e f g 3 345 1 modal auxiliary verbs: meanings 345 However, certain past ideas can be expressed by a modal verb followed by a perfect infinitive ( 住 + past participle). YO ″ $ 0 〃れね〃肥 10 were CO 襯ⅲ & れ〃ⅲん一川“ az 肥住れ〃 0 ed スリ厩 Ma 毖 For details of these uses, see the entries on particular modal verbs. MOdal verbs have contracted negative forms ( ca 〃 7 , Ⅲ 0 〃 7 etc) which are used in an informal style. ( S 〃 4 〃 7 and 襯〃 7 are only used in British English; 襯〃 7 is very rare. ) ー舮 i 〃 and Ⅲ 0 リ alSO have contracted affrmative forms ( 7 / , ' の . For details, see 144. Some modals have both ・ strong' and ・ weak' pronunciations. For details, see 588. There is quite often used as a preparatory subject with modal verbs, especially when these are followed by be (see 562 ). 1 カ催 e maybe rain later イ必 meamngs We dO not normally use modal verbs tO say that situations definitely exist or that particular events have definitely happened.We use them, for example, to talk about things which we expect, which are or are not possible, which we think are necessary, which we want tO happen, which we are not sure about, which tend to h 叩 pen, or which have not happened. He 川 ay な加 e 〃行襯 e. She co わ e ⅲん 0 〃 dO 〃 orParis or TO た 10 ー〃 0 わ 0a1 knows. れ〃ⅲた坦″ 0 “ g 0 ea “ッ既 We r 〃ーけ d up 市 eg e 〃 . ↓ー wo “坦リ do 既ア 0 リ had 4 介 ee 4 滝 石市〃わリ rg わ can be co ⅲⅢⅲ r. れⅲた市 $ 0 “ co 襯 d doctor eal ・ lier. YO リ ig 一知 meFrances was 〃 /. For further general information about the meanings ofmodal auxiliary verbs, see next section. For more detailed information, see the sections for each verb. modal auxiliary verbs: meanings two kinds of meaning Most Of the meanings of modal verbs can be divided into two groups. One is to do with degrees ofcertainty: modal verbs can be used to say for instance that a situation is certain, probable, possible or impossible. The Other is tO dO with 0 わ〃 g 砒 io 〃 , freedom 4 け and similar ideas: modal verbs can be used t0 say that somebody is obliged t0 d0 something, that he / she is able t0 d0 something, that there is nothing t0 stop something happening, that it would be better if something h 叩 pened ()r did not), or that something is permitted or forbidden. page 334

Language terminology modal auxiliary e 市 one ofthe verbs ca れ , co リ襯必 might, 襯リ立 , Ⅲ襯 , 4 〃 , Ⅲ 0 リ 0 リ雇 0 リ g 厩 . modify An adjective is said to 'modify' the noun it is used with: it adds to or changes its meaning. An adverb can modify a verb (). g. Ⅲ〃工 ) , an adjective (). g. CO 川〃ル尾 ad. or other words or expressions. ln 平 or な car, the first noun modifies the second. negative a negative sentence is one in which the word 〃 0 ーな used with the verb.l イ 0 れん〃 0 砒 nominalrelative clause a relative clause (usually introduced by Ⅲ〃召の which acts as the subject, object or complement of a sentence. lgave 〃 / 襯 4 ー he needed. non-assertive see assertive. non-identifying relative clause a relative clause which does not identify the noun it refers tO (because we already know which person or thing is meant). There's 〃 4 〃〃 S 襯 / 市 , 0 tried e ー my c れ (The relative clause, Ⅲ 0 な / e イ立 ea / 襯ア c 4 does not identify the person ー she is already identified by the name Ha 〃〃わ S ′ⅲ市 . ) See also identifying