Abd al- (Muhammad's father) 557 Myanmar see Burma Myceneans 40 Myths: origin 18 ー 2() Mytikas Peak, Mt. Olympus, Najaf, lraq め 6 NaIanda, lnd ia い 2 ーい 5 Greece Namaka (Hawaiian goddess) 31 Namira mosque, Plain 0fArafat Saudi Arabia 341 , 引 2 ー引 5 Nammu (Sumerian goddess) 2 を 2 ( ) 2 Nan Pu Tuo temple, Xiamen, China: worshipper 167 , 168 ー 169 Nanak (Sikh guru) 111 ー 1 い Nanchan Si temple, Wuta1 Shan Mountains, China 165 Nanna-Sin (Sumerian god) 2 ( ) 2 Narmada (Hindu goddess) い 0 , い 1 NarmadaJayanti (Hindu festival) 1 引 , 1 引 Narmada River, lndia 1 ( ) 9 , 126 , い 1 , 1 引 - Nasr (Arabian god) 4 Nataraj a (H indu lord) 11 () Nation of lslam 586 Nature: animism 58 ー 39 ; influence on religion 18-59 Nazarites 216 Neanderthal 2 () ) 、・ eb() , Mount, Moabite Mountains, Jordan 216 Nebuchadrezzar (Babylonian ruler) 220 The Negro Christianized (Mather) 引 6 Nehardea, Babylonia 221 , 225 Nehemia (Jewish leader) 221 Nehru, Jawaharlal 81 , 120 , 120 Nemrud Dagi, Turkey 61 Nero, E mperor (Rome) 271 Nestorius (Christian leader) 286 New Testament 271 ー 274 , 281 , 285 , 506 Newton, John 引 6 NichoIas Ⅱ , Pope 501 Nihon Shoki (Shinto epic) 175 NiIe River, Africa 61 , 209 , 212 , 222 Nirvana 146 , 166 Nisaburi , ibn al-Hajjaj al- (scholar) 360 Noah 第 flood ()i blicaltale) 2 ( ) 2 Nobel Peace Prize 188 , 316 North American lnd ian Ghost Dance う 9 ー 6 ( ) Notre-Dame Cathedral , Paris, France 220 , 220 , 297 , 298 Nu, U 183 Nut (Egyptian goddess) う 7 Oceanus (Greek god) 46 ()ctavian see Augustus, Emperor (Roman) Oedipus, Ki ng (Thebes) 4 ( ) Okuninushi (Shinto god) 173 Old Testament 2 を 201 , 202 , 2 ( ) 9 , 214 , 221 , 225 , 251 , 271 , 28 う ; translation 281 Olympus, Mount, Greece 3(), 51 , 46 ()rganizatlon 0 「 lslamic Conference め 2 Origen (scholar) 266 Ori noco Valley, Venezuela 59 Orissa, lndia 119 ー 120 , 140 , 141 , 149 Osiris (Egyptian god) う 7 Ottoman Empire 2 刃 , 577 ーろ 80 ; cas- tle 0 引 , 5 Our Lady ofGuadalupe (Saint) 引 - 9 Pachamama (I ncan goddess) 58 Pakistan 120 , ろ 82 Paleolithic era 2 ( ) Palestine 216 , 251 ー 252 PaIestinian Authority 271 pali canon (B uddhist scripture) い 4 , 4 ら 185 Palik Mana (spirit) 59 PaIni, lndia: pilgrimage 122 , 125 Pan (Greek god) 46 Pandavas 10 う Parker, Z. A. う 9 Parsees 5 3 Parvati (Hindu goddess) 11 ( ) , 116 Arabia 7 , 8 ー 9 , 1 Prophet's Mosq ue, Medi na, Saud i Praj 叩 ati (Vedic god) 81 Prahlada (Hindu legend) 125 278 ー 279 Praetorium, Jerusalem, lsrael 277 , 190 ー 191 potala Palace, Lhasa, Tibet 184 , 188 , Poseidon (Greek god) 引 , 3 1 Popes 281 , 292 ー 297 Poor Clares Order (nuns) 293 Pompey (Roman general) 228 Pomona (Roman goddess) う 2 PoIiahu (Hawaiian goddess) 引 P01 Pot 15 Platonic Academy 248 PIato 248 , 564 , 引う Pizarro, Francisco 58 , 509 Pius XI, Pope 302 242 , 244 ー 245 Republic 248 ; H010caust names Pinkus synagogue, Prague, Czech Dakota 59 ー 6() P i ne Ridge Reservation, South Pietä (Michelange10) 引 ) 2 Thailand 178 , 179 Phra Phuttha Chinnarat B uddha, Philistines 216 PhiIip Ⅱ , King (France) 5 ( ) 1 PhiIip, St. 274 Pharisees 228 , 256 , 27 う Peter, St. 274 , 281 , 292 , 502 , 引 5 holiday) Pesach 212 ; 砒 4 / 「 0 Passover (Jewish Person Above (lndian legend) 21-25 Persephone (Greek goddess) 46 185 People's Liberation Army ofChina Pentecost (Shavuot Shabuoth) 214 Penn, WiIIiam 312 Pende tribe 49 PeIe (Hawai ian goddess) 31 Pausanias (author) 46 PauI VI, Pope 519 PauI, St. (SauI) 277 ー 281 , 285 , 297 Patrick, St. 297 の 24 , 526 ー 527 , 529 282 ; plate 212 Passover (Jewish holiday) 212 ー 214 , ptolemy (astronomer) 564 PtoIemy Ⅱ , King (Egypt) 22 う Pu-tai (Laughing Buddha) 16 う Pu Tuo Shan temple, Puni0, China 16 う , 165 Puja (Hindu worship) 118 Pura Besakih temple, Mount Agung, lndonesia 122 Ramoche temple, Tibet 184 mural 1 ( ) 8 Ramayana (Hindu epic) 106 ー 109 ; Ramadan 54 ( ) , 3 52 Rama IX, King (Thailand) 185 1 ( ) 6-1 ( ) 9 , 11 ( ) , 120 Rama, Prince (Hindu legend) Ram Rajya (lndian era) 109 Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree 125 Raj anyas see Kshatriyas Rahman, Abd al 57 う Rahahman, Abdul 58 う Rag narök (Doom ofthe Gods) 引 Raffles, Stamford 58 う Rabin, Y1tzhak 2 う 2 Qurtubi , al-Sharif al-ldrisi al- ろ 7 う Qurra, Thabi [ ibn (astronomer) 564 Quraysh 7 の 46 引 7 tents 54() ー 544 ; selected scriptures Qur' an (lslamic holy book) 341 ; con- artifacts 251 Qumran caves, lsrael 250 , 250 ー 231 ; Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius 266 Quinkans (spirits) 18 , 19 Canada 26 の 4 Queen Char10tte lslands , B. C. Quechuans 59 Qing Dynasty (China) う 8 , 165 565 Qaraouine Universi ty, Fez , Morocco al-Qaeda 586 Python (Mycenean god) 40 Pyramids ofGiza 60 , 61 Pygm ies う 5 ーう 7 Pushkar Lake, lndia 100 Purusha (Aryan god) 4(), 87 , 91 Purim festival 221 Puritemple, lndia 116 ー 119 Pure Land Buddhism 167 , 170 lndonesia 122 Pura Panataran Agung temple ,

J U D A I S M the Eternal), and some are limited by history and circum- stance (not tO sell a Hebrew handmaiden tO another person and [ 0 keep the Canaanite slave until he or she is freed unlike Hebrew slaves, who could only be enslaved for a limited period 0f time). From the 6 い mitzvoth come rules still centralto mod- ern religious practice. Among them are C1rcumCIS10n Ofthe male offspring: The ritual removal an infant boy's fore- skin remains an essential JudaiC ceremony by WhiCh a child joins the covenant between Abraham and G0d. TO put Z1tZit, or fringes, on the corners Of clothing IS another example: Men who practice Orthodox Judaism often drape a rectangular shawl with fringed corner tassels over their shoulders for synagogue ceremonies. Many of the original laws have been reinterpreted for modern times.Numerous mitzvot rules, for example, pertain [ 0 sacrifices in the Temple. Today's Jews donate to charity, help maintain their synagogues, and offer up prayers rather than physical gifts to God. "Six days you shall do your work, but on the seventh day you shall rest," uttered Moses, establishing the law 0f Shabbat, the Sabbath, or seventh day. ln regarding one day a week—traditionally Saturday—as a holy day of rest, Jews emulate GOd the creator whO, according tO the BOOk ofGenesis, made the world in six days and rested on the sev- enth. By law and custom , Jews suspend work 伝 om sundown on Friday until sundown on Saturday and attend worship servlces. ln modern times, Orthodox Jews interpret work strictly, refraining from dOing such things as turning on electric lights and appliances, driving a car, writing, or watching television. The Sabbath ends, by tradition, when three stars are visible in the night sky. 'You shall not il a kid in its mother's mllk" ・ This sim- ple statement, which also came 伝 om G0d through Moses, underlies one aspect Jewish dietary laws. Accordingly, OrthodoxJews separate meat and milk in their diets and their kitchens, keeping separate sets ofdishes for the two segments of their cu1Sine. Further laws strictly define 応 od that is kosher—a word deriving from the Hebrew for proper or correct, meaning suitable for ritual ceremony. only cer- taln animals may be eaten. Those with cloven hooves that chew their cud—cattle, sheep, goats, for example—are per- missible, but those without, such as camels, pigs, and rabbits, are not. FiSh with fins and scales can be eaten, but shellfish and crustaceans cannot. AnimaIs must be slaugh- tered humanely, and kosher butchers are trained in technique and JewiSh la 、 v. Kitchen utensils are cleaned and stored according [ 0 special procedures. Not all Jewish families decide to keep a kosher kitchen. ln North America today, for example, about 17 percent ofJewish households 応Ⅱ ow the kosher laws in 応Ⅱ . Moses' experience, as well as the laws he conveyed to the Hebrews, modeled the sort of relationship God would have with believers. The very name God came to be regarded as unapproachably num 1 nous—beyond human understanding or expression—and it iS JewiSh custom never t0 wrlte out the んⅡ name of God acknowledging the limits ofhuman access and expression. JLISt as GOd'S 第℃ could not be written, nei ther could his image be reproduced by human hands. "You shall not make for yourselfan idol, whether in the form ofanything that is in heaven above, or that iS on the earth beneath, or that iS in the water under the earth," God said explicitly. 