518 1 2 3 4 519 1 SO that and in order that 519 1 初 0 ガ 0 れわ 0 〃 d 必 so れ vo 〃 7 わ e e ⅲ g ″ ra わ 7 初 0 ガ 0 〃 / zo 〃イ必 ' Then/So れ 0 〃 7 わ e e ⅲ g ! 0 ″ ra わな . 〃 cu 4g00a 行襯 e , ー e ル SO much and SO many the difference The difference between so 襯″ c 〃 and so 襯 4 〃ア is the same as between 襯″ c 〃 and 襯 4 〃必 SO 襯″ c 〃 is used with singular (uncountable) nouns; so 襯 4 〃ア is used with plurals. 〃イ〃卲 e 島 ee 〃 $ 0 襯“ c od ⅲ〃Ⅳ〃 . Shehad $ 0 襯“れ c 〃市砒 she 市市た〃 0 ⅢⅢ〃砒 do. NOte that we use so, not so 襯リ c わ , to modify adjectives and adverbs. For details, see 513. YO ″ ' 尾 $ 0 わ ea “ー (NOT - 戔の・孖学 e - $ 襯〃 e んみ e 砒 4 = ) But SO 襯リ c 〃 is used before comparatives (see 139 ). She's $ 0 襯 c more わ ea 〃〃 0 Ⅲ . $ 0 襯 c / 襯れア without a noun We a after SO ″ 7 ″ C 〃〃れ 4 〃 ! , if the is clear. ー c れ 7e4 ー 4 〃ー〃肥 4 ーー there's SO 襯 c ! れ〃 ec 行れ g Ⅲ〃〃 0 〃 e c な , わ砒〃 0 0 れ必 $ 0 〃 1 C as an adverb So 襯″ can be used as an adverb. れな〃ア 0 リイが襯 0 ん e $ 0 襯 c ん special structures with $ 0 襯〃 c We can use れ 0 ー SO 〃 7 ″ C 〃 ... as or 〃 0 ー SO 〃 7 リ c 〃 ... わ″ー tO make corrections and clarifications. She 市 d れ ' 0 襯“ c Ⅲた e リ〃〃 0 可市 e わ e 畆 れ ' $ れ 0 0 襯“ c 4 け市 s 〃た e her 市砒物れノリ〃ⅲ尾立 ed. ″“観れ $ 0 襯“ c 〃な〃〃 ra れ ce lliked 〃な personality. ″ ' $ れ 0 ー $ 0 襯 c 〃 za ーーイ 0 〃 7 Ⅲのな come, わーー豆襯〃ケ〃〃 7g0 ー the time. ln negative and non-assertive clauses, SO 〃 7 リ C わ tO ・ even'. He 市イが 0 襯“ c 覊″ za 〃た坦″ , 4 催 4 〃 we'd donefor / ⅲ〃 . 〃 e $ 0 襯“ c 0 atanother Ⅲ 0 ″〃 , I' 〃た襯襯 . For more details ofthe use of 川″ c 〃 and ″ za 〃必 see 348. SO that and in order that purpose These structures are used tO talk about purpose. SO 召ー is more common than ⅲ 0 催″ zat, especially in an informal style. They are normally followed page 541

5 6 340 1 2 means 340 れⅢな e 怩〃ⅲ & ー川 e 川〃 sat round の talkedpolitics the Ⅲ〃 0 行襯 e. ー材 0 ″ 0 ″〃た e come 0 [ な〃 / g 〃ー川 e 川 0 〃ケ既 10 リⅢ 4 ′社 tO, 0 工 CO ″ rse. ー〃〃 , used before a pause in this way, can alSO introduce expressions Of opinion. ln this case, it is close tO ー市ⅲん orlfeel. Another use iS tO introduce corrections. She 〃 s ⅲ SO ″市〃 0 なーー襯 e れ SO ″〃襯〃〃 . ln informal speech, ー〃〃 iS alSO very common as a general-purpose connector or ・ filler', with little real meaning. ん e 廚 go 〃 d e P 〃〃 0 〃 Satu 必ー e 〃 , we could make 4 〃 ear s な .. ー 1 一 doyo 襯 ea れ ... What dO ! 