relative clause. noun a word like 0 〃 , 襯 e 襯 0 , ar 襯 , which can be used with an article. Nouns are most often the names of people or things. Personal names (). g. George), and place-names (). g. お襯ⅲ g 〃 at れ ) are called proper nouns'; they are usually used without articles. noun phrase a group ofwords (). g. article + adjective 十 noun) which acts as a subject, object or complement of a clause. the わ . number the way in which differences between singular and plural are shown grammatically. The differences between house and 0 靨 es , mouse and mice, 市な and e are differences of number. Object a noun or pronoun normally after the verb, active clause. The direct object refers to a person or thing affected by the action of the verb. ln the sentence Take the dogfor 4 Ⅲ記た , the dogis the direct Object. The indirect object usually refers to a person who receives the direct object. ln the sentence ス〃〃 ga me ルなん the indirect object is me, and the direct object is Ⅲ 4 ん participle see present participle and past participle. participle clause a clause-like structure which contains a participle, not a finite verb form. Discouraged わな工ⅲ he 尾豆 g 〃介 0 襯〃な匆わ ; 〃“ⅵれ g co “〃ル 0 工 0 $ 〃“尾 , れ怩〃 0 e ア I 襯 . passive a passive verb form is made with be + past participle (). g. なわ ro た e 川 ⅢⅢ襯 be 〃 e ゆ e ィー not わ r , 雇襯〃 e ゆ , which are active verb forms). The subject of a passive verb is usually the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb. Compare: T れ一〃 r な 0 れ r アア ears (active) ; ん c 住住れ一〃 r な 0 〃 r アア ears (passive). past participle a verb form like わ ro た e 〃 , gone, 立 0 〃〃 ed, which can be used to form perfect tenses and passives, or as an adjective. (The meaning is not necessarily past, in spite Of the name. ) past perfect tense a verb form made with had + past participle.l d rgo な e れ ; The 餉〃 d 尾〃“イ“な加 e she had been working; lthad been ra 加加 g. The first two examples are past perfect simple; the last two (with イ been + ... ing) are past perfect progressive. past progressive tense a verb form made with was/were + ... ⅲ & ⅱを観 go 加 & T 〃 w 催 e 0 〃 p 加 g. page xxv

3 4 65 1 a b articles ( 4 ) : the (details) 65 Plural nouns cannot be used with 4 / 〃 (because 4 / 4 〃 has a similar meaning tO ・ one'), and uncountable nouns are not generally used with / 〃 , though there are a certain number Of exceptions (see paragraph 4 ). exceptions: uncountable nouns treated as countable Many normally uncountable nouns can be treated as countable to express the meaning ・ a 甲 e Of' or ・ a portion Of'. 10 ″ got 襯 P00 ル r Ⅳ Three coffees, 〃 e. Many other normally uncountable nouns can have partly countable' uses: they do not have plurals, but can be used with 4 / an. This can happen when the meaning is particular rather than general. We need c 尾Ⅳル i 4 knowledge 可石〃 g ん 物″ ' レ e been great e ゆ . 1 need good sleep. But some uncountable nouns (). g. Ⅲ e 口市 e ら progress) cannot normally be used in this way. We're 〃砒′ⅲ g ″ル ea er. (NOT .. 紐 - 仔厄 ea 由 e 物がレ e 襯 good 〃 rog . (N OT ... 卍 e gøod アド o e 9 Note also: She 平Ⅳ g00 れん (NOT ... 