NEWSMAKERS 日弸 Ca 杙・ His Mideast m ・ d 凱 i09 embarrassed b ′ 0 物・「 Jimmy frica, Brazil and West Germany cheered the globe-trotting Pope J0hn Paul ・Ⅱ . And t0 the joy 0f human-rights ad- vocates—and the rage Of Argentina's right-wing autO- crats—activist Ad01f0 Pérez Esquivel won the N0bel Peace Prize. lt was hearts and flowers—and tennis racquets—for Sweden's ace BJOrn Borg, WhO married Romanian Star Mariana Simionescu. But two troubled years ended when Princess Caroline Of Monaco and French bon vivant Philippe Junot separated. Gamma ・ Liaison 30 ′ and his bride: H ・ a 杙 5 , 0 響・「 5 ー a d match POint UPI NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 円 Ma ster PhOtO A pope fo ′ all s ・ a50 れ 5 ・ d all れ ati0 れ 5 : 30h れ Paulllin Kenya Paul Adao—GIObe PhOtOS P れれ 0 ・ 55 Ca 「 0 れ・ , Ju れ 0 第 A brief, unhappy marriage す h ・物 ob ・ト・ st A 「 9 ・れ彙 in ・ : 0 ′ usa ・「 P ・′・を EsquiveI D. GoIdberg—Sygma

Globe PhOtos peter SeIIers, 54 , the film indus- ⅵ 5 man Of a thousand faces Culver Plctures CharIes Percy (). P. ) Snow, 74 , an astute judge Of people and PO 物 e 「 し P. A. ・ P ℃ tO ロ Oskar Kokoschka, 93 , a founder Of expressionist movement Globe Photos Jesse 0 e れ 5 , 66 , OIympic hero whO shattered HitIer's Aryan myth Peer Pedersen—Pnotoreporters AIfred Hitchcock, 80 , the director whO made fright fun fO 「 all Renate Zimmerman Henry MiIIer, 88 , a れ earthy novelist 物 hose life often imitated art NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 19 制

LATIN AMER ℃ A THE AVENGING ANGELS Murry Sill—Miami Herald RiO 彙 i れ 9 at Archbishop Romero's funeral claimed 3 1 lives: Peace, justice—and people—were perishable commodities Right-wing forces are especially edgy about the situation in Nica- By Beth Nissen ragua. "L0ts 0f people worried that a leftist Nicaragua would fifth-grade history teacher at an elementary school in export revolution throughout the region," said one U. S. diplomat EI Salvador recently asked students to name the country's in Central America, 、、 but few foresaw hOW much a leftist Nicaragua leaders. Fourteen children answered, 、、 The army. '' Four would improve the market for right-wing reaction here. ' Rightists thought U. S. President Jimmy Carter was their Head of State. also have been greatly emboldened by Ronald Reagan's landslide And the remainder of the class of 28 left the question blank. election victory in the United States. The conservative forces 、 I gave them all extra credit, perceive the President-elect as an ideological ally and likely pro- said the teacher. "There isn't a right answer anymore. tector, although their enthusiasm anything but absolute. 、、 He's EI SaIvador may be the best example of a country without untrustworthy, like all gringos, but at least he hates Communists a clear leader, but all across Central America, there is an ongoing as much as we dO," said one right-wing activist in the reg10n. struggle over wh0 is—and wh0 should be—in charge. Sh00t- "He'd send in the Marines before he'd let Fidel Castro in the outS between leftist revolutionanes and right-wing backyard of the United States. '' —always commonplace—have become epidemic. Leftist leaders disappear from the streets in Guatemala. Nicaragua's business n EI Salvador, right-wingers control significant segments of community has been shocked by the violent death Of a prominent the nation's security forces and their agents have been on private-sector leader. And even in COSta Rica, which has remained a wild and unchecked binge 0f terror. Paramilitary groups relatively calm by regional standards, violence is becoming a prob- and death squads are widely blamed for much of the political に m. 、、 The right and the left, the East and the West, have all violence that has taken nearly 10 , 000 lives during the past year. discovered that the area is t00 strategically important not tO 、、 We know from history that the only way to control the left control," said one U. S. ambassador. Although most of Central is tO destroy them," said one self-described 、、 avengmg angel" America IS resource poor, its proximity tO the United States has of the right. 、、 We will tear out the Communist weeds whenever obvious tactical advantages—and disadvantages. 、、 The great worry they grow back, however many times. 