C d e f g 4 5 modal auxiliary verbs: meanings 345 weak obligation; recommendation She 尾襯ケ 0 “ g 0 Ⅲ〃わ催〃ⅲ r. T 〃砒〃 d れイわ e な催 $ 亶〃 g 市 4 〃たツ 0 リル r things. 物リ mightsee Ⅲ〃砒加〃〃市ⅲ燔 . ー“〃 we a03 willingness, volunteering, resolving, insisting and offering 10 ″襯 come なⅢ 4 ア .. な〃 0 襯イ be gra 尹〃既 10 ″ 0 “れ e んれ 0 Ⅲア 0 リ r decision S00 〃 〃 os 豆わ厄 l'll 〃“ル r the drinks. 尸〃 dq ⅲケ 0 わ・ d 催〃 erm. She will keep ⅲ r 川〃ⅲ 1g 〃 eo 〃厄 S II ″ hand? permlSS10n C れ 7 わ 0 な ow 坦リ r ん M we use the 〃 / 10 〃 D010 ″市ⅲた 1 ig た e わ尾た〃 0 Ⅲ absence 0f obligation 物″ needn't 0 ⅸな S 砒″ rda 必 ability She can 平 e 住た six 〃 g ″ age & NOte that obligation, permission etc are usually seen from the speaker's point ofview in statements and the hearer's in questions. Compare: YO ″襯ー go の ld e ス〃〃 . はⅲた″な necessary.) ん 10 リ go 〃 d e ス m 滝 ( DO 0 市ⅲたなな〃 ece 4 YO ″ ca れ b01 ・ row 襯ア car. (lgive 〃 er 襯な 0 れ . ) Can わ orro 坦リ r ca 滝 ( Ⅳ襯 yo give 〃催襯な豆 0 〃 3 ) Other meanings Besides the meanings discussed in paragraphs 2 and 3 , Ⅲ襯 and Ⅲ 0 リ are used t0 talk about habitual behaviour (see 600 , 604 ). MO evenings e ' 〃ノなⅲ介 0 厩可市 e TV の滬 go e 罕 . ル〃 we were ん s , 〃Ⅳ襯Ⅲ〃 0 “た e な 0 〃 bikes 〃 round the co ″厩豆イ e. Used 知 + infinitive (see 577 ) is similar to a modal verb structure in some ways. lt is used t0 talk about habitual behaviour and (unlike Ⅲ 0 襯め habitual subject-independence (NOT The grassused 知 / 00 ん g 尾 e れⅢ〃夜Ⅲ c 雇 lused 〃 4 / 可可〃〃なⅢ〃 e 〃ア 0 ″〃 ger. states. page 336 な市 eo co 梔Ⅷ催 00a 4 c 厄雇 ス child co “Ⅷ祠 e れ d な市 eo 毖 affecting the meaning very much. Compare: change a modal structure from active tO passive, for example, without meaning usually ・ spreads over' a whOle clause. This means that one can An interesting, rather complicated point about modal verbs is that their

422 I 2 3 4 past verb form with present or future meaning 422 past verb form with present or future meaning A past tense does not always have a past meaning. ln some kinds Of sentence we can use verbs like ー 44 0 リ went or れ wondering t0 talk about the present or future. after れル , 甲〃 os 加 g etc After リ〃厄 ss and words with similar meanings, we often use past forms tO refer tO the present or future. 1 “ d the 襯 0 〃 nowl'd わ町 4 c . 10 ″ caughtthe 〃 0 ' cloc た作れ襯 orro Ⅲ坦リ co “ be ⅲ E 市〃わ″ rg 〃 s ″〃〃 er - 行襯 e , リ〃 the な / 〃 was delayed, 0 工 CO リ e. YO リ / 00 た as ア 0 リ werejust 4 わ 0 ~ なの sc 尾 4 襯 . S ″〃〃 os ⅲ g we d れ go 0 〃〃 0 〃 da ア〃 e 4 滝 For more about structures with see 258 ー 264. For s ″〃〃 OS ⅲ g etc, see 546. For ″襯 e see 574. For see 74. after it's 襯 e , WO rather and れ After these expressions, tOO, past forms can have present or future meanings. Ten 0 ' cloc ん一 it's 行襯 e10 ″ went 〃 0 襯 e. DO 〃 7 come 〃 d see me da ー l'd ra 市 eryo リ came 襯 orro Ⅲ . れ″な〃ー住 d 