観卍 e げ - good なん ) Some nouns that are countable in other languages are uncountable in English. Examples are ⅲ r ″ la 行 0 〃 (N 0T ・召ル剏角・ド襯 , advice (NOT 観 4 の ; see 148.3 for a more complete list. For detailed information about countable and uncountable nouns, see 148. articles ( 4 ) : the (details) the = 'you know which one(s)' The usually means something like 'you know which one(s) I mean'. We use the before a noun when our listener/ reader knows ()r can work out) which particular person(s), thing(s) etc we are talking about. Compare: D 坦リ c ん the car? (The listener knows very well which car is meant. ) We 尾 d car go Sco 〃 4 れ (The listener does not know which one. ) The listener/ reader may know which one(s) we mean because: we have mentioned it/ them before She'sgottwo c 化れ : 4 わの滬“肥わ oy ' s ″な ee 〃れ d the r g . ・ SO Ⅲ〃砒市 a10 リ 0 市の滝 ' ・ Ga the 襯 0 〃 straight わ ac ん the 〃 0 〃 ce ″ル ' (The speaker uses the because the listener has already ーⅥー市 d ア 0 リ 0 Ⅲ / the ca 襯催ーれ一 0 “ 3 Te 〃 Pat the 0 わ 0 一知〃抛 d Susie. Wh0's the 0 r there i 市〃 we say WhiCh one(s) we mean heard about the money and the policeman. ) page 57

Language terminology tense a verb form which shows the time Of an action or event. will go (future); ななⅲ g (present); 覊Ⅲ (past). third person see person. transitive A transitive verb is one that can have an object. eat meal); drive ca ゆ give 〃尾 se 〃 t). See also intransitive. uncountable noun a noun which has no plural form and cannot normally be used with the article 4 〃 . 襯″イ ; rudeness; 尹〃刀 / tu 尾 . e 市 a word like 就 , Ⅲ 4 た e , 〃必 be, can, which can be used with a subject to form the basis Of a clause. MOSt verbs refer tO actions or states. See also auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary e 市 . verb phrase a verb that has several parts. Ⅲ 0 襯 d 〃 az わ〃ル rgo な e 〃 . weak form see strong fO 「 m. page Ⅸ

3 4 5 6 such 543 idea ・ of the kind that I am showing you' or ・ 0f the kind that we can see/hear now', we prefer 〃な / 砒 or 市な / 市砒んⅲ市 so な可 t00 た 01 盟・市 e 尾 ! Ⅳ 0 ″″〃た e have 4 carlike “ Ⅳ〃 e 尾 c の g な例催 $ 〃 e os 〆 (NOT . - $ “ e ル弁 0 〃 $ 催 ) high degree Suchis often used when we are talking about a high degree of some quality ー in situations where very is also a suitable word ( for the difference, see paragraph 4 ). ln this sense, suchis common before adjective + noun. 1 初 sor ア 0 ″ had such “わ“ d “ rn . ( = 物″ had わイ匆Ⅲ刀罕の乃れ・毖) れⅢ 4 〃厄リ尾襯 e such 加 $ けれ gpeop 厄 Suchis also possible with this meaning before a noun alone, when the noun has an emphatic descriptive meaning. l'm g イ yo ″ r concert was $ c 住 success. Why 市イ she make $ ““尹 $ 4 わ 0 砒 the dates? $ c and Very is used when we are simply giving information. Such is mainly used (in the same way as 〃な / 砒 ) , to refer to information which has already been given, which is already known, or which is obvious. Compare: l've had 4 わ ad da. 必 (giving information) Why 市イ坦リ have such 4 わ 4 イ da 寳 (referring t0 information which is already known) The Ⅲ ea 市催Ⅲ co 雇 (giving information) / Ⅲ〃 7 〃 ec 行〃 g co weather. (referring to information which is already known) Used directly before nouns, such can be compared to words like g 尾砒 , extreme etc. Compare: There Ⅲ g ー co 〃尹岱〃 . (giving information) い〃り′ was there $ C CO 〃パ / 0 〃 (referring to information which is already known) emphatic use ln an informal style, such can alSO be used tO give new information, when the speaker wishes tO emphasise what is said. He's $ c 〃だ She 〃 $ C 〃 74r レ e 〃 0 ″ S VOiCe! T わなな such Ⅲ 0 〃ゆイな 0 ″〃ーⅢ〃砒 do 坦″〃砒ⅲ it? that-clauses Structures with げ cannot be followed directly by that-clauses. lnstead, we (N OT - # - 肥召卍 e - 田雇召丑 e 用 o 村ん ... ) れⅢ such 4 co 4 尹 er 〃 00 〃 that we 0 〃〃 ed 〃れ g ・ can use such ... 〃 ~ れ page 569

