・と : ンル三を , - い . ド をド 3 当ツ Angkor in the llth Century 135

C O N T E N T S efa 9 Fo 尾測 0 滬 C ん叩花 r 0 C ん叩花五膨 Moving The CapitaI 91 C ん叩花面〃 r The First Angkor 73 C ん叩花 r 記 The Pre-Angkor Period 53 C ん叩花 r ー測 0 Khmer Civilisation 13 Suryavarman Ⅱ and Angkor t 147 C ん叩花 r stx Angkor in the 1 1 th Century 123 ( ) んカ seven Angkor Thom 205 C ん叩花 r e The 13th Century and After んん otogra 力 302 C ん ro 〃 0 / 0 , 304 G / 310 B 必 gr 叩 314 ん x 316 281

C ん 4 力 r 0 〃召 KHMER CIVILISATION At its height the く hmer civilisation, centred on Angkor, extended as far west as the present day border 0f ThaiIand and Burma and north as far as Wat Phu in Laos. Even the central area alone covered an area Of some 400 square kilometres, and today's VISitor can discover several centuries of history jumbled together, from the eighth century Prasat Ak Yum t0 the fourteenth century Mangalartha, and even as far as the sixteenth century when there were attempts by a く hmer klng to 'restore' Angkor 、 t. Angkor, which means capital city , is one Of the Khmer language terms for the Sanskrit 〃 0g07 which means 'town'. lt retains lts meanlng in the derivatlon of several toponyms in modern Camb0dia, such as Angkor Borei, south of Phnom Penh. ln the reg10n Of Siem Reap, north-east 0f the Great Lake, it is particularly used to name the groups 0f Angkor Wat ('the town which is a temple') and Angkor Thom ('the great town'). From the end of the ninth century in what is now called 'Angkor Archaeological Park' there was a successlon of capitals ()t least seven have been identified) on sites sometimes quite distant 仕 om each Other. The 01d Khmer title for these was generally the same: Yasodharapura, 'the town 0f him who bears glory', taken from the name of Angkor's first founder, Yasovarman I. There were thus considerable changes over this period, modifying the envlronment as varlous pro)ects were undertaken, many Of them Of gigantic proportions, but many also 0f short duration. The capital would only attain stability at the end of the twelfth century, when for the first time in the region's history, the great kmg Jayavarman VII decided to enclose it in walls of such girth that his successors decided tO remain there whatever the COSt. The building Of new religious monuments continued within this enclosure at least until 1431 AD, which is the traditional (and probably inaccurate) date of what has been called 'the abandonment of Angkor'. S こ 0 〃ビ G 〃いんビの 7 仇ん c ビ〃Ⅲ駻 ( U 施〃 Na 朝〃記ハパ〃も T ん田ん〃の 〇 22 の . ・ 7 乃ん〃Ⅲ川叩可 So ″ー E のこ月朝の 13

" いに、 . 物第ゑ譱 0 「 1 丁 20E Angkor in the llth Century 139

: 第を ヨ : : 三こを いにを一 ・ 1 をゞー れ = 、与ト市わ←安を宀 Angkor ⅲ the 1 lth Century 129

ん〃 d 02 カ . ・ DetaiIs 0 〃 6 の一尾″イ 2 の肥な可 B 叩 uo 〃 . も ) こ Angkor in the llth Century 143

Christian era. lndian merchants would procure the goods they needed tO trade with the Romans or their intermediaries in their own ports; particularly SPICes and Other 'luxury goods' such as scented WOOdS and aromatic resins. ThiS lndo-Roman trade lasted until the weakening 0f the Roman Empire in the fifth century. As demand increased the lndians set up trading posts in South-East ASia, analogous tO those established by the Europeans in lndia in the eighteenth century, with 'colonies' whose task was tO gather the merchandise between monsoons. These expatriate merchants naturally brought with them their civilisation, their religion and their gods, which the natives gradually adopted. ThiS was not at all a 'colonisatlon' as is understood tOday; the く hmers were never 'lndianised' in the full sense, as has been claimed, since they never abandoned their own civilisation. Towards the 6th century, when the first inscriptions are attested, a legend was ln circulation, recorded in almost the same form by the Chinese and a little later by the Chams. An lndian Brahmin named Kaundinya had a dream and made the voyage t0 Funan where he met and married Soma, the daughter 0f the serpent-king 0f the country, and brought Funan 'civilisation'. ile it is a fact that all known kings before the ninth century claimed tO be descendants 0f this primordial couple it would be quite illusory t0 seek historical truth in this legend. lt is also invoked b0th in lndia and (according tO Herod0tus) as far away as Scythia, t0 explain the origin 0f a dynasty. Towards the end of the sixth century, the Chinese annals write 0f a kingdom they call 'ChenIa' which seems t0 correspond to one 0f the kingdoms in the interior 0f the l•く hmer country. Local inscriptions yield further and 1 れ ore precise information and although the Chinese used 'Chenla' until recent times as their name for Camb0dia, we propose tO drop it in favour Of the epithets in the 10Ca1 texts. BHAVAPURA: A POWERFUL KINGDOM APPEARS The second half of the sixth century witnessed the founding of a city, Bhavapura, named as custom dictated after its founder, く ing Bhavavarman I. He was a prince fror れ the reg10n Of 、 t Phu in southern Laos. He had not been chosen as successor tO the throne Of his father's SI a11 state and decided, nevertheless, tO carve out a kingdom 0f his own. Having conquered part 0f the centre 0f what is now Camb0dia, he had established his capital some 30 kilometres from the town now called Kompong Thom. The precise location Of his city, near or on the site Of Sambor Prei Kuk, has not yet been identified. The 60 記可ツん〃ゆた 6 ″市の , ね〃市砒ア za 〃砒ー佑ー Phu the 〃 d 可ツ 6 〃Ⅲ - ビ 0 / 立 K ん〃花お〃ゆた d なじ 02 夜℃ d tO da . ( ん 0 こ 0. ・ M r た〃ビ Sa 〃 tO 〃り -4602 こ・ T, んビ〃 ~ 0 ″〃乙 / 〃た〃 0 〃 as ん / 〃 ga カ art 観ー 0 〃″尾℃立 ba 〃た可ビス 4 0 〃 g 認の勧 0 〃 as 可防ー Phu ( 2 / zoto. ・ V た〃 g たあ Sa 〃た 0 砒みリ 56