4 better 襯 e 襯 0 For structures with it's 行襯 e , see 304. For Ⅲ 0 ″ ra 市夜・ , see 469.2 ー 3. For Ⅲなん see 601. distancing in questions, requests etc We can make questions, requests and offers less direct (and so more polite) by using past tenses. (For more about ・ distancing' 0f this kind, see 161. ) Common formulae are れ 0 れイ e 尾 d ユ〃リ g , lhoped, 市 a10 ″Ⅲのル Past progressive forms ( ー was Ⅲ 0 〃イ e 〃 g etc) make sentences even less direct. ー wondered 既 10 リ werefree 市な e 怩〃ⅲ & ー 0 〃 g 一ア 0 ″襯 / g 〃た e someflowers. D 0 w れ一 c 尾 4 襯Ⅲ / 市ア OI 砿 coffee, 滝 ⅱ $ 0 〃加 g we co 〃 4 市〃〃催 ge 市催 . past' modals The past' modal forms co ″′ⅲ g 厄 , Ⅲ 0 襯 d and should usually have present or future reference; they are used as less direct, ・ distanced' forms Of c 召川 Alice $ 0 “ be 〃 e 尾 S00 〃 . Ⅳ 0 “ 0 リ come 市なⅢ 4 必〃厄 ー市ⅲたな ig ・ 4 / 〃 S00 〃 . CO 10 リ〃 e ゆ襯 e ra 襯 0 襯 e 〃 〃必Ⅲ襯 and 朝〃 . page 429

3 4 207 I 2 208 1 feel 208 工 r in am. rmative clauses However,far iS With ー 00 , e 〃 0 ″ g 〃 , as and SO. ・〃 4 ー go れ e 工 re れ 0 “ g わな知 0 工 r. lt's 尾 ad. ア / r ーた〃 0 れ〃 ro わ m ' ・ OK $ 0 工 hr. おår is also used ()n all kinds of clauses) to modify comparatives, superlatives and 0. S わ e ' S 工“ ro 催市れわ催〃わの . T 〃なわ e なげ“ r the わ e YO リ工 r 0 young get ″ za なな attributive adjective Far can be used as an adjective before a noun, meaning ・ distant'. This is rather formal and old-fashioned. カ 0 れ g 4g0 , / 〃工 r CO リ′社り′ , 市 e 尾 lived Ⅲ 0 襯れⅢ〃 0 〃 d seven SO 〃 s. 1'1 イ″ C 襯〃 y and 〃 g (for time) are also more common in questions and negative sentences (see 348 and 323 ). farther and further distance We use bothfarther and 尹砿 to talk about distance. There is no difference Of meaning. 石市〃わ″ rg な工“な er / を催 4 Ⅲア市の 7 物ⅸ . 'additional' We can use 尹催 (but notfarther) to mean ・ additional', advanced'. For をなⅲル r 〃 za 行 0 〃 , see page 2 / 7. feel extra', Feel has several different meanings. Progressive forms can be used with some meanings, but not with others. Feel can be a ・ copular verb' (see 147 ) , followed by an adjective or noun complement. lt can also be an ordinary verb, followed by a direct object. copular verb:lfeel FeeI can be used with a personal subject は , ″ etc) to mean ・ experience the condition Of one's own mind or body'. Adjective or ()n British English) noun complements are used. 1 工可ア〃 e. DO 坦リ fe 可“〃のス〃市 e ⅢⅢ beginning co . ル 'V/ 肥〃 0 ″な e r 〃 d Ⅲ〃砒 she 〃 d done, e な“ co 可 e i 市 0 れ (GB) NOte that in this sense 、 feel is not normally used with reflexive pronouns (More natural than He 襯Ⅲ″加 e ⅲ r r... ) He Ⅲなⅲ 0 ロ肥れ he ⅢⅢ / 市〃肱 (myselfetc). page 199