Language terminology The following words and expressions are used in this book to talk about grammar and Other aspects oflanguage. For more information about their meaning, see the sections Where they are discussed. abstract noun (the opposite Of a concrete noun) the name of something which we experience as an idea, not by seeing, touching etc. dO リわな 〃 g 厄 ; geography. active An active verb form is one like わ尾 aks , 雇Ⅲ襯わ e ゆ (not like な わ ro た e 〃 , Ⅲ told, Ⅲ襯 be helped, which are passive verb forms). The subject Of an active verb is usually the person or thing that does the action, or is responsible for what happens. adjective a word like green, / Ⅲ〃 g , ⅲ 7 〃 0 治厄 , which is used when we describe people, things, events etc. Adjectives are used in connection with nouns and pronouns. green “〃 e ; she's m ツ . adverb a word like tomorrow, once, わ召 d , 市 e 鷓な 0 , which is used to say, for example, when, where or how something happens. There are very many kinds Of adverbs with different functions; see sections 20 ー 23. adverb particle a word like ″〃 , 鵬 0 窈 used as part of a phrasal verb. c / 〃 up, so 0 “ 4 〃 0 窮 adverbial a group ofwords that does the same job as an adverb. affirmative An affirmative sentence is one that makes a statement ー not a negative sentence or a question. Compare lagree (affirmative); 1 dO 〃 7 agree (negative). agent ln a passive sentence, the agent is the expression that says who (or what) an action is done by. T 〃な picture Ⅲ〃 ro わ 4 わケ〃ⅲ d わア c . article ス , an and the are called 'articles'. ス / 〃な called the 'indefinite article'; the is called the 'definite article'. assertive The words SO 〃 , SO 〃 le わ 0a1 etC most Often affirmative sentences. ln other kinds Of sentence, they are often replaced by 〃必 〃わ od ア etc. Some, so 襯 e わ 0 イ etc are called ・ assertive forms'; のⅣ , 〃わ Od etc are called ・ non-assertive forms'. Other non-assertive forms are yet, ever. attributive Adjectives placed before nouns are ⅲ・ attributive position . green s 〃〃安″Ⅳれ Oi ′ SO 〃 . See also predicative. auxiliary verb a verb like be, have, イ 0 which is used with another verb to make tenses, passive forms etc. She was writing; を V/ 肥尾レ e10 リ〃″ー / 滝 See alSO modal auxiliary verb. bare infinitive the infinitive without . Let me go. clause a part Of a sentence which contains a subject and a verb, usually joined t0 the rest 0f the sentence by a conjunction. Mary 〃 za e was tired. The word c ″ is also sometimes used for structures containing participles or infinitives (with no subject or conjunction). Ⅳ可 knowing w “れ 0 do ユ / e 〃 / zo 〃 0 わⅲゴ〃夜 ca d 〃催ー“ new 襯 e 0 畆 cleft sentence a sentence in WhiCh special emphasis is given tO one part (). g. the subject or the object) by using a structure with な or Ⅲ〃砒 . れ was 0 リ市ー caused the accident; ー 'V 〃ー / need な 4 わ e 円・ . P age

