142 1 2 3 conjunctions(l) : general points 142 conjunctions ( 1 ) : general points What are conjunctions? Conjunctions are words that jOin clauses intO sentences. C LA U S E CONJUNCTION C LA U S E ー was extremely tired. beca use e 〃 0 bed r ケ S E N T E N C E Conjunctions not onlyjoin clauses together; they also show how the meanings Of the tWO clauses are related. We わ ro リ g 市 e od 住れ d 市〃〃〃 ed the drink. (addition) She was 〃 00r わー she Ⅲ〃 0 〃 e 立 . (contrast) We ca れ go swimming, 0 ロ怩 co 襯イ s アわ e 尾 . (alternative) 2e0 〃厄 d な〃んわ because she Ⅲ so rude. (cause) I'II 〃〃 0 〃 e10 ″“市 e れ一 ar ⅲノ e. (time) two kinds スれ必な and or are often called ・ co-ordinating conjunctions'. They join pmrs of clauses that are grammatically independent of each other. Other conjunctions, like わ e e , Ⅲ〃 e 〃 , 市砒 or Ⅲ c ん are called ・ subordinating conjunctions'. A subordinating conjunction together with its following clause acts like a part of the other clause. Compare: I'II 〃〃 0 れ e 坦リん e れ一“な加 e. I'II 〃〃 0 〃 e 0 ″ 0 な 0 ( い〃肥〃ー ar 怩 is similar tO 襯 orro Ⅲー it acts like an adverb in the clause I'II 〃〃 0 れ e 坦リ . ) He 〃肥住ー he loved e. 〃 e 〃花〃 e. ( 市砒 he loved me is similar to lie ー it acts like the object ⅲ the clause He me... ) lt's 4 4 リ e 立〃なん〃 0 わ 0 イ c 〃 answer. lt's 〃れ 4 れ $ wera わ 4 リ e 立〃 . (which 〃 0 わ 0 イア ca 〃 answer is similar tO リ〃〃 s Ⅲ era わ厄ー it acts like an adjective in the clause lt's 4 リ es 行 0 〃 . ) Some conjunctions are Of tW() words. ー立の′ ed 4 〃 e 工な 4 ⅲ g / な 0 住ー 1C0 ″ e ス〃〃 . Let me た〃 0 Ⅲ the 0 川 e 〃ーー一ア 0 ″ arrive. ln grammars, clauses that fOllOW subordinating conjunctions are called ・ subordinate clauses' or ・ dependent clauses'. position Of subordinate clauses Adverbial subordinating conjunctions and their clauses can usually go either 立 / me ん〃 0 Ⅲ 0 “ need ん e ゆ . ア 0 “ need e ゆ , ノロ me た〃 0 Ⅲ . first or last in a sentence (depending on what is to be emphasised). page 129

2 3 4 5 6 with 602 〃 g り′ W な etc Ⅳ / is also used after a number ofadjectives which sayhowpeople are feeling towards others. れ cross な 10 リ . YO ″ ' 尾 very 〃行 e 〃ー″襯 e. の lg with ル ri0 with 〃厄 e イ with ″ with N0te that withis not generally used after words like kind, nice, 〃 0 〃 rude, good, which say how people 4 け towards 0thers. She Ⅲ怩げ nice ね襯 e. (N OT ... - ee - なん襯の i meaning 'against' Afterfight, 立 gg , quarrel, argue, 〃 and words with similar meanings, Ⅲ / 市 can be used with the same meaning as agai 〃 S れ DO れ 7 ア g / な with 襯ー he's bigger 市の 7 0 リ尾 Ⅳ襯坦リ〃 c i 襯 accompanymg circumstances and reasons With can introduce accompanylng circumstances (rather like 4 〃 d 市 e 尾 The runners 立な e the race i 〃 g ーエ 0 〃 0 加 g 