0 リ襯 e 〃 ... can express anger or protest. VV 一 dO 0 襯 e 川一 ca れ 7 〃 g? W 伽一 do 0 襯 e “〃Ⅲ 4 たⅲ g 〃肥リ〃召〃な行襯 e 可ⅲ g 〃 no progressive form イ e 〃 iS not normally used in progressive forms When it refers tO meanings. れの 4 ー does 市 4 ー strange smile 襯 e れ 3 (NOT 4 叫目 & - 語 - 語 , 4 〃 ge - s 襯・〃 e - 襯 e “ⅲ g? ) But progressive forms can be used tO refer tO intentions. l've been 襯〃加 g t0 〃 / 10 〃 e10 ″ r weeks. means singular and plural ending ⅲ - $ Both the singular and the plural 0f means end in -s. / 〃 the 79 市 century new 襯 e れ $ 0 CO 襯襯リ〃 / ca 行 0 〃 was developed ー the railway. (N OT ... ・召ィ肥肥 - 襯 e 0 田襯襯田行併み ... ) There 尾 several 襯 e 住れ $ 0 / な召〃 s 〃 0 な 0 〃 the な〃 d. For other words with singular forms ending in -s, see 501.3. わ住〃〃 y / れ 0 襯 ea By 4 〃襯 ea 〃 s is not the same as わア〃〃 0 治襯 ea 〃 & lt is used tO give permission or tO encourage somebody tO dO something, and ・ Of course' or ・ it is all right tO ... ' Compare: ℃〃ーわ 0 な 0 Ⅲア 0 ″ rs Ⅲ ea 滝 ' B 〃襯 e れ & By 〃襯 e get new C04 らなイ 0 〃 7 平 e 〃イ襯 0 尾〃〃 f80. We 襯 t! 肥ゆ〃わア“〃〃 0 means. By 〃 0 襯 ea 〃 s ()r 〃 0 ーわ 4 〃ア襯 e 〃 is not the opposite Of わ 4 〃襯 ea 〃 & lt is similar t0 d ⅲケ〃 , or 〃わ / 0 〃 g Ⅲ必 Ga / 〃 eo was われ 0 襯 e ー〃肥ア r person ″ / CO 〃 e. SC 〃リ〃 74 〃〃なれ 0 ーわ 4 〃〃ー e 住れ $ 〃 7 / 4 レ 0 ″ CO ″ 7 〃 oser. page 330

12 478 I 2 3 remind 478 double object Occasionally a relative pronoun acts as the object 0f two verbs. This happens especiallywhen a relative clause is followed by わ q ル尾 ... ing, 催 ... ing or Ⅲ / 市 0 ″匚 .. ing. We have water “ⅱわ e 立〃 0 0 ・ⅲんわ e. re わ 0 〃加 g. ()R ... わ 0 〃ⅲ g な ) l'm 〃市〃 g ア 0 ″ 4 厄な催“ー厩坦リの destroy after re 加 g. ( OR ... 4 尹催 rea 市〃 g ) He Ⅲ so 襯 e わ od. ア“ー坦″ could 〃ん e without “ d 炉加 g. ()R ... 4 市〃ⅲ g i 襯 . ) remind remind 十 Object 十 infinitive; remind 十 that-clause The infinitive structure refers tO actions: you 尾襯ⅲ d so 襯 e わ 0a1 tO dO something that he / she might forget. Please remind me 知 go the 〃 0 立 0 類 ce. (N OT - e 円 , e 厚ⅲ記 - 襯 e -0 工 go 加 g … ) The structure with a that-clause refers tO facts. reminded i 襯“れ怩 / 市 77g any 〃 e な 0 / 厄尹 . This kind Of idea can also sometimes be expressed with 尾襯ⅲイ . ー reminded 〃催わ 0 日肥 r dental 4 〃〃 0 ⅲ加肥厩 . . 市砒 s 〃 e had to go to the 〃ホれ ) 加 d... 可 . . 4 わ 0 リれ We use 尾襯ⅲ d... OftO say that something makes us remember the past, or makes us think about things that have been forgotten. Thesme 〃可 / Ⅲ襯わ祠 me 0 工 0 ″ ro house ⅲ the co ⅢなⅣ . (N 0 T ... ー襯加ホ - 襯 eo 胖も雇物ひ ... ) Remind me 0 工ア 0 リ r phone 〃リ襯わ er. We can also use 尾襯 / 〃 d.. OftO talk about similarities. She re 襯加ホ me 0 工〃催〃 10 市催 . ( = She な〃た e her 襯 0 市 er. ) remind and remember These two verbs are not the same. Reminding somebody means ・ making somebody remember'. Compare: Remind me 〃 the 襯〃ん襯 4 〃 . (NOT e e 襯わ催ー襯 e ーねア .. ) l'm 介 d 1 Ⅲ 0 〃 7 re 襯 e 襯わ催〃ア the 襯〃た襯 an. T 〃な so な可Ⅲ e 砒〃催わ祠 me 可〃Ⅳわ ome. (N OT - んな - な - o. 