5 452 453 1 2 3 progressive verb forms ( 3 ) : with always etc 452 -ingforms Even verbs WhiCh are never used in progressive tenses have -ing forms WhiCh can be used in other kinds Of structure. K れ ow 加 g 〃立 es ユわ 0 リ g 厄〃催 4 large わ ofchocolates. ー do 〃 7 〃 go 4 co ⅢなⅣⅢ i 0 砒た〃 0 加 gso 襯 e 市ⅲ g 可市 e 〃部 zage ・ progressive verb forms ( 3 ) : with always etc We can use 4 / Ⅲア s , CO 〃行〃″ 4 〃 and similar words with a progressive form tO mean very Often'. l'm 伽観 ys $ 加 g 襯ん & Granny's nice. She's ア $ リ加 g 〃 eo 〃厄〃襯 e 〃尾 se 〃な . That c 砒 ' $ 工 0 rge れ gs なⅲ the わ市 roo 襯 . This structure is used t0 talk about things which happen very often (perhaps more often than expected), but which are unexpected or unplanned. Compare: いの e 〃 Alice comes see me, 1 一 y. $ meet her ー the s 行 0 〃 . (a regular, planned arrangement) 尸襯 $ meetingMrs B 〃ガⅲ the supermarket. (accidental, unplanned meetings) レ VI 肥〃 1 Ⅲ 4 child, we wa. s hadpicnics 0 れ Satu ⅲ the s リ襯襯 . (regular, planned) Her 襯 0 市 er was always な〃れ g 〃な厄 surprise picnics 〃イ 0 砒ⅲ g & (unexpected, not regular) punctuation ( 1 ) : apostrophe (/ölpostrafi/) We use apostrophes ( ' ) for three main reasons. missing letters Apostrophes showwhere we have left letters out Of a contracted form (see 144 ). it's ( = なな〃 zas) l'd ( = れ 0 襯 d ルめ ca 〃ケ ( = ca 〃れ 0 の Ⅲわが S ( = Ⅲ〃 0 な〃 zas) possesslves We use apostrophes before or after the possessive -S ending Of nouns (see 432 ). 市 e 河 ' S 市 Charles's Ⅲ市尾 e 襯〃 ' Ⅲん possessive determiners and pronouns dO not have apostrophes. the cat 〃 i なル 0d 滝 (NOT . . ー & 0d... ) T 〃なな yo “ (NOT .. げ 0 嬲ド ) 0 な砒 C04 (NOT ・明が & .. ) special plurals words which do not usually have plurals sometimes have an apostrophe when a plural form is written. lt's 4 nice ea , な市 e 尾尾 4 / 0 ー 0 / 既 ' & page 466

Language terminology collective noun a singular word used tO refer tO a group. 、厄 m 〃召 m. comparative the form Of an adjective or adverb made with-et ・ (older, 、厄立 ) , also the structure 襯 0 尾十 adjective/adverb, used in the same way ( mo 尾 complement ( 1 ) a part Of a sentence that gives more information about the subject (after be, seem and some Other verbs), or, in some structures, about the object. 物″ ' 尾 the g 一〃催 $ 0 れ e ゆ ; She / 00h た加雇 ; The P 尾 s 夜な 4 〃〃 0 ⅲ d Bristow co 〃 de れ記 adviser. ( 2 ) structure or words needed after a noun, adjective, verb or preposition. the / 〃〃行 0 〃 加 ; 〃 0 工“ r はげ〃 0 〃加 g ; d0 Ⅲ〃 the 作 e 可 . compound A compound noun, verb, adjective, preposition, etc is one that is made Of tWO or more parts. bus-driver; get 0 〃Ⅲなな 0 〃 e - の′ e ; in spite 0 concrete noun (the opposite Of an abstract noun) the name Of something which we can experience by seeing, touching etc. c10 ″イ ; 〃 ro / ; ras 〃わ催げ . conditional ( 1 ) a verb form made by using the modal auxiliary Ⅲ 0 襯 d (also s 〃 0 襯イ in the first person).l Ⅲ 0 ″〃い〃 e Ⅲ 0 襯 d sing; 1 0 襯イ市ⅲた . ( 2 ) a clause or sentence containing if()r a word with a similar meaning), and 0ften containing a conditional verb form. ア 0 こ 0 リ ' 〃Ⅲ滬催立の滬 ; ー 0 襯 d be 甲 r な既 e た〃 e Ⅲ ; Wha ゼ 0 襯 a10 リ have done 既市 e なⅲ〃 had わ〃 / 襯 conjunctlon a word like の滬 , わ砒 , 0 ″ g 〃 , because, Ⅲ〃 e 〃 , which can be used tO jOin