、 is that Communist forces will take control Of Nicaragua, then Much ofthe violence has been aimed at the church. Last March, 日 SaIvador, then Guatemala and then drive up toward the soft Archbishop Oscar ArnuIfo Romero was assassinated by a gunman underbelly of Kansas,' says U. S. Ambassador to 日 Salvador 」 ust after delivering a sermon on 」 ustice and peace—certainly Robert White. the most perishable commodities in El Salvador's overheated social lnevitably, lightning on the left brings thunder on the right, climate. 、、 The death 0f Bishop Romero is a symbol of the tragedy and fear Of Communist expansion has led tO what one Salvadoran our nation is living through," said another priest. 、 lt is a tragedy analyst describes as a ViOlent 、、 resurgence against insurgence. of death and b od. " Near the end of the year, there were more 40 NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 、い ) 新

FFA 旧 S eagan Does lt His Way nauguration Day is still a month away, I but already President-elect Ronald Rea- gan has an old-fashioned political fight on his hands. His nomination Of retired Gen. Alexander Haig t0 be Secretary 0f State put liberal Senate Democrats on combat alert—determined t0 grill Haig about his connection with White House wiretaps, Richard Nixon's final days and Haig's hawkish views. G0ing ahead with the nomi- nation despite a threatened confi rmation battle was "a mark Of courage on Reagan' s part," said Senate GOP leader Howard Ba- ker. But with it, Baker warned, would come 'one 0f the early challenges to the Repub- lican maJ0rity in the Senate—and the Re- publican Administration. ' For a time, it looked like Reagan might back away from nominating Haig. But aides were persuaded there was no smoking - tergate gun that would force a Republican- controlled Senate t0 veto Haig, and Reagan himself said in an interview with NEWS- g ル〃 I 記 0 み e 第 g ん 2 r なた / br Democrats WEEK that he didn't want tO appear tO have 、、 caved in ” tO Democratic pressure (page 12 ). Reagan was also eager t0 get on with his Cabinet selections, which are running well behind schedule. He did nom- inate New Jersey construction executive Raymond J. Donovan t0 be Secretary 0f Labor last week (page 17 ) , thus filling the tenth of fifteen available slots. But the man slated to be Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Mexican-American Philip V. Sanchez, had to drop out suddenly for personal reasons. This week Reagan was expected to name former South Carolina Gov. James B. Ed- wards, an oral surgeon, as Secretary Of En- ergy, and former Federal Power Commis- Sion vice chairman James G. Watt as lnterior Secretary—despite the Obj ections Of environmentalists. Aides alSO said Rea- gan had selected the first black and the first woman for his Cabinet: former New York Judge Samuel R. Pierce Jr. , a black lawyer and mediator, as HUD Secretary, and Georgetown University Prof. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick, a conservative Democrat and Carter critic, as ambassador tO the United Nations. Richard Lyng 0f California and John R. Block of lllinois were said to 10 be the finalists for Agriculture Secretary. The slow pace of Reagan's Cabinet-mak- ing was only part 0f the trouble his tran- sition faced. Overstaffed and over its budg- et, the transition team has become a parody Of Reagan's promise Of emcient govern- ment, and Washington veterans are won- dering whether the chaotic operation may foreshadow the Administration tO come (page 1 8 ). Reagan himselfseemed t0 remain remarkably detached from the process; he emerged from the seclusion 0f his Pacific Palisades home last week mainly tO visit his barber, his bespoke tai lor and the man per cent last week at banks around the sevelt. With the prime rate rising t0 21.5 coming U. S. President since Franklin R00- severe econom1C cr1SiS tO confront an 1 Ⅱ - Of Reagan aides on what is surely the most example, wh0 had tO modulate the rhetoric making Gerald Ford. lt was Meese, for President that Reagan once considered tor, spokesman, almost the kind 0f Deputy Administration—administrator, coordina- was emerging as the linchpin Of the new Economic Emergency? ln fact, Meese decisions. oranda ... Obviously he's making all the on the phone with us . . reading the mem- of all the things that are happening ・ Reagan did all day. " He is totally cognizant insisted tO reporters whO wondered what very active role, ” counselor EdWin Meese who butchers his cattle. “ He is taking a nation, Chrysler trembling on the brink Of bankruptcy once again and economists fearful 0f a deep recession, Reagan chief of staff James A. Baker said the new Ad- ministration was seriously considermg a na- tional declaration