6 7 228 I 2 get 228 Ma 〃 and 〃れんⅲイ have traditionally been used t0 refer t0 the whole 0f the human race. ー 7 り′ does 〃 ~ れ〃 4 レ e 〃 ~ 0 尾 diseases 〃 ~ れ〃われな That's 0 〃 e small 立罕ル r 4 〃れ , 0 〃 e g 液厩ル〃 r 〃れた加 d. (NeiI Armstrong, on stepping onto the moon) Some people find this usage sexist, and prefer t0 avoid it by using terms such as 〃 eo 〃厄 , わリ襯れ / Ⅳ or the 〃リ襯 4 〃 race. NOte alSO the increasingly common use ofsyntheticfibresinstead 0f 〃 la ル〃わ尾 s. titles Ms (pronounced /m1Z/ or /maz/ ) is often used instead offt イ or イな & Like カ・ , it does not shOW whether the person referred tO is married or not. For more information about names and titles, see 353. get Get is one Of the commonest words in EngIish, and is used in many different ways. lt is sometimes avoided in a very formal style, but it is correct and natural ⅲ most kinds of speech and writing. The meaning 0fget depends on what kind Of word comes after it.With a direct object, the basic meaning is come tO have'; with Other kinds ofword, the basic meaning is come tO be'. get + noun/pronoun With a direct object (noun or pronoun), get usually means ・ receive', ・ fetch', 'obtain', ・ catch' or something similar. lgota ルな催介 0 襯 L リ市な襯 orn ⅲ g. Ca 〃ア 0 ″ come 4 〃 d get e カ・ 0 襯 the s 行 0 〃 when ー ar 〃な〃リ d music lget “ headache. ア 0 ″ ge ーれ襯わ er 6 わー , な立 0 〃 s rightoutside 0 リ r わ 0 リ se. Get can be used with two objects (see 583 ). ん襯 eg 可 0 れ d れ Other meanings sometimes possible. ー市 d れ 'tg 可市 e e. ( = ・ understand' ) I' 〃 g 可 0 “ r な , 坦″わ ta . ( = punish, make suffer') CO リ lget.. is not generally used tO order things. Compare: Co 襯 dl co. ガ ( = PIease bringme 0 〃 e. ) CO ″ー g 可 co. ガ ( = CO 襯 dl ″た e ル町襯 e 既 0 〃 ) Get + noun/pronoun is not normally used tO mean 'become'. Get be. common with this meaning (see paragraph 6 , below). Ⅳ肥 ' $ ge れ g ね be 4 んレ e ケた雇 (NOT 44 ! & ge # ⅲ g 召 - な。短 ) M 4 尾 ge な加 gco 雇 As ア 0 ″ get 0 , 10 リ r 襯 e 襯 0 Ⅳ ge な worse. Before an adjective, get usually means ・ become . get + adjective page 221 . IS

2 3 4 5 6 quite 467 N0te that some adjectives and adverbs can have both gradable and non- gradable uses; with these, ⅲ has two possible meanings in British English. ln American English 4 ⅵ generally means something like ・ very', not ・ fairly/rather'. with verbs Quite can be used to modify verbs, especially in British English. The meaning depends on whether the verb is gradable or not. ーⅵ〃〃わ she's れ 0 〃 e 可〃 close 介〃ホ . 4 10 ″ 4 ⅵれな ed = Ha 肥ア 0 リ co 襯〃〃なわ ed? ) word order With nouns Quite can be used with なれ + noun. lt normally comes before / 4 〃 if there is a gradable adjective or no adjective. lt's ⅵ“れ e da. 