戸を 4 旧ィ e e ″ル催 & - 襯 e 、 .. ) T 〃な SO な ofweather 襯た es me remember ~ れア〃 0 襯 e. But note the idiomatic use Of 尾襯 e 襯わ er in Remember me ア 0 ″ r 〃尾〃な and similar sentences. page 497

568 I a b 2 3 time 568 time countability and article us e Time has various uses, some countable and some uncountable (for full details see a good dictionary). Most of these are straightforward, but there are problems in tWO areas. measure Of duration When we talk about the number of hours, days etc that are needed to complete something, 行襯 e is generally uncountable. 孖 0 Ⅲ襯″襯 e do we need / 04 イ市例′ al れ 0 ん 4 リな eso 襯 e 〃襯 e persuade her talk tO ″ & DO 〃 7 Ⅲ・げー〃肥尾 ' S 〃 / e 〃り′可〃襯 e. T 〃なな 4 com 〃厄Ⅲ 4 立 e 0 工〃肥 . However, 行襯 e is countable in certain expressions like / 0 〃 g な〃 0 な行襯 e and 4 ″な e 行襯 e. ー 0 たれ g 襯 e getto s 罕 . She Ⅲ 4 Ⅲアル r ⅲ 4 e. The 行襯 e can be used to mean ・ enough time'; the is often dropped. カイ立 CO 襯 e Ⅲ / me ー / / 怩〃 'tg の川 e 〃ⅲ . clock times When we talk about clock times, 行襯 e is countable. Six が c c んⅢ 0 襯 d be good 襯 e 襯 e She phoned me 4 観 r times 立 e の′ . However, the is dropped in the expression it'S 行襯 e. れ ' $ 〃襯 e 立 0 〃 . (N 0 T 4 e e - 毎ね ) / 初 / Ⅲ〃 g . れ ' $ e r 4 〃襯 e so 襯 e 市ⅲ g. For the use of ん e with expressions oftime, see 551. without preposition Prepositions are Often dropped before common expressions With 行′〃 e meamng occaSlOn . He's わリ . い〃Ⅳ do がり , 0 ″ come れ 0 er e? (More natural than ... 一〃 0 市 er 行襯 e. ) 4 をー e does the 襯 4 尾〃 start? (More natural than A れ市ⅲ肥 .. 鷲 ) YO ″Ⅲ 0 〃 7 工 00 / me e. ln relative structures after 行襯 e , 市ー is often used instead of Ⅲ〃 e 〃 in an informal style ()r dropped). DO 坦″尾襯 e 襯わ er the 襯 e ( “お尾イ〃尾〃 ded be ghost? YO ″ ca 〃 come ″〃 4 〃 d see me 〃〃肥 ( 市 0 ! 0 ″〃ん e. Thefirst 川 e ( “りな at 〃催 , 〃リ〃 ea な立 0 〃〃 ed. For similar structures with other time words, and with place, Ⅲ〃 ) ′ and 尾ロ so 〃 , see 477.3. 0 〃ー〃 e and in 〃 ~ e 0 〃行〃肥 means ・ at the planned time', ・ neither late nor early'. The opposite is ・ early' or ・ late'. lt is Often used tO refer tO timetabled events. 0 〃ケ 0 〃 e Ofthe / 〃立 s なわパ〃 s been 0 ″襯 e. (NOT .. はル - 行〃 9 Peter Ⅲ〃な the イな c ″ s ⅵ 0 〃 start e 工け 0 れ襯 e. ()O T ... ・ - i 〃 - 行〃紹 = ) page 597

