and Legend The C わ 4 〃 kings 肥わ 0 0 e 尾イ the わⅵ / 市〃 g ツ、 K わ可″ ra わ o's 襯鰓〃 ce 厩〃 / es left 〃 0 尾 co ホ可 e か / 〃と 4 〃イⅲ〃い 0 可 e な 尾 0 〃 s 、ルわⅵ / 市〃 g e 〃 / e & アり , theories 4 わ 0 ″乙 e な襯 4 / or カ尾 OCC ″カ召〃 0 〃 s 襯″ e だツし尾 be イ ra 肥〃尹 0 襯 e か sculptural 7 ん s frieze 尹 0 襯 the so ″ー肥 4 / / 可 4 愿ん〃 4 〃花〃 / e わ 4 c んツ / 〃ツ、 the C わ召〃イ ela c / 4 〃 being e 〃 4 / 〃 e イの , so / 市 e ″わ〃 7 ″豆 ca / / 〃 77 ィ〃肥〃な . 7 カ 4 / - he な 4 な e 〃イ e イ り肥 0 〃肥〃訪 0 肥 s ん〃 7 のツ、わわ ra 〃た . 15

丘 7 カ e / 0 肥 e だわ 4 〃イ the 〃 0 わ 4 〃 の the 尾の・ツ、 / 4 愿ん na 〃花〃 / e な / 〃 0 席 4 〃乙、 / ・ the 、 / ig 〃尾ツ、 4 0 〃 74 〃 カ〃〃 / 〃 g 0 4 0 川尹 0 襯わ e ル 0 た爿 s 〃 74 〃召な e 〃イ召〃み立 / カカ 07 おわ e 匚 / わ 0 ー / 〃 な s 々 , ・わ砒なツ、カプ / c 〃 / am ・ / 〃尾な the わ 4 〃イわ ag slu 〃 g 尹 0 襯 わな訪 0 ″ / イ夜つ〃 co 〃〃 0 s り . 7. 7 力なカ 4 〃 e / 尹 0 襯 the / 0 肥 e だ so ″ー 、々 c / 〃 g わ 4 〃イ〃 at わ花〃 / e s わ 0 肥 s 4 肥 0 〃 7 召〃カ召 / 〃な〃 g わ e / と / alta, 4 な召イ″ / 0 〃 / 〃カ尾 4 / e 〃乙 / 〃カ 4 ホッ、加市 4 , especially 召襯 0 〃 g 、 ) , , 0 ″〃 g わイ es 召〃イイ 4 〃 ce パ . 10 & , 4 celestial 〃 , 〃ゆわ 4 〃ホ her 〃 70 乙℃〃 qe 〃ー OJ 、わ e だ、〃〃 ge バ 0 〃 the わ e だ e / 4 わ 0 わ 4 / バり , , / e , 4 〃イ the / 召愿ん〃 4 〃花〃 / e 〃 0 わ肥 4 〃 . No the ea : c / 〃 g / 0 肥 e 〃イツ、 4 12. 〃叩が礪 / 〃 g the ア″尹 0 襯 celestial 〃 , 〃わ尾ん〃 g わ e だわ ac た . 召 2S4 だ 4 を StlCh as 乙わな 0 〃 e Oj 、 4 わル″ g のわだ 0 〃 the images sensuousness 乙わ 4 み乙わ e SC ″ / カ乙 0 わ CIS 11. 爿わ ea ″ⅳ / 印尾〃〃 0 〃ツ、 the の〃 0 〃 g e 襯 . subject, an イなカ ro わ the わ e 尾 e 0 匚 / わ″だ sc ″の厚〃℃ s 0 〃 the た 0 わ / のわ e だ eyes. 乃なな 0 〃 e ツ、 0 〃り , 花〃ゆ / e 訪 0 肥 s 4 肥 0 〃〃 4 カカゆ / 〃 g . c / 〃 g lower わ 4 〃イ可 2 召バ〃わ 10. 爿 sc ″の襯尾ノん襯 the so 〃ー 可、↓襯召〃 4. / . 乃っ襯 the so ″ー肥 e ノ朝〃 g 肥 4 〃 わ砒 , ゾ〃 g 、々 / / e 〃砒霍の , , の市望 / の , 0 〃 e 肥ん / e 市立 0 わ / 〃 g , わ召グわ e だ市 s 爿〃乙 scn 4 カカ / 0 / 〃 0 ″ g s 襯の , 砒 K わ可″わ 0. 肥 rit / 〃 g 4 / e 召 . / ″ e 厩 41 12