必 We Ⅲ砒 c 4 ⅲⅱれ re $ 〃 g ア〃れ立ⅲ g . She's な e Ⅲ 0 襯 4 が The 〃 ar Ⅳ was な e success. With non-gradable adjectives, 4 ⅵ normally comes after / 4 れ . れⅢ住 4 ⅵけ d . (NOT 4 & 4 ⅵねア e イは 4 9 ln British EngIish, 4 ⅲ is sometimes used before 市 e. YOll're i the ″ ~ OS ー exciting 〃 74 〃 l've ever た〃 0 Ⅲ〃 . He'sgoingquite the wrong 4 必 comparrsons Quite is not used directly before comparatives. She's ra 催 / 襯“ c 加わな 0 催 4 〃襯 e. But note the expression 4 リな e better, meaning ・ completely recovered' (from an illness). Quite 豆襯〃 ar means ( ⅲ British English) ・ fairly/ rather similar'; ⅵ市ガ尾〃ー means ・ completely different'. 4 ⅵわれび〃 0 ー etc Quite 4 わな and 9 ⅵⅢ (informal) have fairly positive meanings ー they are almost the same as ″な e 4 れ We're 4 レⅲ g ⅵ“わな可な 0 ″わ厄Ⅲ / 市 the ホノリ立〃 0 Ⅲ . We 〃 10 ″ g 厄 the place Ⅲ 0 襯 d be e 襯〃わ ac な ta 〃ア市 e 尾 were ⅵ afew 〃 eo 〃厄市 e 尾 . れ 0 ーな e Ⅳ 4 ⅲ means ・ not completely' or ・ not exactly'. lt can be used before adjectives, adverbs, verbs and nouns, including nouns with 市 e. l' 襯れ 0 ー e 尾 d ーⅢ 0 〃 7 わ ea 襯 / 〃″ She 市 d れ川〃 4 ⅲ工立 e 〃 0 ″ g 〃 r 4 尾 co . ー d0 がれ〃ⅲん坦″ ' 尾ⅵ right, / 初 4 カ雇 ー d0 れ嬲な e g 尾 e. That's れ 0 ー 4 な e the co / 0 ″ r ー wanted. For the differences between 4 ⅵ耘ケ , ra 市邵 and 〃 r Ⅳ , see 205. For other structures used to express degree, see 153 ー 156. page 482

5 6 36 37 1 all ( 4 ) : with verbs 36 negative verbs lt is not very common tO use 〃十 noun as the subject Of a negative verb (). g. ス〃ス襯 e c do れ ' ロ e わ〃わリ rge .We more often use れ〃 + noun 十 am. rmative verb. Ⅳ可“〃 A 川 e c “〃〃 4 襯わ肝 ger & Note the difference between 〃可〃 and 〃 0. Compare: Ⅳ“〃わ炉ホ ca 〃ア必Ⅳ 0 わホ ca 〃〃肥 leaving 0 設 t the lt is sometimes possible t0 drop the after 〃 (). g. 4 〃 da 必〃尾 e わ ro 市催 s ). See 69.6 for details. all ( 4 ) : with verbs When 4 〃 refers to the subject of a clause, it can go with the verb, in ・ mid- position' (like some adverbs ー see 15 ). auxiliary verb + 〃 のれ尾 / な / / Ⅲ e 尾 + 〃 We can 〃 swim. The guests ““〃 4 なル ed. T わ 0 4 〃〃催 e “〃わ ad. 〃 + other verb M 襯〃ァ“〃 work ⅲリ c 砒れ . T 〃〃 liked the so ″〃 . Note that these meanings can also be expressed by using 〃 ( 0 カ + noun/pronoun as the subject (see 35 ). AII 0 工 ca れ swim. み〃 ( 0 カ the 部肥 $ な〃 4 ar ⅲ d. all and every ス〃 and every can both be used to talk about people or things in general, or about all the members of a group. There is little difference 0f meaning; 卲 e Often suggests ・ without exception'. The tWO words are used in different structures. every with singular nouns; 〃 with plurals 石レ e り′ iS used with a singular noun. TO give the same meaning, 〃 iS used with a plural noun. Compare: e レ e り′十 singular おⅣ child needs (N OT 4 〃 - 紹 e イ例 ) 4 〃 + plural ス〃 c れ need ス〃 the 〃 g な were 0 . page 34

