The three-tiered pyramid is in laterite and on a square ground plan 50 metres on one side at the base, tapering tO 35 metres square at the top which iS 12 metres above ground level, so it is very steep. The first level has 12 small brick tower-shrines so close tO the wall Of the next level that it is hard tO squeeze intO tWO Of the ones on the west side. On the second level there iS nothing save for tWO stalrways tO the somewhat strangely placed in alignment with the towers 0f the summit, but only there for aesthetic reasons as they are practically unscalable. At the top there are four tall towers at the angles. They housed statues Of Shiva t0 the north-east and Vishnu tO the south-east, and behind them tO the west their consorts Gauri and Lakshmi. The towers were built Of brick and coated with a lime mortar which has now vanished except for part Of the south-west tower where there are still vestiges 0f female guardians, in particular a four-headed Brahmi tO the north on the east side and a Varahi with a boar's face, corresponding tO Vishnu's boar avatar, tO the west on the south side. Finally, the central tower rises on a two-stepped pedestal. イ一洋を 川 2
an unusual almost north-south orientation. The remalns Of a laterite sluice tO tap itS waters are still visible, but the reservolr could scarcely have been the SOle source Of the sudden plenty which is attested at KOh Ker and there is reason tO believe ー there is indeed evidence ー that the great and good 0f Angkor had moved t0 the new capital t0 attend the new supreme klng and brought their wealth and perhaps their servants and their slaves With them. For this state temple Jayavarman lV erected a seven-storey sandstone pyramid with an overall height 0f 35 metres. T0day it is quite dilapidated. ln profile it is almost an equilateral triangle, 62 metres square at the base with the uppermost storey some 12 metres on a side. A distinguishing feature is that there is only one stal ハ vay, on its eastern side. The temple is an eastward extension Of the temple in which the guardian gods 0f his klngdom were already being worshipped. lt seems however that time ran out before it could be completed or even begun in the case Of the central tower which should have crowned the pyramid and would have had similar proportions. At the summit there is only a huge pedestal for a 〃〃 ga Of such extraordinary size that it was praised in several inscnptions. lt was formerly housed in a structure WhiCh iS presumed tO have been III perishable materials since no trace Of it has been found. The salient characteristic Of the art Of KOh l' く er is its use Of huge blOCkS Of stone; a striking feature b0th Of the architecture and the sculpture. Sandstone was abundantly available over the whole area, and there was evidently far less 0f a problem in moving 蠡をに 」いらよ害・ い第 - 第ド ・夏キ第、疉一 ( 92
When the prince appears, there are troops at the head of his escort, followed by standard-bearers, flag-bearers and musicians. Palace maidens, three to five hundred in number, in floral-patterned clothes and with flowers in their coiled-up hair, carry candles in their hands and themselves make up a separate troupe. Even in ん 11 daylight their candles are lit. Next come palace maidens carrying the gold and silver royal utensils and the WhOle series Of ornaments, a11 wrought in very distinctive styles whose use is unknown tO 1 e. Then C01 れ e palace maidens holding in their hands a lance and a shield, and who are the private palace guards: they t00 form a separate troupe. After them come goat-carts and horse-carts, a11 bedecked with gold. The minlsters and princes are all on elephant back; 仕 om afar their innumerable red parasols can be seen. After them come the wives and concubines of the king in palanquins, ln carts, on horseback or on elephant back; they have surely more than a hundred parasols spangled with gold. Behind them at last comes the king, standing on the back of an elephant and holding in his hand the precious sword. The tusks of the elephant are sheathed in gold. There are more than twenty white parasols spangled with gold and with gold handles. Numerous elephants crowd around him and there is a further detachment Of troops t0 guard him ... One can thus see that while they are a kingdom Of barbarians, these people have not forgotten what it is tO be a prince. There are many details, however, which show that this account is not always worthy of the blind confidence which has often been accorded to it. There was a Chinese colony at Angkor among whom Zhou Daguan found his main sources. lt is more 0ften the tales peddled by this group, rather than his own eye-witness experiences, WhiCh he recounts, having accepted their St0141es unreservedly, Since they concerned these 'barbarians . Thus he tells of the following marvel: "ln the town, near the Eastern gate, there was a barbarian whO fornicated with his younger sister. Their skin and their flesh fused together without becoming detached and, after three days without food, the two Of them died. My 'fellow-countryman' Mr Sie, who has spent thirty-five years in this country, asserts that he has seen such a case happen twice. If this is SO, it shOWS that the people 0f this country know how tO use the supernatural power Of the holy Buddha ” ln the same way, there has been a strangely uncritical acceptance of the chapter which recounts the nights 0f the king at the summit of Phimeanakas, which is undoubtedly based on a fanciful legend: "The natives a11 claim that in the tower there is a genie which is a nine-headed serpent and is the master 0f a11 the land 0f the kingdom. Each night it appears in the shape 0f a woman. lt is with her that the sovereign sleeps first and has congress. " Here it is easy tO detect the legend which relates that Soma was the daughter 0f the K1ng of the Nagas of that region. AdditionaIIy it should be noted that the "master of all the land of the kingdom ” is King Su り観 20r 〃〃″市〃 g んなゅん〃な proc お立 0 〃 , or た記 G 記んリ可 6 の一″イ月〃 g 々 or ー佑た 〇 220 花 . ・ Prov c / な 002S カ c ビ d ビビ King カ ro iO 〃 , ⅳた記 GalIery 可 6 の一尾 , 月〃 g た砿ー佑た ~ をにを 0 を贒 : : す : ヴ 1 い The 13th Century and After 289
BAKONG: THE STATE TEMPLE The final enterprise of lndravarman I was to build his state temple now known as Bakong. lt was a sacred compound of considerably greater extent than what now remains. The pyramid we see today is actually at the centre of a square roughly 800 metres by 800. lt would seem to be the largest sacred area ever delineated by the Khmers. Moreover the fact that it has two moats would suggest that they enlarged the area ln a subsequent pro)ect, particularly in V1ew Of the unfinished state 0f the outer moat which lacks a gate-lodge, or at least one built of durable materials. The temple alSO features several innovations including the moats and the abundant use of sandstone. lt seems that during this reign that the innovation of surrounding temples with moats seems tO have emerged. lt was tO become a regular practlce and its symbolic significance has long been emphasised, but there was alSO an economic dimenslon. lt should be noted that of the two concentrlc moats around Bakong, the outer one provided about fifteen hectares of water and the inner another twelve, amply justifying the epithet 'tank-moats' which is sometimes glven them. With a mean depth of three metres they had a potential capacity of 810 , 000 cubic metres. Moreover the inner moat was faced throughout with stairways, obvlously intended as ablution facilities for the faithful but where one can also imagine the 10Ca1 ladies drawing water for their domest1C needs. 、 t least tWO broad avenues ran fror the outer 1 oa ら one eastwards ー it can still be followed for more than 500 metres ー and one northwards ending at the lndratataka. 、 he westward avenue was certainly shorter and it is uncertain whether there was ever one leading south as the moat does not seem tO have a breach on that side. These avenues pre-date the construction Of Preah KO, leading us to believe that they were part 0f a sanctuary built prior t0 Bakong but probably on the same site. Between the outer and inner moats there were 21 brick shrines of very similar design, and built at quite regular intervals. They were apparently the work of high officials, and not a11 of them were actually completed. ln addition, in each angle there were two ponds 60 metres square which straddled a further tower, but only the