clauses together. ー rang because ー was Ⅲ 0 ・池 4 わ 0 ″ー 0 リ . continuous the same as progressive. contraction a short form in which a subject and an auxiliary verb, or a verb and the word 〃 04 are jOined together intO one word. l'm; Ⅲ〃 0 ' 〃 ; ca 〃 7. co-ordinate clause one Of tWO or more clauses Of equal ・ value' that make up a sentence. A co-ordinate clause does not function as a subject, object, complement or adverbial in another clause. S 住〃ー come ね 0 “ r 〃 ce or WO yo 〃た e 知 come わ肥 lt's C00 r d れア and 市 e ' $ 〃わ 0 工 i 〃畆 See also subordinate clause. copular verb be, e 襯 , feel and Other verbs which link a subject t0 a complement which describes it. My 〃 10 市ⅲ阨 ; He seems countable noun a ・ noun like ・ , dog, ea , which can have a plural form, and can be used with the indefinite article 4 〃 . See alSO uncountable noun. dangling participle the same as misrelated participle. declarative question a question which has the same grammatical form as a statement. That's ア 0 リ r gir / - 介〃イ definite article 市 e. degree saying ・ how much' something is true. Adverbs 0f degree are, for example, 4 リな e , rather, 〃 e り′ , 0. demonstrative 市ⅳ市 e ; 市 4 〃市 ose. determiner one Of a group Of words that are normally used at the beginning Of noun phrases. Determiners include 4 〃 , the, my, な , each, e ら ra / , 襯 0 尾 , わ 0 仇〃 . direct object see object. direct speech speech reported ・ directly', in the words used by the original speaker (more or less), without any changes Of tense, pronouns etc. She / 00 ん ed me straight ⅲ the eye の滬 , ・ T なな襯襯 0 れ . ' See also indirect speech. page

Language terminology slang a word, expression or special use 0f language found mainly in very informal speech, especially in the usage of particular groups 0f people. thick ( = ・ stupid'); lose one's co ( = ・ get upset'). split infinitive structure in which an adverb comes between tO and the infinitive verb form (sometimes considered ・ incorrect'). ー 0 eas 〃ア standard A standard form Of a language, or a standard accent, is one that is usually used by the most educated or influential people in a country, and is therefore considered more widely acceptable or ・ correct' than Other forms, and taught ⅲ schools. The standard language is the one normally used for writing. l'm 〃 0 ⅱ s standard English; ー / がⅱ s non-standard, or sub-standard. statement a sentence which gives information. l'm CO ; 〃〃ゆ立 4 ア ed out 4 〃ⅲ g . Stress the way in WhiCh one or more parts Of a word, phrase or sentence are made tO sound more important than the rest ()y using a louder voice and/or higher pitch). ln the word 〃 ar 行 c ″ら the main stress is on the second syllable /pöltlkjalo/. ln the sentenceIWhere's the lnew ec 尾Ⅳ there are three stresses. strong form Certain words can be pronounced in tWO ways: slowly and carefully ( ・ strong form'), or with a quicker pronunciation with the vowel / 9 / or /1/ ('weak form'). ca れ (/kæn/, /kan/); Ⅲ (/WDZ/, /waz/); subject a noun or pronoun that comes before the verb in an ordinary affirmative sentence. lt Often says ()n an active sentence) whO or what does the action that the verb refers t0. 