just 305 304 1 2 305 a b lt's is the contracted form of ″な or なわ as. れ ' $ raining 4g4 ⅲ . (NOT 諸子砒帰ⅲ & 召保ⅲ 9 〃怩 10 ″ e 〃〃 camera? れ ' $ 市 s 〃〃尾 (NOT . There is a similar difference between whose and Ⅲわ 0 ー see 598. For more about contractions, see 144. it's time followed by infinitive lt's 行襯 e ()r ななⅲれの can be followed by an infinitive. れ ' れ e ねわア new car. NOte thatjust 〃 0 Ⅲ can mean either ・ at this moment' or ・ a few moments ago , ro ⅢゴⅢⅲリ t week.' ( = ・ as recently as') za 〃〃〃 e 〃 ed K 市 He seems 〃 at 市〃〃 ea 尾イ . ' ・Ⅳ 0 , he's ・ Where's 〃リ ' 7 初ノー go 加 g 襯 4 ん e な . ' ( = ・ immediately') Alice j ー phoned. ( = ・ a short time ago') I' 〃 be do Ⅲ〃ⅲ襯ⅲ″ー I' 襯 j ー c 〃〃 g ⅲ g 襯ア i な . ( = ・ right now') カ立 Often emphasises the idea Of ・ at the present' or ・ close to the present'. tim e / リ立 has several meanings. meanmgs just For Other structures in which a past tense has a present or future meaning, see 422. l'm getting 尾イ . lt's e we went 0 襯 e. れ ' $ 襯 e 0 肥 d those trousers. lt's e she e れ一 bed. meaning iS present. lt's time can also be followed by a subject with a past tense verb. The followed by past tense with present meaning lt's 行襯 e r 催ね go わ e infinitive structure (see 280 ) can be used. When it is necessary to express the subject of the infinitive, thefor 十 object 十 page 297 乃 7 リー〃 00r わ 0 必 カれのな襯 e わ 0d. ア me ー〃廚〃 . CO 襯〃厄 set 0 工 ga e 〃 0 なリーロ 5.99 ! カイ立 can mean ・ only', ・ nothing more than'. ・ only', ・ scarcely' . $ 00 〃“尹催ん〃 c ん ) な at 〃リー尹催 lunch. ( = closeness tO the time in question. ln expressions likejust 尹 e らノリ立わ q ル尾 andjust Ⅲ〃 e 〃 , ノ″ suggests ーⅢ P 厖リーれ 0 He Ⅲ〃 d / た坦リ . She's 〃 0 百〃カー〃 0 Ca れ / ん e message? depending on the tense. Compare:

e f g 3 345 1 modal auxiliary verbs: meanings 345 However, certain past ideas can be expressed by a modal verb followed by a perfect infinitive ( 住 + past participle). YO ″ $ 0 〃れね〃肥 10 were CO 襯ⅲ & れ〃ⅲん一川“ az 肥住れ〃 0 ed スリ厩 Ma 毖 For details of these uses, see the entries on particular modal verbs. MOdal verbs have contracted negative forms ( ca 〃 7 , Ⅲ 0 〃 7 etc) which are used in an informal style. ( S 〃 4 〃 7 and 襯〃 7 are only used in British English; 襯〃 7 is very rare. ) ー舮 i 〃 and Ⅲ 0 リ alSO have contracted affrmative forms ( 7 / , ' の . For details, see 144. Some modals have both ・ strong' and ・ weak' pronunciations. For details, see 588. There is quite often used as a preparatory subject with modal verbs, especially when these are followed by be (see 562 ). 1 カ催 e maybe rain later イ必 meamngs We dO not normally use modal verbs tO say that situations definitely exist or that particular events have definitely happened.We use them, for example, to talk about things which we expect, which are or are not possible, which we think are necessary, which we want tO happen, which we are not sure about, which tend to h 叩 pen, or which have not happened. He 川 ay な加 e 〃行襯 e. She co わ e ⅲん 0 〃 dO 〃 orParis or TO た 10 ー〃 0 わ 0a1 knows. れ〃ⅲた坦″ 0 “ g 0 ea “ッ既 We r 〃ーけ d up 市 eg e 〃 . ↓ー wo “坦リ do 既ア 0 リ had 4 介 ee 4 滝 石市〃わリ rg わ can