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1. Gods, Guardians, and Lovers: Temple Sculptures from North India A. D. 700-1200

Mitter charactenzes the early group ofart histonans as 、、 archaeologlcal" and transcendental. " See Mitter, op. cit. , p. 256. J. Burgess and H. Cousens, 月け町 月をⅲⅲ研 NO 肥″ 1 G 韲酊 (London: T. Rubner & Co. , Ltd. , 1903 ) , p. 31. As quoted in Mitter, op. cit. , p. 245 , and G. H. R. Tillotson, 月肥 Tra 市行明 ん市 a 〃月ⅲ“ tu 尾 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989 ) , p. 36. Tillotson, op. cit. , p. 38. lbid. , p. ⅸ . E. B. HaveII, ん市 ScuIpture 明イ P ⅲ (London: John Murray, 1908 ) , p. 41. lbid. , p. 10. lbid. , p. 28. Ludw1g Bachhofer, E ロん市 & (ptu 尾 , 2 vols. (New York: Pegasus Press, 1929 repnnt, 2 vols. in 1 , New York: Hacker Art Books, 1972 ) , p. vii. Mitter, op. cit. , pp. 278 ー 80. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, H ⅳ 0 り′研 ん市明ロれイ加豆明月れ , repnnt (New York: Dover PubIicat10ns, 1965 ) , pp. 105 ー 09. Stella Kramnsch, 77 肥 Hindu 川ら 2 vols. (CaIcutta: University of Calcutta, 1946 ). For a detailed iconographic discussion 0 「 lndlan sculptures, particularly 伝 om southern and eastern lndia, see Gopinatha T. A. Rao, Elet れ閉な研 H ⅲイ " 明 0 叩〃ア , repnnt (New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1968 ) ; andJ. N. BanerJea, 7 e D Ⅳ el 叩川ど厩研 H ⅲ面加叩〃ア , 2d ed. (Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1956 ). Among the more recent publications on lndlan sculpture are those by Stella Kramrisch, M ロ可立ロ研 S Ⅷ (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1981 ) ; Pramod Chandra, & " tu 尾 ん市ロ 3000 B. C. ー 00 , 4. D. (Washington, D. C. : NationaI Gallery of Art, 1985 ) ; and Pratapaditya Pal, ん市 & ゆ tu 肥 , V01. 2 (Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum ofArt and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988 ). lt could be argued that one 0 「 the reasons for the neglect Of architectural context Of sculptures IS tO avoid the uneasy discusslon about hOW the sculptures may have been removed 丘 om their ongmal locatlon. Ben. 」 amm Rowland, 77 肥月れの 月剏ⅲ“ tu 尾研加市 a : Buddhist, Hindu, 山ⅲ (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Pengum, 1970 ) (paperback ed. ). 22. J. C. HarIe, 77 肥月灯イ月な tu 尾研〃肥 ん市 a れ & ィ厖 0 〃ⅲ肥 (Harmondsworth, MiddIesex: Penguin, 1986 ) , p. 157. Susan Huntington, 7 み e 月灯研 , 4 れ朝 ん市ロ (New York: WeatherhiIl, 1985 ) , p. 479. 23. 21. 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 1 1 . 10. 9. 8. 7. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Among the books published on Gupta art in the last fifteen years are: Pratapaditya Pal, 月肥〃 6 加巳 77 肥 G 叩 ScuIptural Tradition and 垣 / ん閉化 (New York: The Asia Society, in assoclatlon 、 vith JOhn Weatherhill, 1978 ) ; J. C. Harle, G 叩 & 'ptu 心ん市 S 田ゆ tu 尾研〃肥 F 囲卍ロ 0 Sixth C 閉なⅲい , 4. D. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974 ) ; and Joanna G. WiIIiams, 77 肥 月灯研 G 叩ん市ロ : E 川の Province (Pnnceton, NJ: Pnnceton University Press, 1982 ). H. Goetz, "The Gupta School" in 77 肥 ん花ア cl 叩 e 市 4 は / 旧月れ , Massimo Palloting, ed. , V01. 7 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959 ) , quoted in Harle, op. cit. , p. 8. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, H ⅳ 0 り′ ん市イ S 〃肥ロ立月豆ロれ月灯 , as quoted in Pal, 77 肥〃 6 加 6 , p. 13. This is further elaborated bv Professor Chattopadhyaya in his essay. WiIIiams, op. cit. , p. 175. For a more detailed discusslon Of the changmg contexts Of non—Western 、 Ofart, see lrene Winter, "Change in the Amencan Art Museum: The Art Histonan's Voice," in 1 ) ! 〃群レ ' 0 な : 月 Social, Cultural, の H ⅳ 0 記 Fra ″肥脚 for C 〃ⅲ〃肥月川 ca れ月灯第パ川 , Marcia Tucker, ed. (New York: Association Of Art Museum Directors, 1992 ) ; and CIifford Geertz, 7 加 P 市川 e 研 C ル尾 : 石性れ〃ト C 群 ltu り′ E 加叩 / り′ , も ratu 肥 , and 月灯 (Cambndge: Harvard University Press, 1987 ). Winter, op. cit. , p. 39. Mitter, op. C1t. , p. 286.