加 d. With can also introduce the reasons for a situation (rather like because 市 e 尾 With “〃 0 知 do ユⅢ 0 が tha 襯 e go 0 . With e 〃 eo e “ w 住襯 , Ⅲ e'l リ za close the 0 〃 . Ⅳ i 介れ d 〃 0 , “市 0 needs e れ夜ⅲ e ー / 市 0 リー can be used in similar ways. The 襯 ee 行〃 g アⅲ i 市 0 ー $ 加 g ル d g e 襯 e 〃れ Ⅳ i 0 “ー Sue “れ d 知 , we're going have な 0 リわアⅲⅲ g the 尾〃 rs. possesslon With is very Often used, like 〃 4 レ e , tO indicate possession and similar ideas. There SO 〃 74 ″ア〃 eo 〃 / e 4r0 リれ i ーれ 0 〃 0 ′〃 e & We need co 襯〃リ r with huge 襯 e 襯 0 T 〃 ' レ e わ 0 ″ g 厄 4 〃 0 e i わ / gga e 〃 . He 市 d がリ 00 た〃た e ア : / 肥 0 ん〃ん e ア i 4 dacl 肥 . clothing, voices, transport etc NOte that / れ is often used instead of Ⅲ / 市 to refer to articles of clothing. Wh0's the 〃 za 〃ⅲ市 e 尹明れァ“ CO リア 0 ″ go andgive 市な〃〃 the Ⅲ 0 襯 4 〃加 g es? 怖 7 り尾坦″ⅲ g 加 such ““イ voice? Note also: by car / な 4 ⅲ / etc (N OT - なん甬 e -64 ド - ete ) , and write ⅲ〃 e 〃 c 〃 / ⅲた . For Other uses Of with, see a good dictionary. For the difference between and Ⅲ / 市 , see 117. For omission ofpronouns in expressions like 4 cake Ⅲ / 市 C 尾襯 0 〃 (it), see 181.13. page 630

14 if ( 5 ) : other words with the same meaning 262 ifmeaning 'l'm saying this in case' lf-clauses are quite Often used tO explain the purpose Of a remark ー tO suggest ・ l'm saying this in case . T 〃 e 尾 ' Sso 襯 e 立んⅲ thefridge yo “〃ツ . 0 観れ一 go 0 川 e , ス〃〃 e ' sg 01 砿 c r んの′ & 262 if ( 5 ) : other words with the same meaning Many words and expressions can be used with a similar meaning tO and Often with similar structures. Some Of the commonest are imagine ( 〃 7 t) , 甲〃 ose 窈 & 甲〃 os ⅲ g ( 市 (t) (used t0 talk about what might happen), and 〃 ro ⅵ市〃 g (that), 〃 ro レ (that), な 0 / 0 〃 g , 0 〃 co 〃市行 0 〃 ( 市砒 ) (used t0 make conditions). われ“れ e we could 記 / ア Y. Ⅳ 0 襯市市砒わ e が S “ p 〃 0 $ ⅲ g 坦″〃ⅲ / 0 レ e Ⅲ / 市 10 リ r わ 0 , Ⅲ / 0 襯 d 0 リ a03 物″ can borrow 〃リ例た e providing/providedyou bring なわ ac ん . I' 〃 give ア 0 リ the da. ア 0 0 れ co れ市 0 れ“ー 0 ″Ⅲ 0 ⅸ 0 〃 S 砒Ⅲ・ d 襯 orn ⅲ g. ) のリ ' 尾 welcome stay Ⅲ / 市 / 0 long $ 0 ″ share the expenses. For suggestions with s ″〃〃 e , s ″〃〃 0 豆〃 g and what see 546. For omission 0f 〃 see 560. For Ⅲ〃 e 〃 and see 590. 263 if ( 6 ) : meaning 'although' ln a formal style, ifcan be used with a similar meaning t0 市 0 ″ g ん This is common in the structure + adjective (with no verb). lfis not as definite as 〃リ g 伝 it can suggest that what is being talked about is a matter 0f opinion, or not very important. His style, $ 加甲厄な〃厄のな read. The 〃 ro. アな , 〃なル lower 〃〃立 yeat ・ ' S , are 立襯な e 襯 e ケ〃Ⅳ . The same kind 0f idea can be expressed with 〃 la, ア ... な (see 334 ). 