Of "economic emergen- cy. " Meese quickly made clear that such a step would be largely symb01iC—"a ban- ner," he said. "We're not talking about closing the some extra-legal thing banks, or even the stock exchange. ' Treasury Secretary-designate Donald T. Regan later expanded on Meese's theme Of moderation. idea Of an econom1C Simpson—Tulsa Tribune NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 1981 the-Russians-hard-liner, reflected Rea- fight over Haig. But Haig, a stand-up-to- he should expend political capital in the age, and some aides questioned whether port he can get tO pass his economic pack- Reagan will need all the political sup- lnauguration Day. and there may be no announcements before Of meetings early next month, Meese said, before Reagan and his Cabinet hold a series 」 or economic decisions are likely tO be made incentives tO spur productivity. But no ma- tain high interests rates and a package Of strict monetary policy that may well main- freeze on government hiring, a continuing ised—including tax and spending cuts, a the sort the President-elect has long prom- vored a quick, comprehensive package 0f essary fears," Regan said. Rather, he fa- emergency may Of itself raise some unnec-

0 曰 N ℃ N Varindra Tarzie Vittachi A MAN NAMED KHAN met a rare man the Other day. His name is Khan and what gives him distinction is the fact that he is one "lnternational Expert" on village-development programs whO actually lives in a village. I have been in that village, a place miles from what city folk call Anywhere. There is no piped water in the village, no air conditioning, no electric fan, not even a toe-powered punkah batting the hOt breeze this way and that as was done in the days 0f the British raj. Mr. Khan's specialty is that he is a generalist. He knows how tO tie together the activities Of the I rrigation Department, the Education Department, the Health Department and the Pub- lic Works Department so that they help the people for whose benefit, presumably, such departments were established. Since he shares the life-style of the villagers and knows their 10Ca1 idiom, he has become credible. When he explains why kitchen refuse turns the rain drains outside their houses intO breeding places for the malaria mosquito, or hOW nursing mothers should—and can—have a balanced diet even if they are P00 ら The second set of "experts" came from a wider P001 of tech- nicians working for United Nations agencies. They t00 were mostly city gents bent on "transferring technology" from Europe and America t0 the developing world. The era of high dams and hydropower plants that loomed like indifferent giants over the heads of the villagers was followed by the era of overpasses and underpasses that became the new symbols 0f modern development. And still the Third World's foreign-aid debts grew while op- portunities for a tolerable life for the rural people dwindled. The people trekked t0 the cities t0 find j0bs. But the pilgrimage was t00 late; there were t00 few jObs tO go around. At the great development-planning centers—all in metropoli- tan cities Of the industrial democracles—some belated lessons were being learned. The benefits of the transfer of technical assistance and money were not trickling down tO the villages as the experts had expected. Social and economic distinctions separating the cities' elite and the country gentry from the rural poor were powerful barners against an equitable distribution and why it is better for their ba- bies to be breast-fed despite the blandishments of 、、 fashion, ' ' they believe him. One result of a11 this is that the people 0f the village have begun to be involved and to understand the development process going on around them. The buzzword for it in the operational planning cen- ters IS "community participa- tion. " Where Mr. Khan lives, that phrase iS no longer a piece Of pious humbug mouthed by professional ーれ a remote Asian village, an unusual 'lnternational Expert' keeps his feet 0 れ the 9 「 ound and SOWS the seeds Of real p 「 09 「 ess. 0f development gains. "Top down' ' development strategi es— one Of those bureaucratic phrases that means less than meets the eye or ear—、 vas found tO be in- effective because without the will- ing and active participation Of the people whose lives would be af- fected, no true social change could occur. At long last it had also become evident that if tech- nical expertise was tO be useful, it had tO be directly relevant tO the