2. Gods, Guardians, and Lovers: Temple Sculptures from North India A. D. 700-1200

Shah, U. P. 、、 Sculptures 丘 om SämaläJi and Roda. " Bu 〃 etin 〃肥 Baroda M 川イ I) " 尾 Ga り′ special number ( 1960 ). "Some Medieval Sculptures 丘 om Gujarat and Rajasthan. Journal 研〃肥ん市 So り , 研 0 記月灯 special number ( 1965 ー 66 ). 山ⅲ a - R 叩ロ - M (Jaina lconography). V01. 1. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, 1987. Sharma, D. , ed. R 可刊 ro 〃肥月 , V01. 1 (From 〃肥石立石川卩 76. Bikaner: Rajasthan State Archives, 1966. Sharma, R. K. , ed. 月れ研〃肥 ra 川研 MaIwa. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakasham, 1979. Sharma, R. S. ん市明 F 川 , (. 30 7200. CaIcutta: CaIcutta University, 1965. . So / C 侭ⅲ E ロ M レん市ロ 侮月 . D. 50 720 の . Delhi: Peoples Pubhshing House, 1969. . U 明 Decay ⅲん市 a 侮 30 ( 仁 700 の . Delhi: Munshiram ManoharIaI PubIishers Pvt. Ltd. , 1987. Shastn, AJay Mitra. ん市ロ & ⅲ〃肥 B 酊“ⅲ研レロ川 . Delhi: M0tilal Banarsidass, 1969. Shastn, M. M. Ca 四 and Guide 6 Go 川川群 M 川 , KO Jaipur: ASI Rajasthan, 1961. Singh, Tahsildar. 、 Jama Mahästambhas at Deogarh. " & 川ロ 0 , nos. 1 ー 4 (Apnl 1981—January 1982 ). Sinha, Nandini. "Guhila Lineages and the Emergence of State in Early Medieval Mewar. " M. Phil. Dissertauon, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1988. Sircar, D. C. 、 'Stray Plates 伝 on Nanana. 石 2 叩 / 血ん市 , V01. 33. Repnnt. New DeIhi: Archaeolog1cal Survey oflndia. & はん立叩 Be ロ灯加市 H ⅳ 0 ヮ and C ル〃たロル 2 vols. Calcutta: Umversity of Calcutta, 1965. . ん市 Ep 川流 G ん 5 ワ . Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1966. . Studies ⅲ〃肥 G60 叩わァ研月〃イ M 司ん市 4. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1971. Sivaramamurti, C. N ロロⅲ月な , 10 and L 川 tu 尾 . New Delhi: NationaI Museum, New Delhi, 1974. 77 肥月れ研ん市ロ . New York: Abrams, 1977. 286 Smith, V. A. 石韲 H ⅳ 0 り′研ん市 a , From 600 B. c. な ) 〃肥ん川川 a 〃 C 9 立 , ん cl " 市 〃肥んⅧ豆月 x ロ G 尾酊 . 4th ed. Revised by S. M. Edwardes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924. Smith,WaIter. "Ob. 」 ect 0 「 the Month: 物行 ca ″Ⅲた Lt 心 0 " 朝 20 , no. 2 (February 1989 ). Sontheimer, Gunther-Dietz. "Relig10us Endowments in lndia and the JunstiC Personality 0 「 Hindu Deities. " ln Zeitschrift 丿 e Re なⅧ 5 “訪 バ cl 市覊″ん 10 g な c/ 肥 R に訪なⅵ群バ亟 67 ( 1965 ). Stadtner, Donald M. "The Safikaragapa Panel in the Sägar University Art Museum. ln ん市明 Ep rap んア : & 明囲〃肥 H ⅳ 0 り′ 研月灯 . F. M. Asher and G. and Gai, eds. New Delhi: Amencan lnstitute ofAsian Studies. "A Central lndlan Monastery. D 0 ヮ : Re 覊ロイ S 司韲ゆ酊 77 肥 U ⅲり′ x 月 " ⅵれ 6 , no. 2 (Winter 1981 ). "Nand Chand and a Central lndlan Reg10nal S 呼 le. " 月ⅲ 6 町月豆 43 ( 1981 ー 82 ). Stein, Burton. P にの S の 1 イ SOCiety ⅲ M 司 S ん d 缸 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. Stoddard, Whitney S. 月肥 & 0 可〃肥 ー佐立 Po 血な研 C 市 C 酊市畆刊市 0 ⅲ s ⅲ R0 川 9 “ and 77 肥 R0 ⅲ Chartrain & " tu 肥 New York:W. 嶬を No on & Company, 1952. Survey oflndia Map 45 D. 16.5. Survey oflndia Map 45 1.11.7. Sutton, Denys. 、、 Ed1tonal: The Search for Perfection. " 月 20 〃 0 118 , no. 261 (November 1983 ). Taggart, Ross E. 77m B " 市Ⅲ 0 川 . Kansas City, Missoun: The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 1983. Taggart, Ross E. , George L. McKenna, and Marc F. Wilson, eds. H 00 た〃肥 Co 〃第ハⅲ〃肥ル〃川 Ro 〃 N Gallery 研月灯ロ祠 Ma ワ月ⅲ 5 M 町川研 月小 K 0 , Missouri. V01. 2. Kansas City: Nelson-Atk1ns Museum, 1973. Tandon, Pratap Narain, ed. K 加 : 月司アイ月れ . Kannau. 」 : Archaeolog1cal Museum KannauJ, n. d. 卩 978 ]. Thakore, S. R. Catalogue Sculptures ⅲ〃肥 月司 ( 愈 ( ん“Ⅲル Gwalior: M. P. Gwalior, n. d. Thapar, Rom11a. 、、 lnterpretatlons ofAncient lndian History. " ln 月海れん市 Social H ⅳ 0 り′ : S 明肥ん甲観ロ . Delhi: Onent Longman, 1978. 、、 The Mouse in the Ancestry. ' ln S. D. Joshi, ed. , 月川ⅲ ra. Professor R. N. Dandekar Felicitation Volume. New DeIhi: AJanta Books lnternational, 1984. TiIIotson, G. H. R. 77 肥 Tra 市″研ん市 月ⅲ“ tu 尾 . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989. Tod, James. 月Ⅷロな and 月ⅲ沁研 R 0 ロ C 閉記イは忿川 R 20 & 4 研ん市 a. New Delhi: K. M. N. Publishers, 1971. TraboId, J. N. 月肥月灯可ん市ロ : 月れ H ⅳ 0 . & ア明ロ Los 月 el い Co Ⅷ M 川研月な . Northndge, CA: Fine Arts Gallery, California State University Northridge, 1975. Trauber, Henry, William Jay Rathbun, and Cathenne A. Kaputa. 月豆 a 月なⅲ〃肥 & 酊 月灯覊Ⅲル Seattle: Seattle Art Museum, 1973. Tnpathi, L. K. 肥 TI 群岬研 B ロ ro 〃 . Varanasi: Amitabha Prakasana, n. d. 卩 97 司 . Tnpathi, R. S. H ⅳ 0 K の ta . Benares: lndian Book Shop, 1937. Tnvedi, H. V. ん“ r 甲研〃肥川川 , C 〃〃 , K 韲〃 cl 叩 / ⅲイ Ttvo Minor D ア立 . C0 甲ん“灯川川ん市川川 7 , pt. 2. New Delhi: Archaeolog1caI Survey 0 「 lndia, 1978. Trivedi, R. D. 群叩研〃肥 Pratf11ära Period ⅲ C 群市ん市ロ . New Delhi: The Director General, Archaeolog1cal Survey oflndia, 1990. Turner, J. S. , ed. 7 e D な加り′研月な . London: Macm111an. Forthconung ・ Väkpati. 77 肥 G : 月 H ⅳ 0 P 川ⅲ ″ . Shankar Pandurang Pandit, ed. Bombay: Government Central B00k Depot, 1987. van Lohuizen-de Leeuw, J. E. ん市明 & " ゆ tu ⅲ the ”″ der 日市 C0 〃“ル Zunch: AtIantis Verlag/Museum Rietberg, 1964.

3. Gods, Guardians, and Lovers: Temple Sculptures from North India A. D. 700-1200

Gods, and Gods, Guardians, and Lovers Temple Sculptures 伝 om North lndia A. D. 700 ー 1200 The early medieval age in north lndia (). D. 700 ー 1200 ) , often viewed as the period ofdecline 0 「 the earlier classical tradition, was, in fact, marked by an eftlorescence 0 「 literary, cultural, and artistic achievement. The building of magnificent temples' replete with elaborate sculptural programs symbolizing complex cosmologlcal concepts, was one Of the most significant accomplishments ofthis penod oflndian his 、 [0Ⅳ . For the first time, 100Se sculptures 佇 0n1 north lndian medieval temples are examined Within their architectural, religlous, philosophical, and historical context. This approach is intended tO serve as a basis for more comprehensive study Of a subject that previously has received scant scholarly attention. This publication accompames a seminal exhibition at Asia society Galleries, New York, and The Nelson-Atkins Museum 0f Art, Kansas City, Missour1, which brings together north lndian sculptures 佇 om public and pnvate collections in the United States' lndia, England, and Europe. Vishakha N. Desai is the Director of The Asia Society Galleries, New York. Prior to assuming her current positlon in 1990 , Dr. Desai was at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, where she se ハ ted as the assistant curator Of the lfidian, Southeast Asian, and lSlamiC collections; coordinator 0f academic programs; and acting head of the Education Department. She has taught at Boston University and the University 0 「 Massachusetts. She received her Ph. D. 伝 om the University of Michigan. As a scholar, teacher, and student Of Asian art, Dr. Desai has received numerous awards in lndia and the United States. Among the exhibitions organized by Dr. Desai are: Life at Court: Art for lndia's Rulers, 16th ー 19 市 Centunes, and Faces: Portraits 伝 0n1 the Permanent CoIIection, both ofwhich were accompanied by m or publications. She has wntten extensively on lndian painting and has lectured nationally and internationally on lndian and Asian art. Guardians, Lovers Temple Sculptures from North lndia A. D. 700 ー 1200 Gods, Guardians, and Lovers Darielle Mason is currently a member of the staff 0 「 the Asiatic Department at the Museum 0 「 Fine Arts, Boston, where she is responsible for the lndian, lslamic, Southeast Asian, and Himalayan collections. She is a doctoral candidate at the University of Pennsylvania, completing a dissertation on north lndian temple architecture and sculpture. Recipient 0 「 numerous awards during her graduate study, she has conducted extensive field research in the states Of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. Ms. Mason has also worked at The MetropoIitan MGseum 0 「 Art, New York, and the PhiladeIphia Museum of Art. Other titles of interest Mud, Mirror and Thread ん T 川市ⅲ R 町ん市 4 Edited by Nora Fisher PIeasure Gardens of the Mind e 山 G 砒加わ G 〃 Co 〃 i 明研 ん市明 Pa ⅲ行 Pratapaditya PaI, Janice Leoshko, Stephen MarkeI Victoria & AlbertMuseum ◆ lndian Art Ser1es Company Paintings ん市 4 〃ⅲ行 the B ⅲなん MiIdred Archer For a complete catalogue of books on lndian art and culture, please wrlte to : Mapin PubIishing Pvt. Ltd. Chidambaram, Ahmedabad 380 013 lndia Jacket 〃ん立 ra 行のパ Front: Celestial Woman Undressed by a Monkey ( No. 13 ) ; The NeIson-Atkins Museum ofArt Kansas City, Missour1. Back: RoyaI CoupIe, 伝 om base molding 0 「 temple at Abaneri, Uttar Pradesh, about A. D. 800 ー 825 ど od u あミ The Asia Society Galleries Mapin 第農興す■ 00 す 00 ー 0 MRP lNCt. OPALLTAXES S 1 亠