4 5 6 much and many 348 much/manywithout a noun can drop a noun after 〃 7 ″ C 〃 or ′れ 4 〃 , if the meaning iS clear. ) の″わレ e 〃 7e4 〃川 c ん ・ D 10 ″ア〃 d any 襯靨〃 roo 襯 ' ・Ⅳ川“れ y. NOte that ″Ⅲ c 〃 and 襯の are only used like this when a noun has been dropped. They are not used as the complements Of nouns: Other structures are used. Compare: There Ⅲ〃 7 襯〃 c ( 0 の . That's 0 〃 ( 0 の . B U T N 0 T - e 工・そ e S - 若 - ″を - (Because you couldn't say - 料肥ヂöod - 辞霍を・・襯 e ん : 0 ) Many is not usually used alone t0 mean ・ many people'. M “れ y 〃 eo 〃市加た it's ⅲれ e ra change. (NOT -4 “尋ⅲ、 .. ) not used in amrmative clauses ln an informal style, we use 襯リ c 〃 and 襯 4 〃 ! mostly in questions and negative clauses. They are unusual affrmative clauses except after SO, and 0 ; Other words and expressions are used. Compare: 0 Ⅲ much 〃 10 〃〃坦リ go 7 ' 怩 got p ルれ ' (NOT -- 実 - g - 襯〃ん一 ' ) He's go ロ 0 可襯 e 〃介〃 ds , わ砒 he イ oes 〃 7 know れ y Ⅲ 0 襯 e 〃 . (More natural than He's got 襯れ襯 e れ女〃ホ . ) There Ⅲ $ 0 襯 c な類 c 市百は 00 ん me 4 〃〃 0 ″ r gethome. ス〃イ市 e 尾 Ⅲ“ー可可わ ad driving 0 〃 the road. (More natural than... there Ⅲ“ c わ ad driving... ) 物リ make ね 0 many 襯なた es ーな 0 工平 e 〃ⅲ g 襯なん for れ〃厄 (More natural than... 襯れ spelling 襯なた es... ) Very ″ 7 ″ C 〃 iS common in affirmative clauses as an adverb, but not as a determiner. Compare: 〃 e イな襯“ c ん T 〃の坦″怩Ⅳ襯“ c ん There's w 0 ル lOt 0 工Ⅲ 4 r coming under the door. (N 0 T - ド e 卍 e 〃 c ん - 田襯剏 g... ) ln a formal style, 襯″ c 〃 and 襯〃ア are not SO unnatural in affrmative clauses. れ〃 been Ⅲな e 〃 4 わ OI な the causes 0 工Ⅲ肥襯〃 / 0 坦〃のル加 the 0 〃ⅲ〃 0 / 〃 ~ 〃ア eco 〃 0 襯なな , . お・ and 〃 g ( = ・ a long time') are aISO used mostly in questions and negative clauses. See 206 and 323. 〃 ~ C as adverb We can use 〃れイ C 〃 as an adverb. ーイ 0 が ra 怩 / 襯“市 e da, . イ″ C 〃 can come before some verbs expressing enJoyment, preference and similar ideas, especially ⅲ a formal style. We 襯 c prefer the co な the Ⅲ〃 . 〃襯“ c enjoyed 催 s Ⅲ i 市砿襯〃必 page 340