north- eastern one was completed. The WhOle group is in an advanced state of dilapidation. The inner 'tank-moat' was surrounded by a 10W wall punctuated by gate-lodges at each cardinal point. OnIy those to the east and west, which are incidentally the most elaborate, glve access tO the interior. They lead on t0 a causeway between masslve stone 〃 agas which are, unusually, at ground level. The inner enclosure wall is also 10W , and partially ruined. lt encloses an area measuring 160 by 120 metres and between it and the tank-moat there iS a 4()-metre zone which could have accommodated living quarters, perhaps those 0f the temple minlsters. Nowadays there is a pagoda which has probably long stood there. 40 ん眦功 d nagas 面ビビ〃ホ可、 0 〃ビ可ビな 0 川 尾ん Ko. The Pre-Angkor Peri0d 67
SCULPTURE Apart 仕 01 れ the 〃〃 ga , there were numerous statues in the minor shrines, and occasionally in the principal one. They included Shiva, Vishnu, and occasionally Brahma. Ganesha occurs frequently, and there are statues 0f Skanda and many Other deities, Of which the female ones are not always easy tO identify. ln addition, there are sculptures Of monsters: た , 川た 07 観 and the ommpresent 〃 0g0 , Often Of monumental proportions. On a similar scale there are the guardians Of the temple entrances: mainly ar 叩記 0 and mythical lions. The bas-relief frieze carvlngs deserve special attention. The technique appears at an early period on the lintels and 'flying palaces' at Sambor Prei Kuk in the seventh century, and on the topmost level 0f the pyramid temple 0f Bakong in the ninth. The finest reliefs were tO appear in the tenth century on the pediments Of Banteay Srei temple and its 'libraries'. Less well-known are the relief-decorated panels on the walls of Bapuon (eleventh century), which have almost all tumbled down, or been taken down, and those 0f Prasat Khna Sen Kev, lost in a faraway forest. A century later there are further examples Of relief-carved pediments at Angkor Wat, Banteay Samre and Beng Mealea. The great mural bas-relief friezes are at Angkor Wat, Bayon and Banteay Chhmar. During the course Of l•く hmer history, sculpture in the round appears tO have begun with supple, naturalistic statues, and developed towards the stiff, conventional lmages Of the late periods. The initial models seem tO have been imported 仕 om lndia, perhaps as statuettes, but the sculptors, while following the lndian rules for portraying the suppleness Of the b0dy, also drew their inspiration from the real people around them and copied from nature. ln the early period ー the sixth and seventh centurles ー they produced supple and lively statues, clad in naturalistic garments, such as the Phnom Da Vishnu, the Harihara from Prasat Andet and the 'lady' from Koh Krieng. lt is possible t0 reproduce with today's Khmer garb - the 〃ゆ or the ん観〃ー the varlous fOlds portrayed on the statues Of this ancient time. Statues Of a subsequent period become more and 1 ore rigid and conventionalised, as for example in the K0h Ker style 0f the first half of the tenth century. This was probably a result Of formalism in the service 0f ritual significance, but there were variations along the way. While the general tendency was towards hardened, rigid icons, there were intervals Of SOfter contours, doubtless due tO the taste Of individual artists, especially evident in the art Of Banteay Srei and in a different guise, that 0f Bapuon. This oscillation between the two tendencies is apparent in the style 0f Angkor Wat. The statues in the round are elegant and admirably proportioned' but tend towards rigidity, while one only needs tO wander around the walls Of the entrance Stone linga 尾 2 尾 s 〃行〃 g ビお s の of S ん Or な加記 0 〃ビ top / れ , 0 ″ / d 梔 2 な必た . S00 〃 g N 〃 , 〃 0 ん一 立 T ん〃 d. 022 . ・ T んビ K ん〃夜・ arl の , 60 ″ / ら 46