4. Gods, Guardians, and Lovers: Temple Sculptures from North India A. D. 700-1200

Nandi, R. N. Rehgious んⅵ tu イ CuIts ⅲ〃肥 Deccan. Delhi: MotiIal Banarsidass, 1973. Nanvat1, J. M. , and M. A. Dhaky. "The Ceilings in the Temples 0 「 Gu. 」 arat. " Bulletin 研〃肥 M 川 and 乃 ctt ィ肥 G ロ〃 6 り′ , Baroda 16 ー 17. Baroda: Museum and Picture Gallery, Baroda, 1963 ー 64. The Nelson-Atkins Museum ofArt. N 明 - 月ⅲ H 渤 0 ( ) た . Kansas City, Missoun, 1959 , 1949 , 1941. Newman, Richard. 77 肥 & 0 Sculpture 研 ん市心月 Study 研〃肥 M 酊 4 ムいん市 & 0 ハ五 0 川 ca. 2 イ ( 閉ルり′ B. c コ 0 〃肥 76 C 閉 tu り′ . Cambridge, MA: Center for Conservat10n and Technical Studies, Harvard Umversity Art Museums, 1984. 0 S " ル , , 加ん ( ん甲肥血″ , Fo Panmoo, Ratan. & " ゆ tu 研 & 戸ⅱ " : sesslon, at Calcutta, 1955. lndian History Congress. Eighteenth Panikkar, K. M. "Presidential Address. ' Hill, 1959. は行旧月な . 15 vols. New York: McGraw- Palloting, Massimo, ed. 77 肥 E ァ cl 叩 6 市 a 研 University of California Press, 1988. Los Angeles County Museum ofArt and 研月灯 Co ⅲ明 . Los AngeIes and Berkeley: C 研〃肥月 el C 囲れ M 川 . ん市 Sculpture 70 7800 , レ ' 矼 2 , 月 Bombay: Märg Publications, 1986. . ed. 月川ⅲ ca 〃 Co 〃 e は 0 パ研月豆月 . Art, 1978. Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of & " ゆ tu ア 0 川〃肥 P 明 - 月豆 Co 〃“〃 . Los 月肥 S 群川 10 川 0 血な : 月 & れ研 Weatherhill, 1978. Asia Society ln assoclatlon with John Tra 市行聞イな川 . New York: The 77 肥 e 加 7 加 G 叩 & 町 County Museum ofArt, 1978. H 韲り′レな . Los AngeIes: Los AngeIes S Ⅲゆ tu 五 0 川〃肥 C 司 lec れ研 M れイ M パ . PaI, Pratapad1tya. 77 肥 Divine P 閉月朝 1989. ん市 H ⅳ 0 ワ . Oxford: BIackwelI Ltd. 0 厩 De 平 0 川 , H ⅳ 0 灯ロ川口〃イ O'Leary, B. 77 肥月豆酊な Mo 研 Pro 面ⅲ明 : 月ケ . Baroda: Mahara. 」 a SayaJirao University, 1983. PatiI, D. R. 7 加 Cultural He 加に M ロ Bharat. GwaIior: Department of Archaeology, Madhya Bharat Government, 1952. PoIIock, SheIdon. "The Theory 0 「 Practice and the Practice of Theory in lndian lntellectual History. J 囲川研〃肥月川 ca れ 〇 ne れ S 面明′ 105 ( 1985 ). 'Mimärhsä and the Problem 0 「 History in Trad1tional lndia. "山"Ⅲ叡研〃肥 月川〃〇 & ) 朝 109 ( 1989 ). Prabhäcandräcärya. Pra 励韲明矼 Edited by Jina Vi. 」 aya Muni. Ahmedabad, 1940. Prasad, R. B. P. 山ⅲな川ⅲ石ロめ , M 司 K 韲侮月 . D. 50 720 の . New DeIhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975. Progress R 0 な研〃肥月配司な Sun'ey 研 ん市 4 , No 肥Ⅲ C 耘市 ( 19057 ) 6 ). Progress R 甲 0 れ研〃肥月 0 嬢 / S " ルり , 研 ん市 a , レ梔立 e 川 C 翫 ( 1906 ー 07 ). Pun, B. N. 77 肥 H ⅳ 0 り′研〃肥 Guryara-Pratiharas. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1986 (reprint). of Calcutta, 1931 ー 36. No 灯 m ん市ロ . 2 vols. CaIcutta: University Ray, Hem Chandra. 77 肥 D 川 H ⅳ 0 り , 研 ninth session, at Patiala, 1967. Address, lndian History Congress. Twenty- lndian History. ' General President's Ray, Niharran. 」 an. "The Med1evaI Factor in Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1968 , 1985. Ⅲ ) 叩 / リ . 1914 ー 1916 ; repnnt, New Rao, Gopinatha T. A. 日 e 川な H ⅲ面 B 〃 , M ロ Pra . Delhi, 1990. CO. 性げ - P に H 卍研〃肥 G 叩 P 0 イア 0 川 Ramesh, K. V. , and S. P. Tewan. 月 1935. Muni. Santiniketan: Singhi Ja1na Pitha, Singhi Jain Series. Edited by Jina Vijaya RäJa'ekharasüri. Pra 〃襯 . V01. 1 of Kala Prakashan, 1987. Prat171ära 月れⅲん市 a. DeIhi: Agam K act ィ示 . Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1980. Rahman, Ali. 月灯イ月 ctl 催研〃肥 月れ明イ月ⅲら M 0 肥 1 ( 1991 ). Mamallapuram. "山肝れ叡研〃肥月 ca 川 ) , 研 Personified Attnbutes ofK1ngship at Rabe, MichaeI. 、、 Royal Portraits and 、 Remnants Shored Against the Ruin, Ra. 」 asthani Sculpture. '' M 巨響 12 , no. 2 (March 1959 ). Renou, Louis. 、、 The Vedic Schools and the Epigraphy. " ln & 靃 B ra 行 . 2 vols. Edited by Vishva Bandhu. Hoshiarpur: Veshvarananda Vedic . esearch lnstitute, 1950. Rocher, Ludo. 77 肥 P 町 , 月ⅳ 0 研 ん市 L ra な催 . V01. 2 , 信 s. 3. Wiesbaden: 0 [ to Harrassowitz, 1986. Rosenfield, John. 77 肥月小研ん市ロイ N 77 肥 N ロ諸れ引沁月“ ra ″Ⅷ肥 Co ⅲ明 . Boston: Museum 0 「 Fine Arts, Boston, 1966. Rowland, Benjamin. 月肥月なイ月剏ⅲ“ tu 肥 ん市 4. B " 靃〃ⅳ , Hindu, 山ⅲ . Repnnt. Harmondsworth, MiddIesex: Penguin, 1970. The RoyaI Academy ofArts. 7 加月灯研 ん市ロ and P ⅳ , 月 C 明Ⅲ旧加 ra ⅲ C ロ“研〃肥石 x / 渤ⅲ Held 酊〃肥 Ro ァ , 4 川ア月ホ . London, 1947 ー 48. Sahni, D. R. "Ahar Stone lnscnption. Ep 叩 / ん市 , v 。 1. 19 ( 1927 ー 28 ). Repnnt. New DeIhi: ArchaeoIog1cal Survey oflndla, 1983. SaIomon, Richard, and Michael 嶬行 lhs. "A Ninth-Century Umämahe'vara lmage. 月ⅲわ月豆“ 50 ( 1990 ). SankaIia, H. D. "Gurjara-Pratihära Monuments: A Study in Reg10naI and Dynast1c Distribution of North lndian Monuments. " B " 〃″研〃肥 Deccan Co 〃 6 R い 6 ロんⅵ tu 4 ( 1942 ー 43 ). Safikara. しゅ記月 77m d cl ⅲ立 Tokyo: University ofTokyo Press, 1979. Sankaranarayan, S. "Nanana Copperplates ofthe Time of KumärapäIa and AIhana. ' 石 2 ra. ん市 ca , V01. 39 , pt. 1. Reprint. New DeIhi: Archaeolog1caI Survey of lndia. Sastn, K. A. Nilakanta. 7 加 C 巨伝 . Madras: Madras University, 1955. Schopen, Gregory. "The Buddha as Owner of Property and Permanent Resident in Medieval lndian Monastenes. " InJoumal 研 ん市〃叩んァ 18 ( 1990 ). Seidel, Linda. So 5 研 G んり , : 7 Ro 川 9 “ん朝 d 研月ⅲ巳 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. 285