village. bureaucrats and alleged experts in made-to-measure safari j ackets, but a meaningful response tO an understood need. There are other men and women like 、嗄 r. Khan working ⅲ other villages on human-development programs, but there are still far t00 few. ln the two remaining decades of this century, many more 0f these people will be needed if the grand goals of the world community, such as "health for all by 20 開 " and "literacy for all by 2 网 ' ' are going to be more than hollow slogans. Even tO achieve the less ambitious goals Of reducing hunger and eliminating the worst aspects Of poverty, the elitist approach t0 development will have t0 change. lt t00k two decades for people t0 realize that the system that was initially established was expensive and irrelevant. lt Often served as a sinecure for colonial offcers left by the receding tide of imperialism. Often, these ex-colonials marched off toward what they called M0d- ernism. They built dams and highways and hospitals in which the doctors practiced on people when they were already sick, instead 0f preventing illness through effective health programs. The foreign experts—as well as their "local" counterparts—lived in the city and believed that what was good for urban residents was good for those wh0 lived in the villages. 56 This year's "World Development Report' ' of the World Bank enshrines these lessons. lt says that efforts tO improve people's lives must begin where the people are, that human beings are what development is all about, that the village community is the building block of national growth. That is indeed a tour de force from a body that has spent 30 years supplying money and experts tO finance top-down development programs. lt is a document that has given legitimacy tO the notion that villagers are bankable even if they cannot yet sign a check. They tell a story about the visit by Robert McNamara, the WorId Bank president, to a village in Asia. The area has been developing rapidly because now it has access tO water that can be used for irrigating the croplands. McNamara remarked t0 a farmer: "I hear you are becoming prosperous. ” The farmer replied yes, things were lmproving. "And what is your annual income asked 、åC 、 mara. ofyour business," replied the farmer and walked away. That is the most heartening human- development story I have heard in many a year. But perhaps the best thing about it is that the person whO tells the story is Robert McNamara himself. And this Asian village is the village in which Mr. Khan lives. NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 19 訂

PhOtOS by Lester Sloan—NEWSWEEK / ーん 0 川・〃な c Ⅳ ~ ″ん 0 肥ん 0 た知 e 耘 0 ルれ co 〃〃ルんん ' 尾 seeing 0 〃 0 0 な〃〃 ~ り get 住ー川 Soviet Union where there are no human A TaIk With ona Reagan rights at all? There's been quite a bit of that one-sidedness in all of this. / ーんな c c ル / な ades ん 0 川 0 立 e ん Q. S ん 0 〃 co Ⅲ , 催 0 - 、 Mhat I think they are ignortng is the 火 0 れ記 a 火 ga れ挈 e 厩川 0 尾 0 れ 0 〃カ 04 ′ fact that in the name Of human rights ーⅣれ Ge 〃催記″ g 住〃イ ~ 尾イ e 厩ル社 0 〃 d な c 豆れ g んなん co 川加 g 豆イ e 〃 q ア み加 e イ 0 ′ the Se 〃住 ? we have found ourselves at times [inter- ル″ん NEWSWEEK CO ′′ e 20 〃 de れな James A. I don't think it's needed ... to clear vening] in a CiVil dispute in a smaller の 0 ァ Ma 加 K 加 0 れ d GeraId C. the air. I think the whole thing about country, ending up with a totally totali- ん 4 わ劭 0 ル . Ex 化挈な . ・ Watergate should have been laid to rest tarian government taking over. And the when Mr. Jaworski, the special prosecu- people end up with less human rights NEWSWEEK: Do 0 〃 ex, e ア ro みん襯 tor, went on the air the other night than they had before ... The classic ex- and he without qualification gave Haig ample is Cuba. Sure, Batista was more REAGAN: I expect him to be con- a clean bill of health. autocratic than we believe in. And there firmed . . I heard one Democratic sen- were things being done t0 the people that ator [Alan Cranston of California] who's 0. SO e ) 0 〃′イんの加 g we did not think were right. But, good been quite vocal about his criticism saying 0 み 0 ″ーイ ec ′ 0 〃 g 住〃“ eco 〃 0 川一 C emergen- Lord, I don't know of any Cuban who on the air the Other night, "I may vote wouldn't say today that what he had was for him. ” heaven compared tO what Castro has giv- en them. There wouldn't have been a going 知イ 0 ? 