5 6 7 348 I 2 3 much and many 348 ( の襯 0 as an adverb ( T 〃の襯 0 立 can also be used as an adverb. The is often dropped in an informal style. T 〃 4 〃 4 / , わ砒坦″ r 〃な厄 gi / 燔 ( 市の襯 0 料肥なリ〃リ r な os れ superlative adjectives and adverbs ( T 〃の襯 0 立 is used to make the superlative forms of longer adjectives and most adverbs (see 136 and 137 ). れ〃 7 clever the 0 e わ″けⅢ the 襯 0 わ e ー c 〃 car goes 工 $ ″ ~ 0 $ ー meaning 'very' MOSt can be used before adjectives tO mean ・ very in evaluating expressions, especially in a formal style. T 〃砒な 0 たわⅵ可ア 0 ″ . T 〃 4 〃た 10 リエ br 4 os ー i 〃 r 〃〃 g 4 尹 ernoo れ . The experience was 襯 0 $ ー distressing. much and many the difference イリ is used with singular nouns; 襯のリ is used with plurals. 〃〃 'tg 襯 c 襯 e. 〃 0 襯 c 可 e roofneeds 尾〃 r ⅲ g? 物リ canhaveas 襯“ c 可市 e i 礰坦″〃た e. ー do 〃 7 know ” ta れ可ア 0 Ⅲ・介 ie 〃 d & She 市 d がア r 襯“〃ア d れ ia イⅲ〃 de な 〃 1 C ん / 〃 1 住〃ア十 noun Ⅵ宅 can use 襯リ c 〃 and 襯 4 〃 before noun phrases as determiners. We do not generally use ofwhen there is no Other determiner (). g. article or possessive). She 市 d 〃 7 eat 襯〃 c わ re “げれ (NOT . ョ襯ん 0 工わ紹“た工幻 There ℃〃 7 many largeglasses 厄食 (NOT . .- al -0 工ド geg e & ノ e. 尹 9 However, 襯リ c Ofcan be used without a following determiner in a few cases ー for instance, before personal and geographical names. l've e れ 0 襯 c 0 工〃 OW rd 尾 ce 〃〃必 Ⅳ〃 0 工 De 〃襯“な〃〃ケ . 〃 ~ C / 〃 ~ 〃ア 0 工十 determiner 十 noun Before determiners (). g. the, 襯必な ) and pronouns, we use 襯リ c 〃 ofand 〃 0 Ⅲ襯〃 10 工 0 尾〃肥尾 YO リ市 d 〃 7 一 c 0 工 1 Ⅲ 0 〃 7 pass the e. 工 at れゴ ' 襯な d 0 川れ 0 工襯 / so 〃 & 〃 0 Ⅲ襯 c 0 工市 e house a010 リⅢのな〃ⅲわな 1e4 滝 YO リ can'tsee ー〃 C 0 工 CO れア / 〃 4 week. 襯のⅣ可 page 339

4 5 6 351 1 2 must ( 3 ) : necessity and obligation 351 conclusions about the past We can use 〃れー with a perfect infinitive ( レ e + past participle) tO express conclusions about the past. 'We Ⅲな 0 襯 e last 襯 0 〃市 . 冖 T 〃 4 ー〃れーリ e been nice. Ⅲ 0 襯 an 〃〃 0 〃 ed Ⅲ厄ア 0 リ were 0 リた ' 阨襯ーー been Ka ' Ca 〃 iS used in questions and negatives. ル肥尾 ca れ加〃〃〃“れ〃 e 襯砒肥 He ca れ“ thrown 市 e 襯 4 Ⅲ 4 必 indirect sp eech イリ can be used after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense. ー″市 e 尾襯ー be something wrong. 襯ー and s ん 0 襯 d S 〃 0 ″ can be used as a weaker form 0f 襯靨れ Compare: ス〃〃襯ーー be 目 10 襯 e わア〃 0 Ⅲ . ( = ー市ⅲた肥 ' S certainly athome. ) スれ〃 $ 0 “砒〃 0 襯 e 〃 0 Ⅲ . ( = れ〃ⅲん e ' S 〃 ro わ 4 わケ砒 / 襯の For more about the difference between 〃川立 and 、 zo リ雇 see 496. must ( 3 ) : necessity and obligation statements: the speaker's point ofview ln affrmative statements, we can use 襯リ立 tO say what is necessary, and tO give strong advice and orders t0 ourselves or 0ther people. This is especially common in British English; in American English 〃 is generally preferred, particularly in speech. 