5. Gods, Guardians, and Lovers: Temple Sculptures from North India A. D. 700-1200

、、 Detective Archaeology: A Prelinunary Report on the Siva Temple at Kusumä." 月ⅲ研月豆月な 27 ( 1974 ). . ⅲ〃肥 N ( ) 灯ん市れ″甲いヨ F 同イ S " ル . Ph. D. Dissertation, Harvard University, 1975. 、、 A Field Report on Temples at Kusumä. " 月ⅲ研月豆月灯 29 ( 1976 ). Jain Temples in CentralIndia. " ln 月平“な 9 リⅲ月灯イ月ⅲ“ tu 尾 . Edited by U. P. Shah and M. A. Dhaky. Ahmedabad: L. D. lnstitute, 1976. "Phänäsanä in Western lndia. ”月ⅲわ町 月豆 38 ( 1976 ). 、 Construct10n and Conception: Mapdapikä Shnnes of Central lndia. " 石 a 立 イルど立 26 ( 1978 ). "The Sivaite Sürya Shnne Near Tusa. ' 山 " rn 研〃肥ん市明 & 研 One 月れ . 2d ofMoti Chandra Commemoration volumes ( 1978 ). "Altars and Shelters in lndia. " ロ a 甲 (Art and Archaeology Research Papers) 16 ( 1979 ). Juncture and Con. 」 unctlon: Punning and Temple Architecture. " 月ⅲんお月豆 41 ( 1979 ). 'Mandala and Practice in Nägara Architecture in North lndia. ' ノ囲 rn 研〃肥 月″肥 0 S “ ) ′ 99.2 ( 1979 ). "Därra and the Early Gupta Tradition. " ln Chhavi 〃 , Rai Krishna D ロ 羸朝″新ん川巳 Edited by Anand Knshna. Banaras: Bharat Kala Bhavan, 1981. 'Display as Structure and Revelation: On Seeing the Shiva Exhibition. " Studies ⅲ レ 7 Co 川″Ⅲⅲ ca れ 7 , no. 4 ( 1981 ). 、 Munde<van: Ambiguity and Certamty in the Analysis 0 「 a Temple Plan. ln K 口に加 . 月川 e 灯朝〃 Studies ⅲ〃肥月な研 ん市ロ . Edited by Joanna G. Williams. New DeIhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. , 1981. 、、 Analysis of Temple Plans: lndor. 月ⅲわ月豆 43 ( 1982 ). "Bithü:Individuality and ldiom. " 月パ 0 れな 13 ( 1982 ). 、 Geometry and Measure in lndian TempIe PIans: Rectangular Temples. '' 月ⅲんパ月豆“ 44 ( 1983 ). 、、 The Udaye'vara TempIe PIan. " ln S ⅲⅱ , 呼ⅳ侭ⅲん市月司 / , 月灯 and C tu 尾 . Shri K. R. Snnivasan Festschrift. Madras: New Era PubIications, 1983. 、。、Ⅶ ' s Fo ホ in CentralIndia: Temples in Daksina Ko'ala and Their Dæmonic' Plans. '' ln 1 ) な CO パ 0 〃、れ , ロ . 284 Edited by MichaeI 嶬 Meister. Philadelphia: University 0 「 Pennsylvania Press, 1984. 、 Histonography of Temples on the Chandrabhägä, Reconsidered. '' ln ん市 石 ra 可り , , な Bearing 〃肥日ⅳ 0 り , 月灯 . Edited by G. S. Gai and Frederick S. Asher. New DeIhi: Oxford & IBH Pubhshing Co. , 1985. 、 Measurement and Proport10n in Hmdu TempIe Architecture. ん卍な叩 ta & 1 化 R 10 ( 1985 ). 'Symbol and Surface: Masonic and Pillared Wall-Structures in North lndla. ' 月ⅲパ月豆 46 ( 1985 ). "The Hero as Yog1n: A Virastambha 伝 om Chittor. '' ln Di 川群ⅳ 0 ん市ロ〃月灯 . Edited by Lokesh Chandra andJyoundra Jain. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan, 1986. 'On the DeveIopment 0 「 a Mo 甲 h010 for a Symb01ic Arch1tecture: lndia. " Res, 月〃 ro 四嬢ア and 月いⅲ 12 ( 1986 ). Reg10nal Vanations in 行作た巨 Conventions. " 月ⅲわ月豆 47 ( 1986 ). "Temple: Hindu Temples. " ln 77 肥 E れげ cl 叩研 Religion, vol. 14. Edi ted by Mircea Eliade. New York: MacmiIIan Pubhshing Co. , 1987. 、 Präsäda as Palace: Kütina Ong1ns 0 「 the Nägara Temple. " 月ⅲわ月豆 49 , no. 314 ( 1988 ー 89 ). 'Readmg Monuments and Seeing Texts. ' ln Sa 立 Tra 市ⅲん市月小 . 2 vols. Edited by A. Dall 叩 iccola. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1989. "Temples , Tirthas, and Pilgnmage : The Case of Osiäfi. ” ln R 酊 - C れイ ri た Edited by D. Handa and A. Agrawal. New DeIhi: Harman Publishing House, 1989. 'De- and Re-constructing the lndian Temple. " 月灯 " rn 49 ( 1990 ). . ed. 月〃 K. Co 明 tara Ⅷ川ア : ⅲ石ロ町ん市明月剏ⅲ町巳 Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992. "Seeing and Knowing: Semi010gy, Sermotics, and the Art oflndia. ' Proceedings of the 15th Annual C0110qui0, Mexico: lnstituto de lnvestigaclones Estet1cas. ForthC01111ng. Meister, Michael 从を , M. A. Dhaky, and Krishna Deva, eds. 石肝 ) ′ cl 叩市ロ加市 行川ん月ⅲ“ tu 尾 . 2 vols. Pnnceton: Pnnceton University Press, 1988 ; New Delhi: Amencan lnstitute oflndian Studies [AIIS] and Oxford University Press, 1991. 'Messrs. Luzac's CoIIection 0 「 lndian Sculpture. " R 叩ロ川 1 1 卩 922 ]. Mirashi, V. V. ん“叩朝可〃肥 んロ信 cl Ⅲル C 市石 ra. C ( ) 甲ん“叩行の川川 ん市 ca 川川 4 , pt. 1. Ootacamund: Department ofArchaeology,India, 1955. 、、 Gwalior Museum Stone lnscnptlon 0 「 Patafiga'ambhu. ' 玉Ⅲ川〃肥 M ロ Pradesh ltihas 示ん記 4 ( 1962 ). "Three Ancient and Famous Temples ofthe Sun. " Puräva 8 ( 1966 ). Mishra, Ram Swaroop. & ィいれロ 0 月廚 C0 甲邯ん立叩行の川川ん市 ca 川川 , レ ' 矼ー〃 7888 , ん“叩〃肥石 a め , G 叩 Kings イ 77 肥耘 S C550 . ・ V ・ aranasi: Benares Hindu University, 1971. Mishra, S. M. Y 叩韲川研 K Ⅲ 1 Ⅲリ . Delhi: Abhinav, 1977. Misra, Krsna. Pra 渤聞イ ro 研 KrsnamKra. Sansknt text with English translation by S. K. Nambiar. Delhi: M0tilal Banarsidass, 1971. Misra, R. N. & " ゆ tu 伀研ロ and Dakshina Ko 信イ 7 加耘 B ro Ⅲ畆 Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan, 1987. Mitra, Debala. B ″靃わⅳ M Ⅲれな . Calcutta: Sahitya Sansad, 1971. Mitra, S. K. 7 加石ロ町 R リんパ研 K / 町 0. 2d ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1977. MittaI, A. C. 77 肥ん“叩〃肥ん甲 川川 ( 800 月 . D. 卩 20 月 . D. ). Ahmedabad: L. D. lnstitute, Senes 73 , 1979. Mitter, Partha. ん M 肥イ M 立げ立 H ⅳ 0 研 E 町叩 6 R ⅲ明ロ 0 ん市 4 〃月な . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977. Mookerjee, Ajit. R ″ " 月な研ん市ロ . London: Thames and Hudson, 1985. MosteIIer, John F. "Texts and Craftsmen at Work. " Making 刊ⅲⅲ S 側月豆心 Pro ⅲ研〃肥 South 月朝ロ & 川ⅲ明 CJ ⅲ研 P 閉アんの血 . Edited by Michael W. Meister. Philadelphia: Department of South Asia Reg10nal Studies, 1988. Mukhia, H. "Was There FeudaIism in lndian History?" 77 肥ノ側 rn 研ロ & 沁 8 , no. 3 ( 1981 ). Munshi, K. M. & 川明第 , 〃肥 S ん市肥石″ la れ Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1976. Museum 0 「 Fine ArtS, Boston. 月朝ロ行 ( 月れ一れ 〃肥イ覊Ⅲれ研 F ⅲに月小 , BO 立 0 ″ . Boston, 1982. & んは M 甲研月豆明月な 789 7990 , M 川 ofFine 月小 , B 再 1. Tokyo: Nihon Hoso Shuppan Kyokai, 1991.