孖な style may be 襯〃厄 , ななな〃厄な尾 ad. For even 療〃 iO ″ g 〃 , see 195.4. 264 if I were you 1 2 advice We Often use the structure ー were ア 0 ″ ... tO give advice. 1 0 ″〃 7 Ⅲ or り′れ re 0 ー ereyo ″は 'd getthat ・ル / ce / was 10 ″ ... is alSO possible, but some people consider it incorrect (see 260.4 ). ー $ 0 襯 d.. Sometimes we leave out ーⅢ e 尾 10 ″ , and just use ー s 〃 0 ″ ... tO give advice. はⅢ 0 襯 d... is normal in American English. ) ー例を get that ・ serviced. ln this case, / s 〃 0 ″ means more or less the same as 0 リ IO ″ / d. page 252

adverbs or adjectives? confusing cases 21 flat Flat can be used as an adverb in a musical sense ( singflat means ・ tO sing on a note that is t00 IOW'). ln most Other cases, the adverb is ア〃必 free The adverbfree (used after a verb) means ・ without payment';freely means ・ without limit or restriction'. Compare: YO ″ ca れ eatfree / 〃襯 res リ ra ′なⅢ〃 e 〃 e レ eryo ″〃た e. 物リ ca 〃平ん介 e Y ーれ 0 が e 〃の 0 〃 e Ⅲ〃砒坦リ必 hard The adverb hard has a similar meaning to the adjective. 〃なな“ rd. Do 〃 7 Ⅲ 0 0 住 rd. ar イケ means 'almost not'. l've “ r イ g のⅣ cl 〃 clothes 尹 . For the use of 〃り′ ... Ⅲ〃 e 〃 in clauses of time, see 237. high 〃 / g 〃 refers to height; g 〃 expresses an extreme degree ()t often means ・ very much'). Compare: He c のリⅢれ〃尾ロ〃ア g ん T 〃 ro Ⅲな g 0 リ ca 〃 . lt's g 襯パⅲ g. ー ca 〃 ig 尾 co 襯襯 e 〃イ just カバⅱ s an adverb with several meanings (see 305 ). There is also an adjectivejust, meaning ・ in accordance with justice or the law'; the adverb is He Ⅲ j ー〃″ⅲ e イ r 〃な crimes. late The adverb 厄 has a similar meaning tO the adjective ; ケ means recently'. Compare: 〃 4 なルⅲ g 〃怩〃 7 been the 市 e 砒尾襯リ . loud カ 0 ″ d is often used informally as an adverb after a verb. DO 〃 7 so “ d ー″ ' 〃Ⅲた e the whole street. low 0 Ⅲ is an adjective and adverb ( 4 low bridge, 4 low voice, bend 衂 . most イ 0 立 is the superlative Of 襯″ c 〃 , and is used tO form superlative adjectives and adverbs (see 136 ). Which 〃 4 な可市 e concert 市 d 0 リ〃ん e 0 $ T 〃なな the 襯 0 加“ ord 加“Ⅳ d 0 工〃Ⅳ〃 . ln a formal style, 〃 10 can be used tO mean ・ very' (see 153 ). YOll're 〃 ~ 0 $ ーリ〃リ S リ 4 / 〃 erso 〃 . イ OS 〃ア・・ Often' cases . M ア介池〃 ds are 襯 0 〃 0 〃ー s 〃 10 た er & pretty The informal adverb of degree 〃 ret Ⅳ is similar to ra 催 (see 205 , 468 ). P 尾ケ means ・ in a pretty way'. Compare: 乃〃 getting p を d 〃 . ム〃 710 リ r 〃襯 e girl dressed 〃 re 市 3 quick ln an informal style, 甲行 c た is often used instead 0f4 ⅵ c たケ , especially after verbs Of movement. l'll get わ ac たⅲ c た / c の 7. real ln informal American English, 尾 is often used instead of 尾ケ before adjectives and adverbs. T 〃召 v nice. He C00 怩〃 . page 18