political situation, Suryavarman gave greater prlority tO ensuring his defences than tO building a grandiose state temple. ln comparlson with other pyramid temples, Phimeanakas is smaller than Pre Rup ( 50 metres on one side) and Ta Keo ( 60 metres square) and is a rectangle 0f only 35 by 28 metres at its base. lt rises very steeply, however, S1nce above three laterite levels totalling twelve metres in height, the dimenslons 0f the summit are still 30 by 23 metres. で find here, as at Ta Keo, a continuous covered gallery which in this case allows for circumambulation, but is tOO cramped tO house statues of the gods as it is only one metre wide. At the cardinal points it has gate-lodges with two W1ngs and a single tower each, and at the angles the roof is slightly higher. At the centre there is scarcely the space for a single tower, built on a cruciform base two and a half metres high. This central shrine opened t0 the four quarters through gates which each had a pro)ecting fore-part. The architect of Phimeanakas re-utilised 01d jambs to frame the door of the central shrine, and these carried inscription Sanskrit く recording the merits Of a minister Of Yashovarman I. Even if there are indications that there were later additions tO the shrine after Suryavarman's reign, the fact that these jambs were incorporated and le 仕 in this privileged position leads this author t0 suppose that there was a link between the minister and the king, since their siting could not have been a ををンイこ Guardia 〃 / / ( ) 〃〃 d 〃尾 2 の立ビビ 2 ー〃℃ as Q P, ん / 〃 7 ビ〃た a & ん . ・ The が〃可 P ん〃た as. 」 III IIIIII 翡第 20m Angkor ⅲ the llth Century 133
BANTEAY CHHMAR Slightly more than a hundred kilometres north-west of Angkor as the crow flies, and not far from the frontier 0f present-day Thailand, the town and temple 0f Banteay Chhmar, together with their わ ar の , and several peripheral temples, make up an extenswe site. lt is 0dd that it should have been placed in this particularly inhospitable location which seems tO have been called 'the sand country' in former tlmes, and Where no earlier monument has been reported. On the basis Of a secondary inscription the theory has been advanced that the temple was dedicated t0 a son 0f Jayavarman VII, but in fact it may well have been built following the death of Rajapatindralakshmi, the paternal grandmother of the king, on her endowed land. This would indicate a starting date for the building 0f the temple between 1 186 and 1 191 , which are, respectively, the dates 0f the consecration 0f the gods at Ta Prohm and Preah Khan. The town is slightly smaller than the one which surrounded Preah Khan, but, unlike Ta Prohm, it was clearly conceived as a city, since it is surrounded by a 65 ー metre wide moat. TO the east there iS a rather inelegant 'house Of fire'. The central sacred complex, however, is considerably larger and is enclosed by a wall which measures 250 by 190 metres. The wall is flanked by a gallery which houses a splendid series 0f bas-relief friezes. As at Bayon, they mainly depict battle scenes on land and water, but there are alSO illustrations Of obscure legends. ln addition, tO the west, there is a remarkable sequence Of eight large Lokeshvaras in quite a good state 0f preservation and illustrating the divinity with between four and 32 arms, and one tO 16 heads. The distribution Of the shrines in the enclosure IS similar tO that at Preah l•く han and Ta Prohm: there iS a central group inside a series Of enclosures in the shape Of a long rectangle measuring 170 metres by 40. lt was seemingly dedicated t0 Buddha. TO the north, west and south are three separate temples which probably housed Shiva, Vishnu and the spirits 0f former kings, as at Preah Khan. The main shrine 0f the west temple is on a 3.7 metre high base and would have been similar t0 the one built during the initial phase 0f Bayon. There are towers carved with faces, and Others which remain blank, obviously following some chronological order, but many have collapsed and thus cannot be identified sequentially. The central shrine does not have a face tower carved and must be roughly contemporary with that Of Preah Khan, whilst those Of the temples t0 the south have carved faces and are probably no earlier than the twelfth century. On the outskirts Of the town there are eight shrines, each with a tower carved with faces, within single or double enclosures, but none has yielded an inscription. TO the east Of the temple there is a 1700 metre long 62r の , with a westward landing stage runnlng along the town's east entrance and quite noticeably off-centre towards the south. The 6 r の as usual, has a central island-temple, but paradoxically in this case it does not face in the direction which might have been expected. 02 カ 0 朝に・ The ' 〃記 / 可 D 〃記ハ ' Ba 〃町 C んん〃Ⅲ・んの a 0 〃ゆ / た 0 〃 ogra がⅣ . U 〃″記 IO 〃な / 〃じん″尾ん 4 〃」 カⅢ〃のも / ぬ〃じ rishis 〃 d Bra ん〃の 0 可 Fa じ tO 夜・ / 〃ビ / 〃〃引・ビ〃 CIO 立ら Ba 〃陀 ay C んんⅢ 0 に BARAY ■ TempIe 0 Main Temple 〃可 Ba 〃陀の , Chhmar s ん 0 測 / 〃 g 〃尾 to 〃れツ〃Ⅲ〃 ″ゆ / ら立住 ro ″〃 de イ by 川 04 0 ビ r S ん〃ビ S 〃 d baray. 1000 metres 500 0 240