6. Gods, Guardians, and Lovers: Temple Sculptures from North India A. D. 700-1200

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1 1 . 12. 13. 1 14 Stephen 嶬を Hawk1ng, 月 B 月イ日ⅳ 0 げ研 石川にア 0 川〃肥 Big B H0 伝 (New York: Bantam Books, 1988 ) , glossary. Stella Kramnsch, 77 肥 Hindu れ川 p , 2 vols. (Calcutta : Calcutta Universi Ⅳ Press, 1946 ). SteIIa Kramnsch, 7 e P 尾覊〃化研 & Ⅷ (Pnnceton: Pnnceton University Press, 1981 ) , p. 7. Rg 10.129. I thank George Hart for the use of his personal, unpublished translatlon. SteIIa Kramnsch, 77 肥 P 閉化研 & , pp. 1 ー 2 , states "Creation IS an act ofviolence that infnnges on the Uncreate, the undifferentiated wholeness that is before the begmning of things. ' See also, idem, "The Four-Cornered Citadel ofthe Gods,"Joumal 研月川ど明 0 記 Society, V01. 75 ( 1955 ) , pp. 18487. The B 4 な 4 ⅲ of Varähamihira, circa sixth century A. D. , prescnbes a gnd of sixty-four squares for temple buildi ng and 2 gnd 0f eighty-one squares for houses, palaces , and city planm ng. Later texts 2 Ⅱ ow a vanety of gnds for both purposes. Michael 嶬 '. Meister, "Mandala and practlce in Nägara Architecture in North lndla,' 上 " 川研〃肥月川 e 0 厩 & 呼 , vol. 99.2 ( 1979 ) , pp. 204 ー 19. Michael 嶬を Meister, "TempIe: Hindu Temples," in 7 e 石れ cl 叩市 4 可 Rel , ed. Mircea Eliade, vol. 14 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. , 1987 ) , pp. 368 ー 73 ; No ん市 4 , F 硼れ研 No 灯ん ん市 S ( 石れ cl 叩 e 市 4 研ん市川 月 ctt 催 , V01. 2 , pt. 1 ) , Michael W. Meister, M. A. Dhaky, and Knshna Deva, eds. (Pnnceton: Pnnceton University Press, 1988 ). Varähamihira, B ロな 4 ⅲ帰 H. Kern, trans. 町れ研 6 R 記月朝ロ S0 , vols. 4 ー 7 ( 1869 ー 74 ) , appendlces; idem, V. Subrahmanya Sastri and M. Ramaknshna Bhat, trans. (Bangalore: V. B. Soobbiah, 1947 ) ; AJay Mitra Shastri, ん市 4 & 6 れⅲに B ロな口ⅲ研 川 ira (Delhi: M0tilal Banarsidass, 1969 ). This formless entlty is no い 0 be confused with the personified dlumty ofthe later Hindu tnmty known as Brahmä. SteIIa Kramnsch, 7 P 肥覊れ化研 & Ⅷ , passlm. Diana L. Eck, Dar'an, Seeing 〃肥 D 加 e ⅲん市ロ , 2d rev. ed. (Chambersburg, PA: Anima Books, 1985 ). Stella Kramnsch, 77 肥 Hindu 群叩 Michael 、 W ・ . Meister, "Munde'vari: Ambiguity and Certainty in the Analysis 0 「 a Temple Plan," in Ka 信 , 月川 6 明 Studies ⅲ〃肥月灯研ん市ロ , Joanna G. WiIIiams, ed. (New DeIhi: Oxford & IBH PubIishing Co. , 1981 ) , pp. 77 ー 90 ; 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. idem, "Analysis of Temple Plans: lndor, 月ⅲわ町月 , V01. 43 ( 1982 ) , pp. 302 ー 20. Michael '. Meister, 、 'Siva's Forts in CentraI lndia: Temples in Dak}ina K0'ala and Their 、 lhmonic' Plans, ” in D ⅳパ 0 れ & Ⅷ , ed. Michael 嶬を Meister (Philadelphia: University 0 「 Pennsylvania Press, 1984 ) , pp. 1 19 ー 43 ; idem, "Readmg Monuments and Seeing Texts, ” in S 汀立 Tra 市行 0 ⅲ加市ロれ月小 , A. DaIIapiccola, ed. (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2 vols., 1989 ) , V01. 1 , pp. 167 ー 73 ; V01. 2 , pp. 94 ー 108 , pls. 81 ー 88 ; idem, "Analysis of Temple Plans: lndor' ・ idem, "The Udaye'vara Temple Plan," ln & i ⅲ , P 平侭ⅲん市ロれ月ア , 月れイ Culture, Shri K. R. Snmvasan Festschrift (Madras: New Era Publications, 1983 ) , pp. 85 ー 93. See, for example, T. N. Madan, ed. , Religion ⅲん市 4 (New Delhi: Oxford Umversity Press, 1991 ). MichaelW. Meister, "bv'leasurement and Proportion in Hindu Temple Architecture," ん卍ⅳ甲〃加ワ & i 化 Reviews, vol. 10 ( 1985 ) , pp. 248 ー 58. Michael 嶬を Meister, "Seeing and Knowmg: Sem1010gy, Sem10tics, and the Art oflndia," Proceedings ofthe XV Annual Colloquio, Mexico: lnstituto de lnvestlgaclones Estet1cas ()n press). Michael 嶬仁 Meister, "De- and Re-constructing the lndian Temple," 月灯 山 " rn 乢 V01. 49 ( 1990 ) , pp. 395-400. Michael 、仁 Meister, "Construction and Concepuon: Mävdapikä Shrmes 0f Central lndia," 石ロ立 and ルに鷂 New Series, V01. 26 ( 1978 ) , pp. 409 ー 18. Michael 嶬を Meister, 、、 Phä1hsanä ln Western lndla, ”月れ面バ月豆 , vol. 38 ( 1976 ) , pp. 167 ー 88. ・ idem, Meister, "Phärhsanä.. 'Geometry and Measure in lndlan TempIe Plans: Rectangular Temples," 月ⅲわ月豆配 , V01. 44 ( 1983 ) , pp. 266 ー 96. For early wooden forms, see 月れ K. C00 川口 ras Ⅲのれ“於ⅲ Earl)' ん市ロれ 月″“ル肥 , Michael ・ W. Meister, ed. (DeIhi: Oxford University Press, 1992 ). Latina refers to the mo 甲 h010 0f verucal bands ( 扉示 ) makl ng up the temple tO ℃ r ; れな (gara refers, instead, tO north lndia's curvilinear Ⅳ P010 , whether 、 Mith a single tower or not. For further informatlon, see MichaelW. Meister, 、、 On the Development 0 「 a Mo 甲 h010 for a Symbolic Architecture: lndia," Res, 月〃〃Ⅳ叩アイ月 6 ⅵ , vol. 12 ( 1986 ) , pp. 33 ー 50. Michael 嶬を Meister, 、、 Detect1ve Archaeology: A Preliminary Report on the Siva Temple at Kusumä," 月れ 月豆月れ , vol. 27 ( 1974 ) , pp. 76 ー 91 ; idem, "A Field Report on Temples at Kusumä. " 月ⅳ侭研月豆月な , V01. 29 ( 1976 ) , 23 ー 46.