370 371 1 2 3 no doubt 370 no doubt Ⅳ 0 イ 0 ″阮 is often used to mean probably' or ・ I suppose'. Ⅳ 0 do わ行 t' 〃 rain 0 〃 . 物″ ' 尾ⅲ℃れ 0 d0 嬲阮 . I'II 〃ん e ″ c ″〃可化 Ⅳ 0 イ 0 ″わー is not used alone tO say that something is certain. Possible expressions are there なれ 0 d0 リ阮 that(formal), Ⅲ砒〃ア d0 リ阮 (formal), certainly, イⅲ 肥れ 0 40 “れ〃 e Ⅲ or な getting Ⅲ 4 ″れ催 . (N o T ひイ例ル - 4- な ge なⅲ g - 襯 e Cycling な certainly わ〃 er 〃れ driving. (N OT - Ⅳひイ例山を料ⅲ襯 4 - # - 語 , ル & ) N0te that doubtlessis similar to 〃 0 0 リ阮 (but more formal) , while リ〃 d0 ″阮 e 襯 is similar t0 市 e 尾な〃 0 d0 ″阮砒 . For structures with the verb do わ 4 see 167. no matter comunction Ⅳ 0 襯 4 な催 can be used with Ⅲ〃 0 , whose, Ⅲ〃 44 Ⅲ c んⅢ e 鷓〃 e れ and 〃 0 砒 These expressions are conJunctions, used tO jOin clauses together. The meaning is similar tO ・ it doesn't matter who/what/etc'. I' 〃ん坦リれ 0 襯 4 な催 w れ一坦リイ 0. Ⅳ 0 襯 4 な催 e 坦リ go , I' 〃〃 0 Ⅲ坦リ . NOte the use Of a present tense with a future meaning after 〃 0 襯な er (see 556 ). Ⅳ 0 ″ za な催Ⅲわ 0 ル p 0 〃 e $ , sa l'm out. Ⅳ 0 ″ za なⅢ〃 e 尾 10 リ go, 10 ″ ' 〃ア〃 d Coca - Co . YO リ 7 / be welcome れ 0 襯な er Ⅲ〃 e 〃 10 ″ CO 襯 e. れ 0 ″ ~ な er 0 etc and oe リ er etc The conjunctions れ 0 襯 4 な er Ⅲ〃 0 / Ⅲ〃ー etc are used rather like Ⅲ〃 oe レ e ら whatever etc (see 596 ). Compare: Ⅳ 0 川住な er w 一ア 0 ″ sa, 必れ 0 〃 7 わ e 〃 e ア 0 リ . r 0 ″覊ユⅢ 0 〃 7 わ e 〃 e ア 0 ″ . P 〃 0 〃 e me Ⅲわ e 〃 10 リ 4 な加 e , れ 0 〃 ~ な er 0 なな . However, clauses With whoever, Ⅲ〃レ er whichever used as the subjects or objects of other clauses. Clauses with 〃 0 ″なⅢ〃 0 / Ⅲ砒 / Ⅲ c 〃 cannot be used in this way. ア〃わ e 〃 e 怩 w レ催 0 say. use without a verb Sometimes 〃 0 襯 4 な er Ⅲ〃 0 / Ⅲ〃ー etc can be used at the end Of a clause, without a following verb. I' 〃Ⅲ召んレ e 坦″ , れ 0 〃な催 w “れ ( = p age 372

2 3 135 1 2 comparison ( 1 ) : structures 135 We use go for movements tO Other places. ーⅢ′な go 〃イ″ / れ Greece. ん e 廚 go 4 れ d see Peter の滬 D 液〃 e. 加 757 乙 he e れ一 s ルⅲ 0 襯 e. speaker's/hearer's past or future position We can use CO ′〃 e for a movement tO a place where the speaker or hearer was or will already be at the time 0f the movement. Compare: Whattime 市 1C0 e seeyou ⅲ the 0 ce ア e 立催 da ア lwent 01 砿 0 ceye 立 erda 必な 10 リⅢ e 尾〃 7 ⅲ . Ⅳ襯ァ 0 リ come の滬レな″ me ⅲ〃 0 平な記Ⅲ〃 e 〃〃 za 怩〃リ 0 〃 era 行 0 〃 He'sgoingint0 〃 0 平な記〃 e week. S リ〃 c の come 0 リ r わ耘 da ! 