み望印当を 。浦ド ; も朝い 43 を 、い : ヾ、にご いミ、 当、、 3 0 、第ミ、瀁ゞツミ立。 Of descendants Of the temple's owners. There are cases in which different temples are co-owners Of paddy fields, and others where one or several minor temples declare their co-participation' in a grander one. This resulted in the payment 0f dues by the smaller ones tO the larger, with the former benefiting in exchange from the protectlon and prestige 0f the latter. There are lnterminable lists of servants 0f both sexes (most often referred t0 as 'slaves') which are typically found in the royal temples of the ninth and tenth centuries. These people worked either in the temple or in the paddy fields. They cannot have been real slaves for the simple reason that slaves were strictly forbidden 仕 om entering a temple, where their presence would have defiled it. lt is therefore scarcely imaginable that their names were SO carefully carved beneath the very eyes 0f the gods. Other lists concern temple furniture, particularly the jewellery with which the gods were adorned, and Other essential ritual objects. These are Of particular value as the objects themselves have vanished completely. ln general, certain trends in the C01 れ posltlon Of these inscnptlons can be observed. Thus the best quality Sanskrit poems appear at the end 0f the ninth century and the middle of the tenth, and during these periods the long lists of 'slaves' also occur. ln contrast there iS a particular abundance Of royal decrees concerning the temples towards the end Of the tenth century, whereas in the eleventh there are Often K ん川の・かおゆ朝〃 K 73 面″〃 d 砒ル Phra T ん砒〃ビ ar ん〃 0 襯 れ〃ん , 乃ん〃 ん 4 ″ . ・の 7 可ビ 9 c ビ〃Ⅲリ / 〃 s ロ・ゆ朝〃カ初〃ビの可 P ん〃の〃ー佑〃か〃ービ立 7 ' ん〃 d. 、 3 を Khmer Civilisation 19
There is naturally nothing left of Yashodharapura's civic buildings, as these were in WOOd. NO trace either of the royal palace, which to judge by the regular siting of subsequent palaces right up tO the present day in Bangk0k and Phnom Penh would have been north Of the state temple, and consequently somewhere in the south-west quarter 0f what was to be Angkor Thom, the definitive capital city. As well as the palace there were undoubtedly the houses Of various grandees within the city limits. One can imagine them tO be on a sumptuous scale, in groves planted with trees. There would alSO probably have been one or 1 れ ore areas for less important personages. However the capital area was not entirely built up: an lnscription reveals that there were paddy fields which had either been newly planted or merely kept in cultivation. 第 ; 意新電気 ( こ・ 4. ON BAKHENG HILL: THE STATE TEMPLE ln the centre of the city was Phnom Bakheng, an oval hill some sixty metres high surmounted by the state temple. lt covered most of the esplanade which the builders had boldly created by levelling the summit, though they kept the bare bones of the pyramid shape with its dressed sandstone mostly rising from the actual rock 0f the hill. The base of the sacred hill was surrounded by an outer enclosure consisting of a rectangular moat 650 metres long by 436 metres wide, lined with an earth-bank which has partially survived. Brick and laterite gate-lodges rose over the cardinal points and traces Of their foundations remalll. On passing through one 0f the gate-lodges the visitor was at the f00t of a stairway cut intO the rock (except from the south) and protected at the base by two magnificent stone lions, substantial parts Of which have survived. lt is hard tO account for the m1SS1ng south stairway, especially as there is a gate lOdge and causeway at the bottom of the hill. Perhaps the builders ran out of time before they could insert it. The 1 れ aln entrance was traditionally 仕 or れ the east, up the grand stairway to a wide open space traversed