〃 e ルれ broke の市 g イ 4 0 〃ア 04 な 0 〃Ⅲ r. subject-tag a tag which repeats or identifies the subject. She's のⅱ d subjunctive a verb form (not very common in British English) used in certain structures. ー ereyo リ ・〃 ' ⅵ襯〃 0 なのな市砒 he be informed / 襯襯 ed 液ケ . subordinate clause a clause which functions as part Of another clause (). g. as subject, Object or adverbial in the main clause Of a sentence). ー市 0 ″ g / な “ー 0 “Ⅷ e 知 od ; “ーー need な drink; I' 〃〃 0 Ⅲ坦リ催 e ryo “ go. See alSO clause, main Clause. sub-standard not in the standard language, and considered ・ incorrect'. 7 加尾 ad. 必 She do れ agree; He 尾 ad done な . superlative the form Of an adjective or adverb made with the suffix -est (). g. 0 / イ e 立 , 、厄立 e 立 ) ; also the structure 襯 0 立十 adjective/adverb, used in the same way (). g. 襯 0 立ⅲ〃 / ge 厩 , 〃 10 立〃 0 e . swearword a tabOO word used (usually with a change Of meaning) tO express strong emotion or emphasis. おリ c ん ! tab00 word a word (). g. 尹 0 connected with a subject (). g. sex) which is not talked about freely, so that some of its vocabulary is considered shocking, is not used ⅲ formal speech or writing, and is avoided altogether by many people. See also swearword. tag a short phrase (). g. auxiliary verb + pronoun subject) added on t0 the end Of a sentence. She doesn't 尾 , dO $ e See alSO question tag, reinforcement tag, subject tag. page ⅥⅡ

594 1 2 3 4 which, what and who: question words 594 which, what and who: question words c 田 ld w the difference ー c 〃 and Ⅲ〃砒 are often both possible, with little difference of meaning. / れ za 行 s 〃肥 hottestcity ⅲ the Ⅲ W 伽 / za れ ra ⅲ市 a10 リ come on? 14 伽 / W 伽ー〃 eo 〃厄 have ⅲア″ e 〃 c 坦リ〃 10 立ⅲ坦リ r / Ⅳ餉 is preferred when the speaker has a limited number of choices in mind. We'vegot Ⅲ厄 or わ ro Ⅲ〃 bread. ル VI c Ⅲ襯 10 リ / レ (More natural than .. ユⅥ 7 砒Ⅲ襯坦″ / za 怩 ー c 豆記 do ア 0 ″Ⅲのなー small, 襯 e 市Ⅲれ or large? When the speaker is not thinking of a limited number of choices, Ⅲわ砒 is used. W%atlanguage do 市平 ea たⅲ G 尾 e の祠 (More natural than ↓ c 〃〃 g ″召 ge … ) What's 10 Ⅲ・〃〃 0 〃 e 〃Ⅲれわ e 滝 (NOT - 4 e ル - なナ侊仔ア併子丑ル e ) determiners: LV ん and 一 Before nouns, which and Ⅲー can be used to ask questions about both things and people. W 伽な teacher do 10 リ〃ん e best? れ伽な colour do 10 リⅢのなー green, red, 〃 0 Ⅲ・わ rou ″滝 れ伽“ー do 10 リ〃た ー ta ー co “ rat ℃ア 0 Ⅲ・わ 4 わア ' S e c 0 工 Before another determiner (). g. the, 襯必の or a pronoun, we use Ⅲ c 〃可〃 zo and what are not normally used with 可 like this in modern English. ー c 0 工 0 r acl 肥 do 10 リ〃た e best? (N OT 明 0744 - 可侊イ ea 曲円を ... ) W 0 工 isgoing 0 the washing UP?(NOT 明ひ - o. 戸Ⅳ .. 鷲 ) c 可市 e C04 なな 0 リ r (NOT 明 - e. 由 e 、 . 鷲 ) without nouns: w 0 , w ん and ー VVhen these words are used as pronouns, without nouns immediately after them, we generally use who, not Ⅲ厄 c ん for people. Wh0 Ⅲ 0 〃ー S 襯 / 市 or 月 g 渺わの滝 (NOT 444 e ん併み .. 鷲 ) 碗 0 の℃ 10 リ go ⅲ go 砒Ⅲ / —LesIey orMar 液 However, which can be used in questions about people's identity, and Ⅲわー can be used t0 ask about people's jobs and functions. WI c な 10 ″ r 〃わの ' ・ The 0 れ e ⅲ四 am パ . ' ・ SO 〃 e the ManagingDirector. W 伽砒 ' $ Peter?' 'He な the Co 襯〃 al Secreta And which is sometimes used instead Of Ⅲ〃 0 in questions about classes page 621 ルーリ C なレ / ″わ / e ー 0 SOCiety ー〃 0 〃行〃 4 nurse? ofpeople.