7. Gods, Guardians, and Lovers: Temple Sculptures from North India A. D. 700-1200

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. Michael 嶬を Meister, Jain Temples in Central lndla," in 月平“な 9 リ月なイ 月は町ら ed. U. P. Shah and M. A. Dhaky (Ahmedabad: L. D. lnstitute, 1976 ) , pp. 223 ー 41. I here choose to avoid the term 川レ . The word れ畩ロ ra in th1S penod seems to have referred to the muluspired 立韲 i 応 rm. Meister, "Phärhsanä in Western lndia. For example, see Michael 嶬を Meister, 'Histonography ofTemples on the Chandrabhägä, Reconsidered," in ん市 石叩んア , な B ⅲ 6 H ⅳ 0 研月れ , G. S. Ga1 and Frederick S. Asher, eds. (New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. , 1985 ) , pp. 121 ー 24. Michael W. Meister, "Präsäda as Palace: Kütina Ongms of the Nägara Temple, 月市ら月豆 , vol. 49 ( 1989 ) , pp. 25480. See also, idem "Siva's Forts in Central lndia"; idem, "On the Development ofa Mo 甲 h010 for a Symbolic Architecture. Knshna Deva, "Bhümija Temples," in & 祠沁ⅲん市 TempIe 月″“ tu 肥 , ed. Pramod Chandra (DeIh1: Amencan lnstltute oflndian Studies, 1975 ) , pp. 9g113. SteIIa Kramrisch, M 明立 4 研 S Ⅷ (Philadelphia : PhiIadeIphia M useum of Art, 1981 ) , provides the rich religous and mythic setung for Saiva sculpture. See also MichaeIW. Meister, "Display as Structure and Revelation: On Seeing the Shiva Exhibition, ” S 市ⅲ防 C 明ⅧⅢ 4 れ , vol. 7.4 ( 1981 ) , pp. 84 ー 89. Oleg Grabar, 月肥 M ど市ロ朝れ研 Om 明肥 (Princeton: Pnnceton Un1versity press) ()n press). StelIa Kramnsch, "The Temple as Purusa," in S ルイ沁ⅲん市 TI 明甲 月″“ tu 肥 , pp. 40 ー 46. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy , Ya 越 , 2 vols. (Washington, D. C. : Sm1thsoman lnstitution Press, 1928 ) , p. 31. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, "An lndian Temple: The Kandanyä Mahadeo" and Svayamätrnvä: Janua Coeli," in Tra 市れ月灯イ町川川 , C00 川韲ルロ川ァ , な & [ P 叩にパ , Roger Lipsey, ed. (Pnnceton: Pnnceton Umversity Press, 1977 ) , pp. 3 ー 10 , 465 ー 520. Dhaky, "Präsäda as Cosmos," 77 肥月韲 石わ ra げ Bulletin, vol. 35 ( 1971 ) , pp. 215 ー 17. These moldings are called the " 市厖〃渤心 or the "bindmg" ofthe "altar" ( 市 ) ; see Meister, "Readmg Monuments and Seeing Texts. Michael 嶬′ . Meister, "Symbol and Surface: Masonic and PiIlared Wall-Structures in North lndia, ”月れ面バ 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 月朝 , V01. 46 ( 1985 ) , pp. 129 ー 48. My par 叩 hrase 伝 om Dhaky, "Präsäda as Cosmos,' p. 220. For the development ofthis doorway imagery in the early Gupta penod, see Michael 嶬を Meister, "Därra and the Early Gupta Tradit10n," in Chhavi 乢 Rai Krishna D ロん羸〃ん川 6 , Anand Knshna, ed. (Banaras: Bharat KaIa Bhavan, 1981 ) , pp. 192 ー 205. For the concept 0f "meditational constructs" see T. S. Maxwell, "Nänd, parel, Kalyänpur ・ Saiva lmages as Med1tational Constructs, ” in D な ( 0 パ 0 〃 & Ⅷ , pp. 62 ー 81. For "limnality" in a different religlous context, see Linda Seidel, S 研 G ん : 77 肥 Ro 川Ⅲ肥 んイ研月ⅲ e (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981 ). ThiS sect10n, ln part, is based on a presentation for the "Pafica—mahäbhüta' Semmar held at the lndira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi 1992. MichaeI 嶬を Meister, "The Hindu Temple: Axis and Access," in C 明 ( な研 韲ら月〃厩明イ Mo 川 , Kapila Vatsyayan, ed. (New Delhi: lndira Gandh1 National Centre for the Arts & Abhinav Publications), pp. 269 ー 80. Meister, '&leasurement and propo 10n idem, "Symbol and Surface. ' Michael 嶬を Meister, "The Hero as Yog1n: A Virastambha 伝 om Chittor," ln D ⅲ旧ババ研ん市月な , Lokesh Chandra and Jyotindra Jain, eds. (Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan, 1986 ) , pp. 283 ー 86. Michael 嶬仁 Meister, "Temples, Tirthas, and Pilgnmage: The Case of Osiäfi, in R 酊 - C れ市 D. Handa & A. Agrawal , eds. (New Delhi : Harman Publishing House, 1989 ) , pp. 275 ー 82. See Joanna G. Wilhams, "Siva and the Cult ofJagannätha: に 0n0 部叩 hy and Ambiguity, ' in D ⅳパ & Ⅷ , pp. 298 ー 311. Meister, "On the DeveIopment 0 「 a Mo 甲 h010 for a Symbolic Architecture"; idem, "Altars and Shelters in lndia," ロロ甲 (Art and Archaeology Research Papers), vol. 16 ( 1979 ) , p. 39. Meister, "Mupde'vari: Ambiguity and Certainty. Richard Lannoy, 7 方に S i 行 : 月 & " 研ん市 CuIture and So (London: Oxford University Press, 1971 ). Roger Eliot Fry, "lndian Art," in I 立 レ ctl 催 5 (Cambndge: Cambndge University Press, 1939 ). 115