by a broad pathway, some 100 metres long. This large square' may have accommodated the temple priests' dwellings. The pathway led tO the east gate-lodge 0f the inner enclosure which was a laterite wall 190 metres long and 120 metres wide, only traces of which remain. The oval shape of the hill accounts for the narrowness Of the enclosure and for the fact that the northern and southern gate-lodges are squeezed close t0 the central pyramid. Like b0th the others, they have vanished except for their laterite bases and a few scattered bricks. After the east entrance on either side stand the two so-called 'library' buildings with the usual west entrances, but in this case having an additional east entrance. ThiS was probably a later addition when the temple came back intO use under Jayavarman V after 968 AD. Traces of minor buildings still exist within the enclosure but there is The ビの翔立孕 s た市〃 g ゆ to P ん〃 0 襯お 0 たんビ〃 g. ん〃の as C 〃立 0 川 27J , guard 〃肥立〃℃ as ビ S ー each ん vel. The First Angkor 79
The temple itself is surrounded by three enclosures each with entrance pavilions tO the east and west. ln metres they measure respectively 95 x 110 , 38 x 42 and 24 x 24. The space between the second and third enclosures is almost a11 taken up by a tank-moat faced with laterite steps and broader tO the east than tO the Other cardinal points. lt is crossed by a causeway tO the east and tO the west, SO there was no plan, as there was for example at Bakong, t0 build the dwellings 0f the temple priests there. Between the second and first enclosures there were 'long halls', tWO tO the east and west and one each tO the north and south. They were in laterite with tiled roofs and are t0day in a rather dilapidated state. The first enclosure surrounds a single group Of buildings consisting 0f three sanctuary towers on the same T-shaped terrace. ln front Of the central shrine there is an anterior chamber, flanked by tWO The enclosure opens tO the east through the small entrance pavilion described above, while tO the west the pavilion is replaced by a shrine which contained a fine statue 0f Shiva with his spouse Uma sitting on his le 代 thigh, now an exhibit in the Phnom Penh National Museum. On this side, only two small passageways provide an exit from the enclosure. The top Of each Of the six stal ハ vays Of the central terrace was protected by tWO guardian figures, monsters with human bodies but different heads, kneeling on one knee. Four types Of head have been retrieved: monkey, lion, garuda, and ya た訪砒 ln the central shrine was housed a Shiva / g worshipped under the name 0f Tribhuvanamahesvara and gave its name t0 the whole temple 'the great Lord 0f the threefold world' The north sanctuary, preceded by garuda guardians, housed the god Vishnu. His statue was donated by a relative of the founder and has survived. The south shrine, preceded by lion guardians, certainly contained another Shiva / g donated incidentally by the founder's younger sister, but the lion guardians could indicate that there was alSO a statue 0f Devi, Shiva's 0ther spouse, perhaps in her terrible form 0f Durga. This summary description Of the monument has omitted the renowned splendour Of its decoration. On the three 1 alll towers and the front chamber not an inch Of stone has been le 代 uncarved. The lintels and the male and female guardian figures arouse special admiration. And it is at Banteay Srei that the carved pediments, remarkable in every way, make their first appearance, particularly those 0f the 'libraries' with their marvellous sequences from the Hindu legends. The temple was particularly long-lived. で know from an lnscription that King Srindravarman published an order in its favour on Thursday 4 July 1306 and from that it is clear that the founder's line Of descent had not become extinct by that date. Rajendravarman was still alive tO see the dedication Of the central divinity Of this charming monument on 22 April 967. lt is probable however that he never saw it completed, as he was t0 die at the beginning 0f the following year, most probably いー のビホ 0 川〃〃な 爿 60 怩 . ・ Krishna んル〃 g 0 〃〃 , 尹 0 川 [ ん記ん〃〃 / 可 [ ん れ or sanctuary. 0 カ 20 豆 . ・ The 面イ 6 記〃殪〃〃の & ィ gr 0 川ビ加″ん 〃〃花 / 可ビ〃な記〃 c の•y. 108