ま The e / 印わ 4 厩 ″の襯尾 s K わ可″わ 0 カ os e 〃イ ea 〃 g わ″〃〃 / ″ / い・な尹た尹 0 〃 7 the 肥 e ノ c / 〃 g 〃 0 わ ル 4 〃可 La た訪〃〃花〃 / e s わ 0 , s 4 〃 e / q カわ召〃み 44 / ace 〃乙 4 CO / e 〃た / 〃 g / 0 / 4 ″ g 房〃 g O] 、 e な / 〃″襯 aq ア . 0 襯 the な / e friezes the so 曜医々朝〃 g カ / 4 グわ r 襯 肥 4 〃 4 愿ん〃召〃花〃 / e な OJ 、 / 〃尾 because CCI 〃な . / わ r 〃 7 4 乙℃り . , rare CO 〃 0 〃 e 〃ツ、 the 4 〃 / 襯 4 / sc 〃の襯 s 砒 K わ可″ ra わ 0. 5. スわィ / sc ″の襯尾 尹 0 襯 Ka 〃イ ar 4 盟 4 わ 4 花〃 / e わ as 4 わ″〃 r 0 〃わ 0 e わ ac た 砒 c た / 〃 g 4 〃 0 〃肥″わわな S ) 011 イ . 7 カ e 〃 70 e ″ S 〃 4 / イ ep / c 0 〃 Oj 、 the 〃 0 〃肥召 s 加 the C わ 4 〃 / 4 襯 0 〃 og 襯肥 / 4 large 49 尾ル e ル r e / 印わ 4 〃な . the イ e 〃 e イ作 e 〃肥厩 、 / 04 イ es. , ″な ra 尾ゆ g / 〃 〃 / e が atfo s 召〃イ 4 翔リ as イ印 / c イ 0 〃 the カプ可 the C わ 4 〃 / 4 乃 0 ″ g わ the わ 0 e 、ル〃〃 s the. ル翔 7 可わ e / の ,. 花〃 / e イ孕 / c 4 〃加 / カ / 4 グわ翔 7 可 the カ 4 愿ん na 〃 カ 4 〃 e / 4 イ 0 / 〃 g the so ″ 丘乃な尹 / eze 尹 0 襯 4 ) ″わ 4 ' 4 〃ツ or 5 〃 0 〃訪 0 〃 gra カカ〃〃 g

whoever is subjected tO diseases like leprosy or elephantisis lives with them for a long period of time and is cured by the permission of GOd. Sikander Lodi reached the tract in 1495 ; fortunately he was just passing through, and lacked sufficient men and time tO cause as much destruction as he might have desired. By the 16th century Khajuraho was such an insignificant little village that it did not even merit a mention in the 爿 / 〃ー / 引たわ第 Abul Fazl's chronicle of the Mughal court. The credit for rediscovering the temples of Khajuraho belongs to T. S. Burt, a British engineer, wh0 traversed the region in 1858. He wrote in his journal: 'Some 0f the sculptures here are extremely indecent and offensive, which I was at first much surprised tO find in temples.... '. Alexander Cunningham made a detailed survey between 1852 and 1885 and in his Archaeological Survey Reports (V01umes Ⅱ , VII, X and XXI issued between 1871 and 1885 ) dwelt upon inscriptions, mounds and images found scattered in the area. A thousand years ago this primitive hamlet Facing page: 〃 , 0 わ 4 e / 〃 the 肥 4 可召 gC11 ・ Lake c / 0 の the ル否翔 Group 可〃わツわ尾狃ゾ〃 g 砒 」佃〃 ge 訪肥の・花〃 / e 市 / 〃 g ル ra な /. ー 0 e だ〃〃 tes r ″″ 4 / わ 4 / 〃 g / 〃 the 肥 4 r 〃たな〃 0 み 4 / / 0 肥 e グ召〃イな″ 0 ca 〃 0 カー 、ル r 召わ 0 イ e. This page : , 4 イわ″ co c Q 〃と〃 gs 〃 tade G 召〃 e 訪 , the e / わ召功 ea イ go イ わ 0 なカ 7 つカ″ / 4 イ as the 尾〃 70 乙℃だ O] 、 obstacles. 7 力な Ga 〃 esh image な sea イ 0 〃 the カ / 4 グわ〃〃可砒 ange 訪肥の・花〃屮 / e. , 4 〃イ offerings 可 coins 召〃イア 0 肥 e バ召尾 ツ〃臾 ce イわツ尾 the / り ,. 87