8. Gods, Guardians, and Lovers: Temple Sculptures from North India A. D. 700-1200

Varäham1hira. B 襯ⅲ雇 Translated by H. Kern. " 川〃肥 Ro ) 司月豆 a Society 4 ー 7 ( 1869 ー 74 ). B 酊ⅲん雇 Translated by Subrahmanya Sastn and M. Ramaknshna Bhat. Bangalore: V. B. Soobbiah, 1947. Vätsyayäna. K 巨川ⅲ ra. Translated by S. C. Upadhyaya. Bombay, 1963. VaudeviIIe, Charlotte, tr. しん voca 朝Ⅲレ H ロ可ん D 〃戸行Ⅷ . Pans: PubIicat10ns de I'EcoIe Francaise d'Extreme Orient, vol. 73 , 1969. Viennot, Odette. 川い / ' ん施市記 e et 0 施ロ . 石 tu 立 ) ′行引市 ro 加 / 尾信ⅲ℃面レ川市面 Xe 豆磊 2 vols. P ″だ E ( 0 Francaise 卍石 x 川← 0 灯閉ら M 群加 i 月 60 ん・ Pans: Adnen Maison-nueve, 1976. von Steitencron, Heinnch. "Orthodox Attitudes Towards Temple Service and lmage Worship in Ancient lndia. " C 閉作 月豆酊な J 川 21 ( 1971 ). Washburn, Gordon BaiIey. "The John D. Rockefeller III Onental Collections, 月 R 石肥 69 , no. 5 卩 970 ]. Wiesberg, Gabnel P. , and H. 、 W -. Janson. Tra 市行 0 ロ〃イ Re ⅵ豆のバ : 7 に川ア 0 川〃肥 H ⅳ 0 ヮ研 & " ゆ tu 尾 . Cleveland: The Cleveland Museum 0 「 A 叫 1975. WiIIiams, Joanna G. "The Sculpture of Mandasor. " 月れ研月豆月灯 26. New York: The Asia Society, 1972 ー 73. 月肥月な研 G 叩ん市心叩流 and Pro ⅵれ化 . Pnnceton, NJ ・ Pnnceton Umversity Press, 1982. "Vakataka Art and the Gupta Mainstream. “明 G 叩 C " 伽 . Edited by Bardwell L. Sm1th. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1983. "Siva and the Cult ofJagannätha: lconography and Ambiguity. ' ln D 側パ侭 & Ⅷ . Edited by MichaeI 嶬 Meister. PhiIadelphia: University ofPennsylvania Press, 1984. Willis, Michael. "Eighth-Century Mihräb in Gwalior. " 月ⅲんバ月朝配 46 ( 1985 ). lntroduction tO the Historical Geography 0 「 Gopaksetra, Da'ärna and Je. 」äkade'a. " B " 〃ⅲ研〃肥 School 研 0 ″ 明イ 4 ca ” Studies 51 ( 1988 ). 、Ⅳ・ inter, lrene. "Change in the Amencan Art Museum: The Art Histonan's Voice. ln Diffrent レ : 月 SociaI, Cultural, and 日ⅳ 0 Fra ”肥Ⅲ 0 r C 6 ⅲ〃肥 月川 e 月なん覊Ⅲル Edited by Marcia Tucker. New York: Associat10n ofArt Museum Directors, 1992. Yadava, B. N. S. So り , イ Culture ⅲ No 肥 rn ん市 4 ⅲ〃肥 T Ⅲ 4 ″〃 C tu り ,. AIIahabad: Central Book Depot, 1973. Young, Mahorni Sharp. "Treasures 0 「 the Onent: A Rockefeller Collection. " 月四〃 0 , New Senes, 92 , no. 105 ( 1970 ). Zannas, Eliki.Journal 研〃肥 U な韲 Pradesh H ⅳ 0 S “肥り′ , New Senes, 18 , nos. 1 and 2. K / 町 0. The Hague: Mouton and Co. , 1960. Zimmer, Heinnch 月肥月なん市月朝ロ : な M ) 四アイ Tra れ rma ″ . 2 vols. Edited by Joseph Campbell. Bollington Series 39. Princeton,NJ ・ Pnnceton University press, 1968 卩 95 司 . 287

9. Gods, Guardians, and Lovers: Temple Sculptures from North India A. D. 700-1200

36. 37. 38. 39. 41. 42. 43. Their Doctnnal and Sectanan Background, Patronage and SpatiaI Distribution," Ph. D. Dissertation, Centre for Histoncal Studies, JawaharIaI Nehru University, New DeIhi, 1990. See D. N. Jha, "State and Economy ln EarIy MedievaI Himalayan K1ngdom 0 「 Chamba," (paper presented atthe 52d sesslon 0 「 the lndian History Congress). V. V. Mirashi, ん立朝研〃 K ロ信 cl Ⅲ示 C 市 Era ( C ( ) 甲ん立行凹Ⅲ〃 ん市 ca Ⅲ川 , V01. 4 , pt. 1 ) (Ootacamund: Department ofArchaeoIogy, lndia, 1955 ) , CLI. DebaIa Mitra, B “靃んⅳ M ( リⅢ川閉な (Calcutta: Sahitya Sansad, 1971 ) , pp. 85 ー 89 , 225 ー 32 , 24 ( ト 46. One must keep ⅲ mind the 信 c い h although by now Buddhism had lost its dominance and its distinct identity, ma. 」 or Buddhist centers like N 引 an 市 , Vikrama'iIä, Somapura Vihära, Ratnag1n, and Mainamati, of which reveal massive structural and sculptural activltles, continued to exist untilthe close ofthe early medieval penod. The shnne ( Ⅷ ofAravyaväsini, the 。、 forest deity, was established at Aravyaküpag1n; R. R. Halder, 、 'Samoli lnscnption of the Time of Siladitya; [Vikrama-Samvat] 703 , ' ' E 巨叩 / ん市朝 , V01. 20 ( 1929 ー 30 ) , Repnnt (New Delhi: Archae010g1cal Survey oflndia, 1983 ) , pp. 97 ー 99. F. Kielhorn, 、、 KhaIimpur Plate 0 「 Dharm 叩äladeva,' E 叩 / ん市 ca , vol. 4. ( 1896 ー 97 ) , Reprint (New Delhi: Archaeolog1cal Survey oflndia, 1979 ) , pp. 243 ー 54. SimiIarIy, when Dharmapäla, PäIa ruler 0 「 eastern lndia ⅲ the late eighth t0 early ninth century, was making a grant 0f villages for a deity, a small temple shnne ( Ⅷ kt 市たの for Goddess Kädambari—probably a 10Ca1 goddess absorbed intO an ever—expanding BrähmaVIC pantheon—was mentioned as a boundary mark 0 「 one 0 「 the villages. F. K1eIhorn, 、、 Siyadoni Stone lnscnptlon," 石巨叩ん信ん市 ca , vol. 1 Reprmt (New Delhi: ArchaeoIogncaI Survey oflndia), pp. 126 ー 79. The evidence Of this inscnption has been analyzed in some detail in B. D. Chattopadhyaya, 、、 Trade and Urban Centers in EarIy Medieval North lndia,' 7 加ん市 Historical R Ⅲ , vol. 1 , no. 2 ( 1974 ) , pp. 203 ー 19. Devendra Handa, op. C1t. , pp. 14 ー 17 , 52 ー 55. A. Eschmann, H. Kulke and G. C. Tnpathi, 7 加 CuIt 9 リ川第んイ〃 R ( ) 〃行ⅲ ( 川〇 ns (DeIhi: Manohar PubIications, 1978 ). According tO the cult 0 「 Purusottama—Jagannätha 0 「 Onssa, the deity became the ruler ofthe reg10n and the monarch his representatlve. 44. 45. 46. 47. For a recent study Of the relationship between the Guhilas, the Lakuli<a Pä<upatas and the shnne of Ekalifiga, see Nandini Sinha, 、、 Guhila Lineages and the Emergence of State in Early Medieval Mewar," M. Phil. Dissertation, Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1988. V. V. Mirashi, op. C1t. , pp. 2 ( ) 4 ー 24. D. C. Sircar, 、 'Stray Plates 佇 om Nanana, 石叩 / ⅲん市 ca , vol. 33 , pp. 238 ー 46 ; S. Sankaranarayan, 、、 Nanana Copperplates 0 「 the Time 0 「 Kum 計叩引 a and AIhana,' 石 ra ⅲん市 , V01. 39 , pt. 1 , pp. 17-26. For detailed analysis 0 「 the Nanana plates 丘 om this perspective, see B. D. Chattopadhyaya, 月平“な ofRural S Ⅲ lel 怩〃なイ RuraI & ⅵアⅲ E ロ町 Me 市 6 Ⅷ / ん市 a , chapter 3. 47