〃 ar She'sgoing see her 〃 Come ( Ⅲなん ) can be used tO talk about joining a movement Of the speaker's /hearer's, even ifgo is used for the movement itself. We'regoingt0 the cinema ⅲ g 〃たⅣ 0 襯 a10 ″〃た e come with ″ come ー 0 CO 〃ー 0 can mean arrive た Car s な g わー 0 〃行〃 0 ″ come ね crossroads. And CO 襯 e 尹・ 0 襯 is used ()n the present) tO say where people's homes are or were. She co 襯、 0 Sc0tland, わ町〃催襯 0 邵 ' S Ⅳなん Originally 1 co e 介 0 H リ〃 ga わ I' ″怩 d 〃 e 尾ル r れ怩〃Ⅳア rs. (N o T ー 0 g ⅲ娵 4- 田襯 e 尹 o 忸 -4 衄 4 ... ) NOte that these rules are not always followed ⅲ American EngIish. The difference between bring and ん e is similar. See 112. For come/go 4 〃 d... , see 52. For come/go... ing, see 232. For been = come/gone, see 94. comparison ( 1 ) : structures Several different grammatical structures can be used for comparing. similarity and identity lfwe want tO say that people, things, actions or events are similar, we can use or 〃た e (see 320 ) ; SO 加市催 dO ー and similar structures (see 516 ) ; or adverbs such as 0 , 4 な 0 and we 〃 (see 45 ). To say that they are identical, we can use 〃肥襯 e (see 486 ). lt's わ e 立 C00 た e イⅲ 0 〃 0 〃 , e れ襯液れ s do な . She likes music, 4 れ $ 0 イ 0 The 〃〃 e were の the 〃 0 Ⅲ 0. } イなの′ es arejust the same CO ″ r as 〃〃 e. difference TO talk about differences, we can use the negative forms Of the structures used for talking about similarity and identity. 月わ 4 イ 0 が日 00 た襯″〃た e 坦リ . 7 な eyes 4 尾 0 ーー 4 〃 the $ 住川 e CO わ″ r 住 10 ″ r & page 118

5 lay and lie 309 ん立 suggests there may be more tO come; 立 can mean ・ final' (see paragraph 3 above). Compare: 〃 al ! 0 ″ e 〃 Bill's s ー c 召滝〃 e seems わ″ 4 new 0 〃 e every week. T わなな the cat ・ we 仇Ⅳゴ初介ⅲ d / 初 getting 0 0 市・加 e. tenses with T なな the ーれ Present and future tenses are bOth possible with T 〃なな the 立 . similar structures with 立 . T 〃なな the 立 time 尸川 p “ y 加 g r 坦″ . ()R T 〃なな the 立ⅲれ e 尸〃〃ア r10 ) That's the / ロ e な he ge な介 0 襯襯 e. ( 0 R That's the / e な邵〃 e ' 〃 g 可介 0 襯襯 e. ) The difference between 〃 e and 〃肥〃 e 灯 is like the difference between and 〃肥 / た See 367. For tenses with なな e ア r 立な eco 〃イ ... etc, see 419.7. . , and 308 309 later and in With a time expression, r generally means ・ after that time'. She Ⅲ so / 〃〃Ⅲ〃 e 〃 she got 襯 an d. But $ 襯 0 〃 s r 肥Ⅲ イ / レ 0 rced. SO ア 0 ″の滬 Pe 〃〃Ⅲ襯 come 0 〃 the Mo 〃 da 必の滬 CoIin Ⅲ襯 al ・怩わ 01 な week r. With a time expression, we usually use / 〃 , not ら to say ・ after now'. But without a time expression, r can be used tO mean ・ after now . Bye! See ア 0 ″ r ! lay and lie 1 There are three similar verbs that can be confused: ア (regular except for spelling), lie (irregular) and lie (regular). カロ is a regular verb except for its spelling. lts forms are: infinitive: の -ing form: 〃 g past: past participle: カア means ・ put down carefully' or put down flat'. lt has an object. ー thepapers 0 〃 the わ厄 (NOT 4 .. ) ん y the 〃ー d0 Ⅲ〃 0 〃 thegrass の滬 I' 〃 see 〃 0 Ⅲ〃砒な″〃 . Note the expressions table ( = put plates, knives etc on a table) and 〃 egg (a bird's way ofhaving a baby). page 301