Oblivion and Rediscovery 乃襯 e 0 た添 / / 0 〃 the 〃 / い 4 0 4 〃イ、 ) ℃ 4 バ 0 especially si 〃 ce 肥 e 尾 4 わ 4 〃イ 0 〃 e イ . 7 力なカ / け″尾イ q カ / c the village ツ、んわ可″ ra わ 0 as 第〃肥イル″ん〃 the / ツ、 G わ 4 〃 / 花〃 / e. The セ〃ゆたな た〃 0 〃だ添カ / / / 4 バ cora イ″わ 〃 76 於可わ 4 〃 g / 〃 g わ e / な尹 0 〃 7 ん c わ″ takes its 〃召〃 ze.

the Parsvanath, Vishvanath, Devi Jagdamba and Chitragupta , finally reaching its peak in the unrivalled Kandariya Mahadev. During the various stages Of development, the tWO- IOOP 〃 74 た 4 だイ 07 観〃 4 develops intO a 〃 4 Of five IOOPS, the plain 襯 4 〃イ 4 カ roofs become ornamental the flat walls give way to balconied windows and the simple s んたわ 4 だ becomes elaborate and striking with numerous subsidiary 訪わ 4 The simple, single cella becomes a five-shrine complex with an ambulatory around the sanctum. The simultaneous development Of sculpture is also evident as bare walls are filled with encircling bands Of sculptures and processional friezes on the base , in the recessions and on the projections. There is no further evolution beyond the Kandariya Mahadev. The Vaman, Adinath and Javari are smaller in scale but manage, nevertheless, tO maintain the same style. The decline in the art 0f Khajurah0 sets in with the Chaturbhuj and Duladeo temples which exhibit undue and monotonous emphasis on ornamentation. This page: 7 カ e c / 尾″〃〃 7 わ″ / 4 り , / 4 愿ん〃 4 〃花〃 / e has 4 〃″襯わ e だ可り , g00 イ sc 〃の襯尾 s 尾 4 / the イ印 / 〃の 肥わ / c わ the sc ″の襯尾肥召 s ca ℃イ / 〃 the ″〃イ . み g んな G 可召 / 召愿ん〃 / , 訪〃〃 's co 〃 so 肥わ施 the ア g Ⅲ℃″わ the わ is ツ、 g 〃 / , the Go イツ、角尾 . / 〃汐 e バ e イ 4 襯 0 〃 g these イル / 〃″た s 召尾 celestial 〃 1) , 〃わ s / 〃召〃Ⅲ〃わ夜・ツ、 カ 0 ″尾 & OverIeaf: 爿 e 肥ツ、〃″ / 4 イ eo 花〃ゆ / e 、 / ん〃 7 the わ ac た , ″わ the 尾 ora 〃 0 〃肥 0 イ 0 〃 e 0 〃 the 平 / 尾 s clearly な / わ巵〃 e 市 c 襯 e イの / , ″わ as 4 s んたわ 4 だ立〃ァ 0 ″〃イ e イの , / 0 〃 g わー〃〃イ 4 カ / ea 市〃 g / 〃 4 〃 0t4g0 〃 4 / 〃 7 召わ 4 ー〃 74 〃 6 ん . 79