be co ⅲⅢⅲ r. れⅲた市 $ 0 “ co 襯 d doctor eal ・ lier. YO リ ig 一知 meFrances was 〃 /. For further general information about the meanings ofmodal auxiliary verbs, see next section. For more detailed information, see the sections for each verb. modal auxiliary verbs: meanings two kinds of meaning Most Of the meanings of modal verbs can be divided into two groups. One is to do with degrees ofcertainty: modal verbs can be used to say for instance that a situation is certain, probable, possible or impossible. The Other is tO dO with 0 わ〃 g 砒 io 〃 , freedom 4 け and similar ideas: modal verbs can be used t0 say that somebody is obliged t0 d0 something, that he / she is able t0 d0 something, that there is nothing t0 stop something happening, that it would be better if something h 叩 pened ()r did not), or that something is permitted or forbidden. page 334

5 6 257 I 2 3 idioms and collocations 257 adverbs NOte that whether the adjective ends in -ic or イ c , the adverb ends in - / c 襯 (pronounced /lkli/ ). The one common exception is 〃リわ〃 c ケ (N 0 T +ublieally). no uns ending in - iCS Many nouns ending in -ics are singular (). g. physics, 砒〃厄行 cs ). Some can be either singular or plural (). g. 〃 1a 市 e 襯 4 行 cs , 〃 0 〃行 cs ). For details, see 50L3. idioms and collocations What idioms? An expression like turn ″〃 (meaning arrive'), わ尾た e れ (meaning 'make neither a profit nor a loss') or ca 〃 0 工Ⅲ 0 ″〃 s (meaning ・ a complicated problem') can be diffcult to understand, because its meaning is different from the meanings of the separate words in the expression. (lfyou know わ尾ん and e 〃 , this does not help you at all to understand わ尾 4 た e 怩〃 . ) Expressions like these are called ・ idioms'. ldioms are usually special to one language and cannot be translated word for word (though related languages may share S01 れ e idioms). verbs with particles or prepositions Common short verbs like bring, come, イ 0 , get, give, go, 〃砒 keep, make, 〃砒 , and た e are very often used with prepositions or adverb particles (). g. 0 〃 , 0 ガ″〃 , 4 Ⅲ to make two-word verbs. These are called 'prepositional verbs' or phrasal verbs', and many of them are idiomatic. Ca 〃坦″ 100 た“催 eca なⅢ〃〃 el'm Ⅲ 4 寳 S 〃 e ノリ立 doesn't た〃 0 Ⅲ〃 0 Ⅲ bring 〃 cl ⅲ d 尾〃 . ー g “〃 c 〃夜ⅲ立げ because ー市 d 〃 7 〃た e Many of these two-word verbs are especially common in informal speech and writing. Compare: ↓ za / 襯 e at ℃ 0 リ〃〃〃ⅲ g 加川“〃 (informal) 2 厄 e / た〃 0 ⅢⅢ〃 e 〃 0 リ〃〃れ″加 e. (more formal) 加立 keep 0 れ行〃坦″ getto the cro roa ホ . (informal) CO れ川 r as 〃肥 cro roa ホ . ( formal) For details ofphrasal and prepositional verbs, see 582. For the difference between prepositions and adverb particles, see 19. collocations (conventional word combinations) We can talk about a burningdesire