10. Gods, Guardians, and Lovers: Temple Sculptures from North India A. D. 700-1200

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. century. ( ん市月〃 is hereafter cited as Prabhäcandräcärya, Pra 励黻韲ロⅲ 4 , Jina Vijaya Muni, ed. (Ahmedabad, 1940 ) , p. 94 (verses 139 ー 40 ) and RäJa'ekharasün, Pra れ渤黻 0 金 , Jina V リ aya Muni, ed. (Sant1niketan, 1935 ) , pp. 28 ー 29. , V01. 19 ( 1890 ) , pp. 55 ー 62. This record is dated Mälava year 795 い . D. 738 ー 39 ). The complexity of calendars and eras in lndla Often excludes exact Gregonan equivalents even when the day and month are recorded in the inscnption. For the present purpose, equivalents have been approxnnately calculated and thus typically span tWO Gregonan years. cases, however, there iS suff1Cient informatlon about the procedure used tO record a date tO enable prov1S10n Ofan exact equivalent. For an lntroductlon tO lndlan calendars, see A. Basham, 月肥ル明 r ~ ルん市ロ (London: Fontana, 1971 ) , Append1x III. - ロルロ . K ロ〃バレ 4 〃 as " ・ Kanswa, Survey oflndia Map 45 D. 16.5. Elaborate synonyms being typical of these epigraphs, the temple is also described as a 川市 ra 0f DhürJaCi. Munshi Dev1prasäd [and F. Keilhorn], "Gha!ayälä lnscnptlon ofthe Pratihära Kakkuka of[Vikrama] Sariwat 918 , " J 川 〃肥 R の司月豆 4 So ( 1895 ) , pp. 513 ー 21. As evidenced by Bäuka, EI, V01. 18 ( 1925 ー 26 ) , pp. 87 ー 99 , also discussed below. progress R 甲 0 な研〃肥月司な S " ル研 ん市ロ , ル rn C ル市 ( 1906 ー 07 ) , pp. 34 ー 35. EI, vol. 12 ( 1913 ー 14 ) , pp. 10 ー 17. The lnscnption likely dates t0 the tenth century. 石ム vol. 3 ( 1894 ー 95 ) , pp. 263 ー 67. The lnscnptlon 、 vas found in the ruins Of a temple called Nilakantha Mahädeva in Päranagar, south 0f RaJ0r; it is dated Vikrama year 1016 (). D. 960 ). The Karmdafid inscnpfion of Gupta year 117 (). D. 436 ー 37 ) records the setting up 0 「 a ″ a by Prthivisena and then nammg it Prthivi'vara. Ram Swaroop Mishra, S " let れ閉ロ 0 F 廚 CO 甲町ん“朝川ィ川 ん市 ca 川川 , レ ' 矼 1 〃 7888 , ん“叩研〃肥 E ロ G 叩 Kings イ肥耘 & 矼パ ()/ ・ aranasi: Benares Hindu UmverS1ty, 1971 ) , number 19. K. A. NiIakanta Sastri, 77 肥 C 可 (Madras: Madras University, 1955 ) ; A. S. Altekar, 肥 R ra 明イ 77 肥耘石川 (Poona: Onental Senes, 1934 ) ; R. S. Tnpathi, H ⅳ 0 り , 研 K リ (Benares: lndian B00k Shop, 1937 ). Burton stein, pe のれ S ロ〃イ SOCie り , ⅲ M 司 S ん市ロ (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980 ). Ronald lnden, ⅲⅲ g ん市ロ (Oxford: BasiI BIackwell, 1990 ). Nicholas B. Dirks, 77 肥 H0 〃 0 Ⅲ Crown: 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. E 〃Ⅲ劯ⅳ 0 り′明ん市 K ⅲ面川 (Cambndge: Harvard Umversity Press, 1988 ). 石ム V01. 9 ( 1907 ー 08 ) , pp. 248 ー 56. レを IO 〃川 cara 〃ロ立ⅵた ra 川口たれ e 〃 立ロ川励放ルレレ叩材 ⅵ 10 ⅲⅵ″可〃叩ⅲ市ロ叩Ⅷな〃Ⅷ prod 渤な / ⅲⅲ励ⅵな汀 ra - / ) , 励川ⅲ司 0 けロ 前 ['ci] ) 'at に 立ロ川励血靃〃信川の , ra 旒信 / 川可汀信 kirttipradall// R. D. Trivedi, 川研〃肥 Pra 川 Pertod ⅲ C 群市ん市ロ (Delhi: Archaeological Survey oflndia, 1990 ) , plates 131 ー 32. 石ム V01. 32 ( 1957 ー 58 ) , pp. 112 ー 17. Cälukya pnnces are likewise found, but they are unrelated t0 the Cälukyas 0f Vätäpi; see 石ム V01. 9 ( 1907 ー 08 ) , pp. 1 ー 10. 石ム V01. 9 ( 1907 ー 08 ) , pp. 198 ー 200. M. A. Dhaky, "The Genesis and Development 0f Märu-Gurjara Temple Architecture,' ln & " 市ⅲん市Ⅲ 1 川 2 月″“ tu 肥 , Pramod Chandra, ed. (New Delhi: Amencan lnstitute oflndian Studies, 1975 ) , plates 63 ー 64. , V01. 10 ( 1881 ) , pp. 34 ー 36. The mscnptlon is damaged and consequently all details Of this foundation are not clear. EI, vol. 36 ( 1965 ー 66 ) , p 32. lllustrated in Donald M. Stadtner, "The Safikaragava Panel in the S ägar University Art Museum," in 加市明 E 叩 / げ : Bearing 〃肥 H ⅳ 0 ヮ月な , F. M. Asher and G. S. Ga1, eds. (New Delhi: Amencan lnstitute ofAsian Stud1es), pp. 165 ー 68 ; also in Stadtner, "Nand Chand and a Central lndlan Reg10nal Style," 月れ面パ月豆 , V01. 43 ( 1981 ー 82 ) , fig. 6. This inscnptlon, datable to the early tenth century and probably critical for late Pratihära and early Candella history, has not been published. 石ム V01. 1 ( 1889 ー 92 ) , pp. 154 ー 62. One lnscnptlon IS over the lintel, the second on the wall ofthe cella. 石ム V01. 20 ( 1929 ー 30 ) , pp. 37 ー 46 ; the temple has no い urvived. Buddhist foundations were not unusual in the eighth century as shown by an inscnption 伝 om Shergarh (District K0tah), , V01. 14 ( 1885 ) , pp. 45 ー 48. 石ム V01. 9 ( 1907 ー 08 ) , pp. 1 ー 10. The Una plates are dated Valabhi year 574 and [Vikrama or 、 k 司 year 956. , V01. 12 ( 1883 ) , pp. 19 ( レ 95. R1chard Salomon and Michael WiIIis, 、、 A Ninth-Century Umämahe'vara lmage, 月ⅲわ町月豆 , V01. 50 ( 1990 ) , pp. 148-55. EI, V01. 4 ( 1895 ー 97 ) , pp. 29 ー 32. EI, vol. 36 ( 1965-66 ) , pp. 52 ー 53 ; EI, V01. 10 ( 1927 ー 28 ) , pp. 52 イ 2 ; EI, V01. 14 ( 1917 ー 18 ) , pp. 176 ー 88 ; 石ム vol. 1 63