2 厄れな襯ー g の 10 リ g 〃〃 g 滬 water 既市 4 尾 togrowproperly. Br なな〃ⅲイリ立Ⅳ〃れー improve its 〃 rod ″ c 行ⅵ 1 r 〃ア襯〃 smoking. 物リ襯ーわ e 〃 e 尾わル尾 eight 0 ' cloc た襯 orro Ⅲ . Must iS common in emphatic invitations. YO リ re 〃ー〃ーー CO 〃 4 〃 d see us S00 れ . ln statements about obligation with 襯リ立 the obligation normally comes from the speaker. TO talk about an obligation that comes from ・ outside' ( for instance a regulation, or an order from somebody else), we usually prefer 〃 4 怩 (see 352 ). lhave Ⅲ 0 介 0 襯 nine ア怩 . (More natural than ーれ″ 0 介 0 襯 nine ア怩 . ) 加襯ア匆わー住知な砒ⅵた (More natural than 加襯ア匆わー襯れ ra レ el れ ) questions: the hearer's point Of view ln questions, British people can use 襯″立 tO ask about what the hearer thinks ↓ⅥⅣー 10 ″Ⅲ厄 4 the door 0 〃円滝 clean 〃 the roo 襯 ()S DO ー 4 ね .. 鷲 ) is necessary. (Americans generally prefer 〃怩 . ) page 343

296 1 2 3 4 -ing forms used like nouns ( 5 ) : -ing form or infinitive? 296 -ing forms used like nouns ( 5 ) : -ing form or infinitive? Some verbs and adjectives can be followed by either an -ing form or an infinitive. ー $ ed 〃ア加 g / ね〃 the ⅵ 0 〃〃Ⅲ〃 e 〃れ″ 70. She Ⅲ proud 0 工ⅵれ g wo / 知 wo ル ln some cases, there iS a difference Of meaning. remember and 工 0 可 e 襯 e わ催び brg 可 + -ingform refers back to the past ー to things that one did. お brg 可・・・ ingis used mostly in the phrase I' 〃〃 e r rg ... ing, and expressions With similar meanings. ー立襯 re 襯 e 襯わ催わ“加 g 〃Ⅳ r 立わ / c 厄 I'II 〃 e r 工 0 可 meeting the Queen. Remember/forget + infinitive refers forward ⅲ time ー to things that one still has or still had to do at the moment of remembering or forgetting. YO ″襯″立 remember 工なカ・ e Ⅲなカ・ 0 襯 the s 0 れ襯 orro Ⅲ . ーエ brg 可 the S00 〃 . go 0 れ GO 0 れ十 -ingform means ・ continue . She went 0 れ加 g 4 わ 0 砒催 illnesses リ〃襯 we 4 〃 went s 厄 e 〃 . GO 0 〃 + infinitive refers tO a change of activity. She 0 〃〃ⅲ g 4 わ 0 砒〃催 illnesses の滬 went 0 れ〃召わ 0 砒〃〃催 0 市催〃 ro わ厄襯 & Regret + -ingform refers back to the past ー something that one is sorry one did. lregretleavingschool 4 ーノ 4 ーなⅢ big 襯なん e. Regret 十 infinitive is used mostly in announcements ofbad news. We regret 知加れ passengers 市砒 the 74.50 な 4 ⅲ r Car 市Ⅲ襯 leave 〃〃 ro 襯ケ 37 襯ⅲ″ s We regretto $ 住市″ e 4 尾Ⅲ za わ厄〃 e ゆ坦リ . advise, “〃 0 媽〃催襯な andforbid ln active clauses after these verbs, we use an -ing form if there is no object. page 283 eo 〃召尾〃 0 ー〃 0 Ⅲ e ゆ er 襯 / な ed $ 襯 0 た e ⅲ the lecture roo 襯 . S 襯 0 黼れ g な〃 0 ー 4 〃 0 Ⅲ ed ゆ催襯 