0. の 4 催んので“ co 〃イ 0 〃 g んな A. I don't know. ln no way [has anyone Castro had we not interfered. been] talking about such draséic actions A. No. The media were naming Haig as the ones you've mentioned. I don't Q. ルん住ー 2 み 0 〃ー the ー r 住〃ⅵ 0 〃″ $ e グ .2 before I had made a final decision . know Of any specific actions that a Presi- éop ん住加 g Go 0 お火 eaga 〃 ln all fairness, I really had to give ev- dent today could take of that kind, and pro 襯なにイんにル 0 〃 cut にみ〃イ k 4 〃イ eryone on [my]list a fair 100k. And this I have none in mind. The only thing that e the み〃〃 cra イ ow れの記加 ea イ iS What was going on . ん e got なん〃 ge, みん住イ 2 尾々 el c . SO there was has tO be considered is : would it have no untoward delay at all. any value t0 actually focus the people's 0 r e ′ e. attention and the government' s attention A. A large majority of those people Q. おッ石〃 g 0 れな〃 0 川加住″ 0 〃ア g ん一 on the need for action? If there is any are volunteers. And what dO you say tO danger, it is whether it would have an someone WhO comes ln very sincerely and ″な住ー ca 加に effect of lowering the people's spirits . wants to be of help? A. Yes, but what would I expend if a kind of give-up-itis. Or could you say I caved in? I am convinced that General tO them, 100k , we want you tO know really Q. お〃ー 04 〃〃加 g 0 r み〃イ . Haig is the man we need in that position why some drastic actions are needed? A. Yes. But remember that the budget . I have gone very deeply into his back- is unchanged from what it was four years ground, his familiarity with foreign af- 0. ルん ) 0 〃 r 尾平 0 〃加 the みなん 02 $ ago, with no allowance made for inflation. fairs . . I think [the nomination] sends れイ 0 ′ ro 襯加 e 〃ー c 襯例ルん 0 な - a message Of hope tO our allies. 0 ん〃 g $ 川Ⅷー石れ g 0 〃ね平 ea 々 Q. ″ 0 ル尾 0 〃 0 〃ゼれ g ) 0 〃〃川 e 0. Even 04 ル i 〃 , 0 尾〃 ) 0 ″ raising A.... I believe in human rights A. Well, I wired the Christmas tree; the カ 0 んル可 erga な $ 〃 e 住 ga 加 ? But l've wondered, when that group talks we still have tO decorate it ... But, no, A. No, I don't think they can make about human rights, dO they mean uni- l've been busy. The whole business of that stick ... [Haig's critics] will have versally? Or is this, again, one Of those Cabinet selection and so forth goes on tO 100k tO their own conscience as tO protests that ... we should pick on some with me here ... 、åost Of it is phone whether they're not playing politics, [see- little country which admittedly does not work or personal visits and staff meetings ing in the Haig nomination] an oppor- live up tO our ideal Of human rights that are held here. Then there is an awful [while] not including countries like the tunity tO get at me . 10t of reading to be done . NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 1981

DISASTERS G. Rancinan—Sygma A su 「ⅳ 0 「 in AI Asnam:The 物 a 5 came 彙 mb れ 9 do 0 iCAT 第料戸を、、 A し S. Coast Guard The Prinsendam capsizes: す h ・・ nd 0f a 'memorable' 0 「 uis ・ 第一一な第亠 Michael Folco—Gamma ・ Liaison S 彙 a ′ i れ 9 ch d ′・ 0 in Uganda: HeIpIess victims of Africa's drought n land and sea alike, disasters took a heavy toll in 1980. ln East Africa, the worst drought in fifteen years turned the earth as dry as bone and left millions starving. A cataclysmic earth- quake in Algeria reduced the city 0f AI Asnam to rubble and killed more than 6 , 08 people. On an airport runway in Riyadh, a Saudi Arabian Jet burned, taking the lives of all 301 people on board, and the luxury liner Prm- sendam sank in the Gulf of Alaska. ln the icy waters of the North Sea, a 10 , 500- ton 0i1 rig capsized, killing 123 men in history's worst offshore 0i1 disaster. The charred wreckage of a SaudijetIiner at Riyadh airport: す h ・ third 物 0 「 st disaster in aviation history Pete Brady—」 VC-IPF す h ・「ⅶれ of a 物 0 杙 h 5 ・ a 0 「 ig : 'A 0 「 ash k ・ thunder' NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 19 制

THE MIDDLE EAST Arnaud BorreI—Slpa-BIack Star An lraqi casualty in Baghdad: An unexpected and seemingly unwinnable war brought れ e 物 turmoil tO a troubled 「 egiO れ By Tony 0 ftO れ raq and lran plunged headfirst intO an unexpected—and ap- parently unwinnable—war for control Of their vital Persian Gulf 0 ⅱ fields and waterways. Syria and Jordan, never the best of neighbors, ordered thousands of troops tO a face-off on their border in a bully-boy maneuver that re-emphasized the Arab world's internal divisions. The ever-glacial peace talks between lsrael and Egypt stopped dead once again because Of lsrael's drive tO establish more settlements in the occupied West Bank and the disputes within Menachem Begin's government. As a result, 1980 was an ominous year for the