C ん乙な g The 13th Century and After 0 1 々 & 第 0 月 Over the years a curious association has developed between the figure of the 'leper king', which belongs to ancient legend, and King Jayavarman VII. A French doctor thought he had indeed discerned the onset of this terrible disease on the hands of a royal personage portrayed on the relief frieze 0f Bayon which recounts the famous legend, and which dates from the end of the thirteenth century. lt can well be lmagined that this diagnosis has given rise tO a good deal Of speculation, including the idea that it was the king's leprosy which incited him t0 found the hospitals! None 0f this is soundly based. The renowned statue 0f the 'leper king' which was until recently on the terrace which bears its name, in fact represents the divine )udge Of the underworld, Yama, and the signs of his leprosy are nothing more than lichen. The statue is by no means a masterpiece; its date is much later than the reign Of Jayavarman VII, and is probably contemporary with the fourteenth century lnscription engraved on itS base. After 1200 AD almost nothing is known of the life of Jayavarman VII; not even the date 0f his death. George Ccdés places it in the year 1220 but on rather flimsy evidence. The great king could well have passed away before then; one inscription mentions 1206 as being still within the reign, and another alludes t0 him in connection with a date which reads uncertainly as regards the tens, but which might correspond t0 1214. 277

ょ人 N UPSURGE IN THE ECONOMY The schemes to restore and further decorate Angkor t and other temples could not have been undertaken without a degree Of econor IC prosperity, t0 which a number of mainly hydrological projects bear witness. Diogo d0 Couto relates that the canal system in Angkor Thom was still serviceable, which proves that it had been maintained at least until the latter part Of the sixteenth century. Moreover, due tO a combination Of circumstances, arising fror れ the presence tO the east 0f the East Baray of the wall built by Jayaviravarman which connects with the wall built for the town of Jayavarman VII, plus the West Baray to the west, Angkor had been effectively closed off to the north by a 20 kilometre dam which inevitably brought about serious flooding during the rainy season. lt was probably during this period that the decision was taken t0 breach the old wall Of Jayaviravarman to allow the Siem Reap river to flOW through it. The river may well have been diverted in former times to connect with the canals which irrigated the whole region north of the East Baray, but thenceforth was tO run along a former waterway which had been dug between the 60r の , and Angkor Thom. A bridge was built over it, ー Spean Thma ー ('stone bridge'), from blOCks Of sandstone, many Of which are carved. 、 t least S01 e of these stones were salvaged from a post-Angkor temple, which gives an indication 0f the age 0f the bridge. lt is quite noticeable that at this spot the river does not quietly follow the bed Of the former canal, designed for a much smaller volume of water than it now had to cope with. lnstead, it veered 仕 om the cobbled bed which had been laid down for it under the piers of the bridge, and eroded a new deep channel to the east. 7 0 ANGKOR 、 VAT: A SIXTEENTH CENTURY PILGRIMAGE ENTRE Quite apart from the involvement Of the Khmer kings at Angkor t , the temple seems tO have been renowned as a hOly place in the sixteenth century, another fact Of which the Spaniards and the Portuguese were evidently unaware. で know that it was famous in far-away places under the name ofJetavana, an important Site mentioned the stories of the life of Buddha, near Sravasti in lndia. A ground plan of the temple, drawn by a Japanese merchant in the seventeenth century, has alSO come tO light. He is assumed t0 have travelled there 仕 om Ayutthaya, attracted by the fame of Angkor Wat, and the legend on the drawing shows that the merchant thought he was actually in lndia! The renown Of the temple seems tO have gradually faded over time, but there is no reason tO believe thatAngkor 、 t was ever forgotten. A later reference ShOWS on the contrary the great importance it had retained in the minds Of the Khmers. At a 77 ー 7 & ん〃Ⅲ Buddha image 00d 0 川 the 20 立一月〃 g たカ d. The 13th Century and After 297

. ツ第なをも キイ ノ % 物 The 尾〃 zo 能 d カ 0 〃 d 〃 d 6 ー カ m606 託〃花 d の , プの観 2 川の 7 7 ″ビの , 記 E 〃 cl のⅢも〃催可 イ ) ーツ↓ - グ、鑾ン The 13th Century and After 287