i な ed ⅲ〃肥 lecture roo 襯 . NOte the corresponding passive structures. The ead 襯なな e 〃イ e れ children sing. The 〃 ea イ襯なな e 〃工 0 イ e れ s 加〃 g ⅲ the co な or & We イ 0 れ 7 “〃 0 ゆ er 襯な〃 eo 〃ルね $ 襯 0 e ⅲ the lecture roo 襯 . れ dO れ 7 〃 0 / 〃 er ″ ~ な $ 川 0 た i 〃 g 加 the lecture roo 襯 . れゼ 0 襯市住イリな e ア 0 the car.. ーⅢ 0 襯 d 〃 7 “イレ e 黼れ g the car ー there's 〃 0 Ⅲ〃 e 尾〃 If there is an object we use an infinitive. Compare:

comparison ( 2 ) : comparative and superlative adjectives ー 36 With many two-syllable adjectives (). g. 〃 0 〃 co 襯襯 0 〃 ) , - 催 / - e 立 and 襯 0 尾 / 襯 0 立 are both possible. With others (including adjectives ending in -ing, -ed, - / and -less), only 〃尾 / 襯 0 is possible. To find out the normal comparative and superlative for a particular two-syllable adjective, check ⅲ a good dictionary. longer adjectives Adjectives Of three or more syllables have 〃 zo 尾 and 襯 0 立 . 4 5 ⅲ〃 ig のな practical 襯 0 尾わな e 〃 / g 夜な 襯 0 尾 practical 襯 0 立 i れ〃 ig な 襯 0 立 practical 襯 0 立わ ea 砒〃 Words like ″〃わ 4 〃〃 (the opposites of two-syllable adjectives ending in ツ ) are an exception. リ〃行 d r リ〃行 d 計 Some compound adjectives like g00 小 0 たⅲ g or Ⅲ e 〃 - わ 10 Ⅲ〃 have two possible comparatives and superlatives. g00 小 0 んⅲ g we 〃 - た〃 0 Ⅲれ better-looking 0 R 〃尾 good - / 00 たⅲ g better- た〃 0 Ⅲれ O R 〃 ~ 0 尾Ⅲ e 〃 - た〃 0 Ⅲれ わ es トわ 0 たⅲ g 襯 0 立 g00 小 0 たⅲ g わ e - んれ 0 Ⅲれ 襯 0 Ⅲ e 〃 - んれ 0 Ⅲ〃 more, 襯 0 $ ー with short adjectives page 121 For modification of comparatives and superlatives (). g. ″Ⅲ older, far the わ e ) , see 139. For information about how to use comparatives and superlatives, see 138. She's 襯 0 〃 her 襯 0 市 er れ邵市 (N 0T ... - e ドみ - 襯ひ甬 ... ) e 記 , right, wrong and 〃ん e always have 〃 10 尾 and 〃 10 立 . (N OT ... - 〃 - な - た甬 de 可ッ o ) T 〃〃た坦リ怩Ⅳ襯リ c 〃 indeed. T 〃砒な襯 0 た加 d 可ア 0 ″ . approval and disapproval (including one-syllable adjectives) to mean ・ very . ln a rather formal style, 〃 IO 立 can be used with adjectives expressing He's more 4 ′市 am い〃雇 (N 0T -4 & ・地 e ド - 甬襯 4 = ) accurate than another), we use ′れ 0 尾 ; comparatives With -er are not possible. When we compare two descriptions (saying that one is more suitable or The road'sgettingmore 4 れ d 襯 ore ee 〃 . ()R ... ee 〃催〃 d ee 〃 e に ) immediately by 4 〃 ; forms with -er are also possible. This can happen, for example, when a comparative is not followed Sometimes 襯 ore / 襯 0 立 are used with adjectives that normally have -er/-est.