or a blazingrow, but we don't say 観名ⅲ g イ / 賠 or -4- わ g + ひ既 Someb0dy can be a 〃 ea s 〃 10 た催 or a d 卲可 e イ介〃 d , but not -4 卲併 ed ー & 襯 o ん e ド or -4- / 肥砒生〃 4 , Expressions like these are alSO idiomatic, in a sense. They are easy to understand, but not so easy for a learner tO produce correctly. One can think of many adjectives that might be used with s 〃た邵 to say that somebody smokes a 10t ー for example big, strong, 〃・ 4 fierce, mad, devoted. lt just happens that English speakers have chosen tO use 〃 ea り′ , and one has to know this in order to express the idea correctly. (A learner who uses the wrong words for an idea like this may page 243

adverbs or adjectives? confusing cases 21 flat Flat can be used as an adverb in a musical sense ( singflat means ・ tO sing on a note that is t00 IOW'). ln most Other cases, the adverb is ア〃必 free The adverbfree (used after a verb) means ・ without payment';freely means ・ without limit or restriction'. Compare: YO ″ ca れ eatfree / 〃襯 res リ ra ′なⅢ〃 e 〃 e レ eryo ″〃た e. 物リ ca 〃平ん介 e Y ーれ 0 が e 〃の 0 〃 e Ⅲ〃砒坦リ必 hard The adverb hard has a similar meaning to the adjective. 〃なな“ rd. Do 〃 7 Ⅲ 0 0 住 rd. ar イケ means 'almost not'. l've “ r イ g のⅣ cl 〃 clothes 尹 . For the use of 〃り′ ... Ⅲ〃 e 〃 in clauses of time, see 237. high 〃 / g 〃 refers to height; g 〃 expresses an extreme degree ()t often means ・ very much'). Compare: He c のリⅢれ〃尾ロ〃ア g ん T 〃 ro Ⅲな g 0 リ ca 〃 . lt's g 襯パⅲ g. ー ca 〃 ig 尾 co 襯襯 e 〃イ just カバⅱ s an adverb with several meanings (see 305 ). There is also an adjectivejust, meaning ・ in accordance with justice or the law'; the adverb is He Ⅲ j ー〃″ⅲ e イ r 〃な crimes. late The adverb 厄 has a similar meaning tO the adjective ; ケ means recently'. Compare: 〃 4 なルⅲ g 〃怩〃 7 been the 市 e 砒尾襯リ . loud カ 0 ″ d is often used informally as an adverb after a verb. DO 〃 7 so “ d ー″ ' 〃Ⅲた e the whole street. low 0 Ⅲ is an adjective and adverb ( 4 low bridge, 4 low voice, bend 衂 . most イ 0 立 is the superlative Of 襯″ c 〃 , and is used tO form superlative adjectives and adverbs (see 136 ). Which 〃 4 な可市 e concert 市 d 0 リ〃ん e 0 $ T 〃なな the 襯 0 加“ ord 加“Ⅳ d 0 工〃Ⅳ〃 . ln a formal style, 〃 10 can be used tO mean ・ very' (see 153 ). YOll're 〃 ~ 0 $ ーリ〃リ S リ 4 / 〃 erso 〃 . イ OS 〃ア・・ Often' cases . M ア介池〃 ds are 襯 0 〃 0 〃ー s 〃 10 た er & pretty The informal adverb of degree 〃 ret Ⅳ is similar to ra 催 (see 205 , 468 ). P 尾ケ means ・ in a pretty way'. Compare: 乃〃 getting p を d 〃 . ム〃 710 リ r 〃襯 e girl dressed 〃 re 市 3 quick ln an informal style, 甲行 c た is often used instead 0f4 ⅵ c たケ , especially after verbs Of movement. l'll get わ ac たⅲ c た / c の 7. real ln informal American English, 尾 is often used instead of 尾ケ before adjectives and adverbs. T 〃召 v nice. He C00 怩〃 . page 18