'You shall not bow down tO them or worship [ her れ . ' NO statuary and no paintlngs ofGod or ofdivine beings have decorated any Jewish place ()f worship since. GOd gave Moses lnstructions on hOW tO build a taber- nacle, a portable altar. The details grew extravagant: acacla WOOd, a goat-hair tent, tanned rams' leather, bronze and gold clasps, twisted linen cords ofroyal color, rows ofprecious stones, the WhOle anointed with 0i1 and fragrant with incense. This became the Ark of the Covenant : the earthly dwell ing place of the Hebrews ' God , an obj ect that would allow them t0 carry their religion with them. ln time the Ark would become a mystical fOCLIS Of reverence and the physical symbol ofthe lsraelites' religion and nation. Once they had built it, "the glory ofthe Lord filled the tabernacle" and they continued on their journey, carrying it with them. 2 り

Then the focus shifts to a large table or altar covered by a white cloth. Bread and wine are brought forth and the presiding minister speaks a prayer ofblessing that includes the words ofJesus, "Take and eat, this is my body" and "DO this in remembrance Ofme. ' When the prayer over the Offer- ings Of bread and wine iS completed, we recite the Lord'S Prayer and greet each other with the words, "The peace of the Lord be with you. ' As the minister prepares the con- secrated bread for distribution, the congregation sings: 'Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world, have mercy on us... .Lamb 0fG0d who takes away the sins ofthe world, grant us peace. The people begin to file forward to receive Com.mumon. AS we wait, there iS no chatter, no sound except the shuffling of feet and perh 叩 s the strains 0f a hymn. There is only a line of people, old and young, hearty and infirm, parents clutching young children, all waiting [ 0 recelve what iS given. The Eucharist concludes in a very per- sonal and individual gesture. This simple ritual has been observed now for 2 ()()() years, yet it never loses itS power tO awe. iS a palpa- ble heightening of intenslty ⅲ the congregation as the priest begins the prayer over the gifts. For the words that are spoken are not simply words t0 be understood, they effect something. When a person recelves the bread, the priest or lay mlmster says, The B0dy 0f Christ," and he or she responds, 'A れ *. " When the consecrated Wine IS received the words are "The blood ofChrist," and the response is agam 'Amen. ln the Eucharist we come 1ntO lntimate relation with Christ through what can be seen and touched. Christianity is an affair ofthings. The central Christian beliefis that God appeared on earth and lived among us in the person Of JeSLIS Of Nazareth. "NO one has ever seen God," wrote the author of the Gospel according to John, 'the only Son, who is in the bosom ofthe Father, he has made him known. " ln the Christian Creed ( om the Latin ノ 0 , 'I believe") confessed by most Christians each Sunday, we not only profess faith in "one G0d, the Father almighty, maker ofallthings visible and invisible," but also in Jesus Christ, the Son of God. Like the tWO Other religions tracing their beginmng to Abraham—Judaism and Islam—Christianity trains the minds and hearts Ofmen and women tO worship and serve the one God. Jesus taught: You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. ' For Christians, however, the way [ 0 G0d passes through the things of this world. G0d is known not