321 I 2 3 322 I likely 321 Compare this use 0f with 〃ん e. ス $ y 例砿わ ro 催ユ〃Ⅲ立Ⅲ・〃 0 ″ be 尾尹〃 . (I am your brother. ) 〃 0 “ r わ ro 市 e らわ〃″立 warn 10 リ be ℃尹雇 (I am not your brother, but he and I have similar attitudes. ) NOte that is usually pronounced /OZ/ (see 588 ). For ″ used instead Of see 74. For What... 〃ん e ? , see 255. For e , see 32. For comparisons with as... as, see 70. For the 襯 e as, see 486. For s ″ , see 543.9. For 〃ん e used tO jOin tWO infinitive structures, see 277.4. likely meamng カ i た e ケ is an adjective with a similar meaning t0 〃 ro わわ厄 ー do 〃 7 市ⅲん“カ 4 わ 0 ″ r victory な〃 ely. What's 〃 datefor the election? Note also the informal adverb phrases 怩 / 襯 0 立〃ん elJ ′ . れ〃ⅲた e'l / / 襯 0 〃た e ケ be な〃 + that-clause When a that-clause is the subject of な〃ん el. 必 we usually use な as a preparatory subject' (see 301 ). lt's 〃た e 砒 the 襯 e 可加 g 襯 go 0 れ れ can also be used as a preparatory object' with 〃た e ケ (see 302 ). ー市 d 〃 7 ⅲたな〃 th れ e wo “ come わ“ c た . infinitive after be 〃た e Be + 〃た e is often followed by an infinitive. ( 乃・ 0 わ召わ厄 cannot be used ⅲ this way. ) 尸川〃た可 y 知 be わ″ tomorrow. Areyou 〃た e ね be staying ⅲ市な e ⅲ〃 g? DO ア 0 リ市ⅲた it's 〃 ra 加 He's “れ〃た e ag e. れ is not used as a preparatory subject in this structure. He's likely to succeed. (N OT イ霍 & - 〃た e 扣冐ⅲ〃イひ eee ) (a)little and (a) few uncountable and plural We use ( の〃襯 e with singular (usually uncountable) words, and ( のⅢ with plurals. Compare: 〃 za 怩〃なル interest ⅲ〃 0 〃行 cs. Few 〃 0 〃け c ー are 尾ケ〃 0 〃 e 立 . We'vegota 〃なわ“ co れ 4 〃 d 住 w eggs ・ page 314

242 1 2 243 I have ( 5 ) : + object + verb form 242 have ( 5 ) : + object + verb form 〃怩 can be followed by object + infinitive (without 知 ) , object + -ing, and object + past participle. レ e 十 Object + infinitive/-ing form ln this structure, 〃レ e Often means ・ experience'. The usage iS rather inform al. ーイ $ 作 e ⅲ g 〃 pe れ me Ⅲ / 肥〃れ v fo リな ee 〃 . We “ d “〃 syco 襯 e 〃肥 doorye 計催イ必 lt's ケ children 〃 y 加 g ⅲ〃肥 ga e れ ag ⅲ . 〃 00 ん ed ″〃の滬ル we water dripping ro ″ g 〃 the ceiling. NOte the difference between the infinitive in the first tWO examples (for things that happen(ed)), and the -ing form in the last two (for things that are/were happening). This is like the difference between the simple and progressive past tenses (see 417 ). Another meaning is ・ cause somebody/ something tO dO something . He “イ“ g 加 ga 〃市 ro ″ g 〃 the 襯 e . Ⅳé'l な 00 〃 0 “ r cargoing ・ The infinitive structure is not common in British English with this meaning. lt is used in American English tO talk about giving instructions or orders. l'm 尾 ad ア see Mr S 