fractious MiddIe East— and it may have marked the beginning Of the most dangerous decade in modern history for that chronically troubled region. ln past years the bitter and bloody clashes between lsraelis and Arabs have been the area's most clear and present danger. But in 1980 the prospect of another all-out war on that front faded somewhat because 0f the Camp David agreement. Whatever its failings are, or may prove tO be, the accord temporarily removed the most immediate source Of tension and kept the lid on a Slm- mermg pot. But then lran's messlanic ruler Ayat011ah Ruh011ah Khomemi set a new caldron boiling. Throughout the year he and his numons not only prolonged the seemingly senseless cap- tivity 0f 52 American hostages but waged a propaganda war with Teheran's lslamic rivals in Baghdad. When September came, the tWO countries stopped trading words and started trading bul- lets. The fighting since then has been nonstop, and Middle East 26 experts fully expect that the battle will continue well int0 1981. The consensus is that lraq's President Saddam Hussein made a monumental mistake when he started shooting. lranian exiles, notably former Prime Minister Shahpur Bakhtiar, had whispered tO Saddam that Khomelni's regime was tottering and that a mere nudge would topple it. The lraqi leader believed what he was told. He ordered his well-equipped army and air force tO launch a pre-emptive strike against lran. HiS aims were clear: tO force lran tO surrender the islands known as Greater and Lesser Tunb and Abu Musa in the Strait of Hormuz; tO take control Of the Shatt al Arab, the entryway t0 the Gulf; t0 seize lran's oil-pro- ducing province 0f Khuzestan with its refinery complex at Aba- dan—and t0 spark a popular revolt against Khomeini. So far, Saddam has failed in every respect. hree months after his initial assault, his forces remained at a standstill. They have secured only a shaky f00th0 旧 in lranian territory. They have been continually harassed and bloodied by lran's revolutionary guards and by a surprisingly effective lranian Air Force. NOW the invading lraqis face three months Of rainy winter weather, which will make any further advances punishing, and perhaps impossible. Far from being top- pled, Khomeini has been able to invoke the threat from a second 、、 foreign devil" tO persuade the lranian masses tO unite against an ancestral Arab enemy and consolidate his grip on power. By contrast, all that Saddam has managed tO dO is tO give lran 、 s zealots added strength—and imperil his own position. NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 、円引

KLD AFFA 旧 S HERN 旧 ELAND The Hunger Strike Ends fter starving himself for 53 days, Sean der, ” she said. "lt is not A McKenna was close to death. With politics. '' The protesters de- his eyesight failing and his body horribly manded special handling be- emaciated, he received the last rites of the cause they had been convicted Roman Catholic Church at his bed in Maze in special anti-terronst courts. lfthey were treated as political Prison outside Belfast. McKenna's mother was informed that the convicted lrish Re- pnsoners instead Of common publican Army terrorlst could live no more criminals, they argued, they than 24 hours unless he ended his hunger would be allowed privileges strike. Northern lreland's police, expecting such as more visitors and the McKenna's death to provoke a spasm of right tO wear their own clothes instead Of prison uniforms. violence, canceled all leaves. Scotland Yard warned Londoners 0f a possible IRA And political-prisoner treat- Christmas bombing campaign. Then, some- ment would have been a ma. 」 or what inexplicably, the 40 hunger strikers propaganda coup for the IRA, gave up. The "fast t0 the death" was over— stamping a seal 0f legitimacy and, by all appearances, Prime Minister on the organizaton. ノ・ Margaret Thatcher' s unyielding politics Memo: Three nearly simul- had produced a victory over the IRA. taneous acts appear tO have The IRA hoped to use the hunger strike broken the protest. McKenna tO get itsjailed comrades treated as political was transferred tO a civilian pnsoners, and for weeks the fast seemed hospital because he was SO tO revive the movement's declining for- near death. The European Chip Hires—Gamma-Liaison tunes. Ulster's Catholics demonstrated in ParIiament rej ected a debate the biggest numbers since the mass civil- on the hunger strike. And pro- rights rallies 0f the early 1970S. The pris- testers