only through words, such as those ofthe Bible, through the beauty and order of the world , and through mental or spi r- itual exerclses, but through a human being of flesh and b100d. ln the language of theology, Christianity is 心 sacra- mental" religion. Centuries ago Augustine 0fHippo defined a sacrament as a ViSible form Of an invisible grace. " The can be bread and Wine as in the Eucharist, water as in Baptism, ()il as in the anointing Of the SiCk or dying, even a holy site, a place of pilgrimage such as Jerusalem where Christ suffered and died, or the burial place of saints, such as the ancient shrine 0fPeter in Rome. As pilgrims file past hiS statue in the Basilica Of St. Peter, they reach out, in an act Of tactile piety, tO rub their fingers across his feet. 、 " e tire 0f abstractlons and crave visible signs. The bread and wine ofthe Eucharist are palpable evidence that God has come near. lfbread and wine make Christ present, we are able to live in fellowship with G0d. Just as one can- not lOOk at the sun with the naked eye, SO, we believe, one cannot know GOd through the mind alone. First one must kneel and turn one's face [ 0 the ground tO see the beams reflected on the earth.

I N T R O D U C T I O N —A R C H B I S H O P D E S M 0 N D TU T U A N D T H E R E V . TU T U M p H o A . 、 E , R I T E as a father and daughter, two Christian some sort Of happiness for themselves outside GOd, apart priests, one at the beginning Of her ordained ministry, the from God. And out of that hopeless attempt has come other with a lifetime ofexperience 伝 om which to draw. Each nearly all that we call human history—money, poverty, Ofus has a distinct role in our faith community, and yet we ambition, war, prostitution, classes, emplres, slavery—the are bound in a C0n11 れ on 1 れ 1SS1()n and ministry in the world. long terrible story of man trying t0 find something other Our task is to address the importance ofreligion in the world than God which will make him happy. today and the importance 0f understanding something 0f At our best, however, we worship God, the Supreme faiths ()ther than our own Being. on remote mountam for promoting world peace. peaks and windswept prai- 、 write Christians, with rles, ⅲ lush jungles and bar- all the gifts and limitations ren deserts, in rural outposts that perspective can imply. and teemlng cities, humans Each of us has drawn our worship the divine and erect friends from and formed monuments [ 0 the glory Of alliances across religious lines G . And despite the variety among people 0f many of their geographical begin- faiths. Those who are not nings, the differences in their our co-religionists have deepened, rather than undermined, political contexts, and the diversity oftheir followers, reli- our faith, for people who do not believe as we believe prod g10ns have certaln essential elements ltl common. us intO a closer exammatl()n Of the tenets Of our faith. Whether Hindu or Christian, Buddhist, MusIim or Jew, human beings are, fundamentally, worshiping it iS our religion that gives LIS directlon, a sense ofself-worth and a feeling ofoneness with the universe. lt is our faith that creatures. our response tO our religious impulse iS either tO worship GOd or tO worship something that is less than undergirds our morality. Our religious beliefs prompt us to God. As Christian author C. S. Lewis observed: 、市 at acts ofgemune altruism: People ofevery religious stripe aban- Satan put int() the hand Of our remote ancestors was the idea don the comforts 0f home and family to offer their services that they could be like gods, could set up on their own as in refugee camps, in hospitals, and in schools. Through the if they had created themselves, be their own master, invent financial contributions of the faithful, the hungry are fed, 」亠 ABOVE: The 、んツイハ 4 川〃 s な〃語 4 ん / 〃〃切、 / 〃 . ハ砿。〃 , 4 んアルい 4 れん昉ん尸加川ん / イ功 / な脚 . 12