understandably t0 celestial beauties and the female form in general and, controversially, to graphic sexual representations. Over the years a number Of explanations have been forthcoming for the presence Of erotic sculptures at what was essentially a religious centre; no single theory, however, has been able tO justify their profusion. Were these temples centres Of tantrism, WhiCh cites sex as an important component 0f human development towards the AbsoIute were they merely a reactionary swing away from the austerities preached by the Buddha? Perhaps the answer ⅱⅡ be found as excavations in the region continue, but this much is certain: Buddhism did at one time have a strong presence here, just as tantric rituals enjoyed a wide appeal during the medieval period. As Chandela power diminished, the importance of their sometime-capital also waned. lts heavily forested terrain could not provide much revenue, and served tO deter invading Muslim armies (for whom the temples were Of little interest, while the sculptures could only have appeared offensive—they certainly did to T. S. Burt, the British engineer who is credited with their 'discovery' in the mid- 19th century). The temples were never, strictly speaking, 'lost', for villagers and tribal inhabitants Of the region were familiar with them; they continued tO use one temple in particular ーー Matangeshwar Mahadev ーー for worship, especially on the occasion 0f Shivratri. While early travellers such as Alberuni and lbn Batuta had reported the presence Of the temples, they were not dwelt on at any length, possibly because 0f their being abandoned and overgrown by bushes and weeds. Burt announced their presence tO the world, and the first major data on them was collected by General Alexander Cunningham in his & イル 0 加市 4 reports. Early this century there was some interest in the temples, but their inaccessibility made their study and regular travel tO the site impossible. Over time roads were laid and the minimal facilities provided; then, a couple of decades ago, the first luxury hotel project revived interest in the region, and the resurrection Of Khajurah0 began. 五 / 〃 g 〃 0 わー ea 新わ e / 0 肥 the な 4 市 0 〃召 / わ 4 〃ホッ、″の襯 this small niche / 〃 Ka 〃イのカ観はわ召イ夜 , , 花〃 / e co 〃 / 〃 s 4 〃 4 襯 orot バ CO 乙の / e. 7 カ e sc ″ののだわ as た e 〃 / / わ夜 es 肥 / e かカ 07 のⅥ / , e 〃イ 0 肥 / 〃 g the piece 肥″わ 4 〃″〃イ夜カッ〃 g 記〃ツ、 わ″〃 70 ″ the 肥 0 襯 4 〃カ″ / な the 襯 4 〃 's わ田肥わ施 he 〃た / 0 わ夜 :

Architecture The 85 セ〃なわ″市わ肥〃 the 9 4 〃イ 72 centuries ル e 尾 go 翔 e イ々ア 4 CO 襯襯 0 〃 4 尾わ″ ec な 4 / style. 7 力なカ / c 襯尾 sis ツ、 the ceiling ツ、 the e 〃な 4 〃 ce カ 0 尾わツ、 La 愿ん〃 4 〃花〃 / e , ra イり川のり , as 4 襯 0 〃 g the わ e / 〃 the co ″厩、ル / な ズ行 s ca ル / 〃 g. なな the 0 〃ゆ e 工 4 〃 / e ツ、 4 肥″わ 4 / / 、ルⅢ・ s ″わ豆市 4 り , shrines / 〃け . 69