were handed a 30-page oners' families led large rallies, shouting memorandum from Secretary Of State for 、åost Ulster residents were relieved, and the battle cry: "Don't let them die!" Nearly Northern lreland Humphrey Atkins, who some Protestants were ebullient. "lt's tOtal 500 other republican prlsoners protested told thém that under regular prison rules, collapse and surrender for the IRA," ex- by wearing only blankets, refusing tO wash they were already allowed most of the ulted one man in BeIfast. "lt's a great vic- and smearing excrement on the walls. Only pnvileges they were starving for. Atkins tory for the British. " But in the cycle of McKenna came so close to death, but the said he had made the same point to the violence in Northern lreland, even victones protests were SO effective at capturlng pnsoners earlier this. month. This time, do not produce peace. If the IRA feels be- worldwide attention that Britain launched he said, 、 'They saw the government meant leaguered, it may resume its campaign Of a counter-propaganda campaign. Embas- what it has been saying all along, that terror. sies throughout Europe and the United it would not grant political status JOHN BRECHER with LEA DONOSKY in Belfast States distributed a color brochure describ- Faced with the choice df dying or living, CHAD ing Maze Prison as "on a par with the they chose tO live. '' Kaddafi's First best in Western Europe"—and emphasiz- The hunger strike ended so quickly that ing that the prisoners were starving and it caught the IRA by surprise. McKenna Victory in Africa living in filth by their own choice. was immediately fed intravenously, but he Thatcher would not budge in her insist- remained seriously weak. The Other hun- ence that the prisoners be treated like Oth- ger strikers ate fOOd soon after the memo For more than a week, Libyan forces er cnminals. iS murder iS mur- bombarded Chad's capital of Ndjamena. was delivered. And the 5 開 prisoners wear- ltalian-made fighter planes strafed from ing blankets may end their S な催川 0 〃イ cCa れ〃 : 川加〃 $ ″ c カ protest this week. IRA spokes- overhead, and mortar and artillery fire AP men made the best case they raked the positions ofDefense Minister His- could for the settlement, sein Habré and his rebellious Armed Forces claiming the Atkins memo of the North. Outgunned and outmanned, contained ma. 」 or concessions. Habré's army managed to destroy twenty "lt is political recognition, al- Of its enemy's 50 Soviet-made tanks in the though we don't expect the first encounter. But last week the Libyan Brits to formally say this," firepower finally proved t00 much. Before the expected infantry battle even began, said Danny Morrison, a Habré slipped into neighboring Cameroon spokesman for Sinn Fein, the political arm of the IRA. and most ofhis men retreated to their desert base at Abéché. The British insisted they had Without engaging a single soldier in di- made no concesslons, and their claims Of victory rang truer rect combat, Libya's COI. Muammar Kad- than the IRA's. lt appeared dafi had won his first major victory in Black that the Atkins memo was Africa. He had aided Chad's President largely a way t0 let the pro- Goukouni Oueddei in his struggle with testers back down while sav- Habré and had taken a small but significant ing face and McKenna's life. step toward realizing his own dream Of NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 1981 1 8

POLAND Stepping Back ashed by a freezing rain, a worker, a L cardinal and a Communist omcial marched together toward a floodlit plat- form in Gdansk. Before them soared a gleaming steel monument tO the dead in Poland's 1970 labor riots. As the three rep- resentatives Of Poland's beleaguered power centers presided over its dedication last week, their show 0f unity encouraged hope that the monument might alSO serve as a milestone on the way tO a peaceful set- tlement Of the POlish crisis. "Our country needs, first 0f all, internal peace, " declared the worker, Lech Walesa, leader of the in- dependent union organization called SOli- darity. "l call on you tO maintain peace, order and respect. I call on you for reason nd common sense in all endeavors for the good 0f our fatherland. ' The calls to calm and reason reflected the fact that a Soviet invasion remains a very live threat. Some 30 SOViet divisions were still battle ready at the Polish borders, poised tO march on a day's notice. The Kremlin's spokesmen continued tO play a high-low game. ln