6 347 2 3 4 most 347 comparative structures グ 0 尾 is used tO make the comparative forms Of longer adjectives and most adverbs (see 136 and 137 ). As 0 ″ get 0 催 0 リ get 襯 0 知 ra れれ 2 e drive 川 0 0 For 〃 0 mo 尾 , 〃 0 ー〃〃 10 尾〃 0 〃 g 催 , see 372. For 、 far mo 襯″ c わ襯 0 襯 4 〃襯 0 尾 etc, see 139. most 〃 ~ 0 $ ー十 noun We can use 襯 0 立 before a noun phrase as a determiner (see 157 ). We dO not generally use ofwhen there is no Other determiner (). g. article or possessive). Mostcheese な〃 zade 女 0 襯 cow's 襯〃に (NOT ・ 440 0 工 6 ee $ 合 .. ) Mo S な $ peo 〃リれ虎 rs れ d お尾れ c ん (N OT -440 ・エ S 出 $ ア eo e ・ .. ) However, 襯 OS ー Ofcan be used without a following determiner in a few cases ー for instance, before personal and geographical names. MO 0fGeorge seemed be co 尾 d with わ r. The 沢 0 〃 la 〃 s co 〃 4 ″ e 尾 d 襯 0 0 工お〃 g れ d. 襯 0 $ ー 0 工十 determiner/pronoun Before determiners (). g. 碼 the, 襯必市な ) and pronouns, we use 襯 0 立 0 He's ea 〃れ 0 〃た 24S and 襯 0 0 工 CO c 〃 / c ん e 〃 . 物″ ' g 川 0 0 工市 e bed, リ . Mo 0 工 e 〃 eo 〃厄〃 e 尾た〃 0 Ⅲ each 0 市邵 . MO 0 工襯ア介池〃ホ〃 4 わ road. (NOT -440 ”尹′ &... ) She's eaten 川 0 0 工一 ca た e. MO 0 工市 0 ″ g 厄 he Ⅲ wrong. 〃 ~ 0 ー without a noun We can drop a noun after 〃 70S if the meaning iS clear. 釦襯 e 〃 eo 〃 / e had 市 c 襯Ⅳ with the lecture, わ砒襯 0 Ⅲ催立 00 畆 ス〃〃の 0 わⅢ / 可わ c e な池 s , わ砒 S リ〃Ⅲ滬 the 襯 0 the 〃 ~ 0 $ ー With nouns ln comparisons (when 襯 OS ー has a superlative meaning) it iS normally used with the, though this is sometimes dropped in an informal style in British English. S の 7 Ⅲ滬 ( 市の 0 わ c んわ e な池 & ↓ c 〃 co リ〃々〃 ro 市 ( の襯 0 Ⅲⅲ However, the iS not used when there iS no comparison, and ″ 70S ー simply means ・ the majority 0f '. Mo c 尾〃〃た e / ce - c 尾の〃 . (N OT - 磐肥 - 襯 0 は襯 4 紹〃 -... ) page 338