襯なん〃 i come in, 〃厄 e. The 襯の lag had 卲 e わ od 第〃 0 “ー r 襯 . ー 0 れレ e + Object + -ingform can mean ・ I won't allow. ー 0 れ 4 0 “〃加 g 襯 e Ⅲ〃砒 d0. + object + past participle This structure can be used to talk about arranging for things to be done by other people. The past participle has a passive meaning. ー襯リ立襯“ repaired. ( = ″のな襯アⅢ砒 c 〃 be repaired. ) 0 リ d0 〃 'tg 0 砒可襯ア housel' 〃 0 ““な e e Another meaning is ・ experience'. Again, the past participle has a passive meamng. We had our ro 可 ow れ 0 ガⅲ the 立 0m7. 〃 g C 阨イな head cut 0 窈 ーⅢ 0 〃 7 4 レ e . . ( = ・ I won't allow... ' ) can be followed by object + past participle. ー WO れ川例 e 加肥 d ⅲ〃 0 /. For similar structures with get, see 228.5. have ( 6 ) : have (got) to meanmg We can use 肥 0 り + infinitive tO talk about obligation. The meaning is quite similar tO 襯な for the differences, see 352. SOI ・げ, ″ ego ー go 〃 0 Ⅲ . DO 0 ″ 0 e ″作 el 0 〃わ″豆〃 es page 232

85 1 2 3 86 1 (a)wake and (a)waken 85 (a)wake and (a)waken forms The verbs 4 Ⅲ 4 た e and Ⅲ 4 た e are irregular in British English, but can be regular in American English. ( のⅢ 4 ー ( のⅢ 0 ー ( のⅢ 0 た e 〃 GB/US ( のⅢ 4 ん e ー ( のⅢたー ( のⅢ 4 d US い ) Ⅲた e 〃 is regular. ( のⅢ 4 た e れ一 ( のⅢん e 〃 ed ー ( のⅢん e 〃 use れ仮た e is the most common Of these four verbs. lt can mean ・ stop sleeping or ・ make (somebody else) stop sleeping'. lt is often followed by ″炻 especially when it means 0 〃 sleeping. 1 0 た e up 市尾 e times ⅲ the night. CO 襯 d 坦リ wake me 砒 4 既〃ⅸ 材 4 た e れ is a more literary alternative tO Ⅲ 4 ん e 〃 ). The princess did 〃 w 住れル r 4 わⅢ滬尾イ T / 肥〃 the prince wakened 〃 e ロ市 4 たな & スⅢ 4 た e and 4 Ⅲた e れ are also rather literary words. They can be used t0 mean ・ wake (up)', but are more 0ften used figuratively, t0 talk not about waking from sleep, but about the waking of emotions, understanding etc. なⅢ“ wo the da れ g 市砒市尾砒 e れ襯 e. AtfirstIpaid ″な厄な e 〃行 0 〃 , わリ IO Ⅲ襯アⅲ尾 0 e. The sme 〃 ofher 〃 e ゆ m 肥“たの肥 d the gipsy's de 豆尾 . aw た e and ル e 〃 (adjectives) NOte that in informal British English the adjective Ⅲ 4 た e is more common ()n predicative position) than the verb form Ⅲ 4 たⅲ g ; and asleep is more common than s 罕ⅲ g. ム the わ“ e 物リ e 尾ル e 〃砒〃 0 ' cloc ん . For arouse and rouse, see 61. back and again Back and 4g4 ⅲ can be used with similar meanings' but there are some differences. わ“ with a verb Back is an adverb particle (see 19 ) .With a verb' we use わ ac た t0 suggest a return tO an earlier situation, a in the opposite direction tO earlier movement, and similar ideas. ス gai れ is not normally used in this way with a verb. Give me 襯Ⅲ砒 c 〃わ“ c た . (NOT - G 加 e - 襯 e ー襯田ル ag ) 物れた加 g 〃ホ襯 e 砒わ c the 0 〃 . page 84