During ancient and medieval periods in lndia education は s imparted by Brahmins or priests within temple precincts, and there were fully developed treatises on all subjects including sex. Thus , as the most popular place of assembly and education, the temple itself became a storehouse of knowledge, with a language Of itS own•, itS 嶬はⅡ S carried lessons in philosophy, religion, mythology, codes of conduct and social behaviour, as well as sexual hygiene and morality. Against this backdrop, the 〃 7 / 防″〃 sculptures can be seen as merely imparting sex education and ingraining in students the realization Of the sensual life as an essential step on the journey from householder tO renunciator. Healthy copulation is shown to open the doors to earthly bliss, as is evident from the look of contentment on the faces Of amorous couples; intercourse with beasts, on the Other hand, becomes the door to hell; mark the expressions of those indulging in bestial, unnatural practices. The placement 0f the two, one much higher and the other at a IOW level, accentuates this teaching. Life presents a constant struggle between the physical and the spiritual; according to Hindu thought the conflict can only be resolved through discipline and self-control. Hence, one reaches the purity of the sanctum only after reflecting on, and leaving behind the attractions of the senses. TO highlight this, the erotics are placed mainly on the exterior はⅡ s ; when they appear inside a temple, it is on the ambulatory, the path around the sanctum ーー thus becoming the ultimate test Of one's resolution. Yoga is an ancient discipline in lndia and the erotics are considered by S01 蝨 e tO be demonstrations Of exercises which combine yoga with sex. According tO yogic belief what can cause destruction in the hands of the ignorant and the foolish can be transformed int0 an instrument of the highest good by the wise. SO also with the fire of lust, which the yogi converts, through psycho-physical controls and exercises, int0 luminiscence and energy Of amazing power and degree. Pragmatists draw attention tO the fact that the temple served as the socio-religious centre Of the community. A large number of pilgrims helped to fill the state coffers; the 〃 7 ″んィ〃 carvings, like the イ夜ツ as な (temple- This page: 乃 e ノⅢ℃ s. , カ / ace イわ肥〃 e / 印わ 4 〃 / 〃 4 ア ze 、 / ん襯 La 愿わ〃〃 花〃 / e. , イ孕 / ct the プ可盟 / / 〃〃・襯 aq アわ ee 〃召 CO ″ 2 / e. 7 カ e 襯 4 〃わ召 s s / のカ e イわなア〃 ge バ / 〃 the 肥 0 〃〃 garm 〃 e 〃なを〃襯 e her e 〃 e 黒 ) をル尾 e , 肥わ / c わ肥 / 〃 47 ・アル e 4 乙 / な〃 4 々〃観 / / カ I"O ″ g わ / 〃 7 ℃ 0 〃バ e. Overleaf: 7 , 0 わ 4 〃ホ sc ″の尾 . / ん〃 7 the so ″肥召〃ツ 74 愿わ〃〃花〃 / e. The ce 〃な 4 /. / な″ 7 ℃ s / 〃 the / 0 肥 e だわ 4 〃イ 6 / eu カ / c 乙召 e 〃ーた〃 0 肥〃の℃″ c CO 乙の / 体 the 44 / ace 〃 / - 召″ e 〃イ召〃な 4 だ e see 〃 / 〃 7 ″ / 4 ″〃 g the 〃 lselves , ″わ 4 乙な 0 ー e だ 0 / - / C な〃 7. 59

WHEN THE GREEK INVASIONS TOOK PLACE IN THE 3rd century BC, temple worship did not exist in lndia. Hinduism was more philosophical than ritualistic in its outlook and practice. The institution Of the temple as a place 0f worship was largely due t0 the rise 0f Buddhism; the Buddhists placed symbolic representations Of their founder in their stupas , and between the 2nd and 7th centuries the Buddhist upsurge was so powerful that it seemed Buddhism might become the national religion. This it failed t0 d0 because the shrewd Hindu Brahmin priests sensed the situation and set about matching Buddhist myth and ritual with even more fanciful flights 0f theological thought and festive forms of worship. lt was during this process Of reorientation that the institution Of the temple was seriously taken over by Hinduism. Adding grandeur and grace t0 the shape 0f the temple, ornamentation and decoration tO its entire structure and significance tO the ritual Of worship, the Hindus achieved wonders in just a few centuries Of temple building. The temples of Khajurah0 depict this 14 ミ ) 、ー The / ca / 襯 0 襯 e 〃ツ、 the 〃 / e 、 04 イ es なの 7 イ the カ / ac の〃 e 厩可 わ 4 / co 〃 s 召〃イ肥 / 〃イ 0 を 0 ″ g わ , 乙抛 e イ 尹 0 襯 4 イな〃 ce, , 0 0 召 the 0 ra 〃 co 〃 os ″ / 0 〃りわ / e 〃市〃 g ″わ the 4 ア 0 ル比カ〃 e カル房市〃 g 〃 g ん召〃イ 4 かの the / 〃〃 e だル 4 / な 4 〃イ 4 襯わ″ / 4 e & 7 力な カ / c 々イ尾 s わ 0 s the カ 0 席 / CO 肥″わ / な肥 / 〃イ 0 肥 s 0 〃 00 た / 〃 g the sc ″の襯尾 s the so ″ 4 〃ツ、 Det'i 、々 g 4 〃 7 花〃 / e. 70