Western Europe, Soviet ermssanes expressed the soothing confi- dence that P01ish Communist Party leader StanisIaw Kania could clean up his coun- try's mess without SOViet "help. " But in 、 OSCOW , a more menacing com- mentary in Pravda suggested that the NATO alliance would prefer "chaos and anarchy" in P01and—and implicitly reaf- firmed the right Of Warsaw's leaders tO ask the Kremlin for "fraternal assistance. ” Unity: Ever since construction Of Gdansk's labor monument was approved as part Of the settlement with striking work- ers last summer, Communist leaders had feared tha t its dedication would inflame tensions anew. . one precaution, they banned the sale of alcohol for three days before the event. Soviet troops disappeared from the streets SO as not tO incite any nationalistic resentment. B ut the half mil- lion Poles who showed up for the ceremony honored the theme Of "reconc ・ liation. ” As he blessed the 140-foot struc ure, crowned by three crosses and three anchors as sym- bols of faith and hope, Cardinal Franciszek Macharski, the archbishop of Cracow, de- creed it monument Of reconciliation and a sign Of the victory 0f hope and love over hate. ” ln a more secular vein, Tadeusz FiSZ- bach, Gdansk's Communist leader, stressed the need for unity "in the common house of Poland. ' ln the most moving moments, the names of 28 Gdansk workers known to have died in the 1970 riots were read aloud. After each name, the huge crowd chanted : “阨 ro イ〃の” ("He is among us"). But the spirit 0f Gdansk was darkened by hard realities that continued tO threaten PO- T ん 0 e 加加 G イ住〃 : お住″ん住れイん 0 NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 1981 D AFFA 旧 S 第 aging hint, he added only one caveat: -«merican penny-pinching. "l don't our people will accept a solution by t which the money would be increased or decreased by even one dinar, ” he cautioned Washington. Even lran's mullahs seemed tO be eager for a deal, though in retrospect it looked as if they may have been manipulating Christmas spirits tO squeeze a quick agree- ment out Of Carter. Prime Minister RaJ ai emerged from a meeting with Ayat011ah Khomeini tO pronounce the hostages "a dead issue. ” Then, in a muddled allusion tO the Christmas season, he said that if the U. S. met "certain financial guarantees, ' he saw no reason Why America couldn't "take those spies out any time, any day— call it a feast, or a birthday or whatever they call it. " After a visit with the Swedish ambassador, RaJ ai said more precisely that the hostages might be freed by Christmas. "God willing, " he prayed, "there will be no hostage issue soon. Dismayed: But when lran sent 0 its 0 飛 r to Washington, the demand for the return of the Shah's wealth, scaled back and retooled as it was, remained as intrac- table as ever. TO make matters harder, AIi Reza Nobar1, governor Of I ran's central bank—and normally a moderate—took a particularly tough line on the return Of lran's frozen assets. "I really want the hOS- tages t0 be freed, ” he said 、 "But so far Carter has not done all the things we've wanted. ' ' Dismayed, one intermediary said, “ lt sometimes seems as if the moderates and the hard-liners have reversed roles; the moderates are demanding the money and the hard-liners are saying the hostages could be out for Christmas. Things are to- tally unpredictable and could drag on for months or be resolved overnight. ” lran's chaotic internal politics promised even more agonizing delays. Violent anti- clerical demonstrations broke out in Ta- briz, Qom, Mashhad and lsfahan, distract- ing the fundamentalist lslamic Republican Party from the hostage issue. ln another bleak development, lran executed Simon Farzami, the Jewish editor 0f the daily Te- heran Journal, on charges Of spying for the United States. His crlme : connections with the press attaché at the American Em- bassy. The execution led tO speculation that / を lran might choose t0 make its own 50 , 開 () Jews surrogate hate Obj ects once the hOS- tages are released. Back in the United States, the families of the hostages could only trim their Christmas trees and pray for a breakthrough. Archbisop Hilarion Ca- pucci, a Melchite prelate wh0 has acted as an intermediary before, was due in Te- heran this week. But it turned out that hiS mission was tO arrange Christmas serv- ices for the hostages—once again in the occupied American Embassy. TOM MATHEWS with ELAINE SCIOLINO in Rome and CHRISTOPHER MA in Washington Laski—Sipa-BIack Star 6