0 曰 N ℃ N Varindra Tarzie Vittachi A MAN NAMED KHAN met a rare man the Other day. His name is Khan and what gives him distinction is the fact that he is one "lnternational Expert" on village-development programs whO actually lives in a village. I have been in that village, a place miles from what city folk call Anywhere. There is no piped water in the village, no air conditioning, no electric fan, not even a toe-powered punkah batting the hOt breeze this way and that as was done in the days 0f the British raj. Mr. Khan's specialty is that he is a generalist. He knows how tO tie together the activities Of the I rrigation Department, the Education Department, the Health Department and the Pub- lic Works Department so that they help the people for whose benefit, presumably, such departments were established. Since he shares the life-style of the villagers and knows their 10Ca1 idiom, he has become credible. When he explains why kitchen refuse turns the rain drains outside their houses intO breeding places for the malaria mosquito, or hOW nursing mothers should—and can—have a balanced diet even if they are P00 ら The second set of "experts" came from a wider P001 of tech- nicians working for United Nations agencies. They t00 were mostly city gents bent on "transferring technology" from Europe and America t0 the developing world. The era of high dams and hydropower plants that loomed like indifferent giants over the heads of the villagers was followed by the era of overpasses and underpasses that became the new symbols 0f modern development. And still the Third World's foreign-aid debts grew while op- portunities for a tolerable life for the rural people dwindled. The people trekked t0 the cities t0 find j0bs. But the pilgrimage was t00 late; there were t00 few jObs tO go around. At the great development-planning centers—all in metropoli- tan cities Of the industrial democracles—some belated lessons were being learned. The benefits of the transfer of technical assistance and money were not trickling down tO the villages as the experts had expected. Social and economic distinctions separating the cities' elite and the country gentry from the rural poor were powerful barners against an equitable distribution and why it is better for their ba- bies to be breast-fed despite the blandishments of 、、 fashion, ' ' they believe him. One result of a11 this is that the people 0f the village have begun to be involved and to understand the development process going on around them. The buzzword for it in the operational planning cen- ters IS "community participa- tion. " Where Mr. Khan lives, that phrase iS no longer a piece Of pious humbug mouthed by professional ーれ a remote Asian village, an unusual 'lnternational Expert' keeps his feet 0 れ the 9 「 ound and SOWS the seeds Of real p 「 09 「 ess. 0f development gains. "Top down' ' development strategi es— one Of those bureaucratic phrases that means less than meets the eye or ear—、 vas found tO be in- effective because without the will- ing and active participation Of the people whose lives would be af- fected, no true social change could occur. At long last it had also become evident that if tech- nical expertise was tO be useful, it had tO be directly relevant tO the village. bureaucrats and alleged experts in made-to-measure safari j ackets, but a meaningful response tO an understood need. There are other men and women like 、嗄 r. Khan working ⅲ other villages on human-development programs, but there are still far t00 few. ln the two remaining decades of this century, many more 0f these people will be needed if the grand goals of the world community, such as "health for all by 20 開 " and "literacy for all by 2 网 ' ' are going to be more than hollow slogans. Even tO achieve the less ambitious goals Of reducing hunger and eliminating the worst aspects Of poverty, the elitist approach t0 development will have t0 change. lt t00k two decades for people t0 realize that the system that was initially established was expensive and irrelevant. lt Often served as a sinecure for colonial offcers left by the receding tide of imperialism. Often, these ex-colonials marched off toward what they called M0d- ernism. They built dams and highways and hospitals in which the doctors practiced on people when they were already sick, instead 0f preventing illness through effective health programs. The foreign experts—as well as their "local" counterparts—lived in the city and believed that what was good for urban residents was good for those wh0 lived in the villages. 56 This year's "World Development Report' ' of the World Bank enshrines these lessons. lt says that efforts tO improve people's lives must begin where the people are, that human beings are what development is all about, that the village community is the building block of national growth. That is indeed a tour de force from a body that has spent 30 years supplying money and experts tO finance top-down development programs. lt is a document that has given legitimacy tO the notion that villagers are bankable even if they cannot yet sign a check. They tell a story about the visit by Robert McNamara, the WorId Bank president, to a village in Asia. The area has been developing rapidly because now it has access tO water that can be used for irrigating the croplands. McNamara remarked t0 a farmer: "I hear you are becoming prosperous. ” The farmer replied yes, things were lmproving. "And what is your annual income asked 、åC 、 mara. ofyour business," replied the farmer and walked away. That is the most heartening human- development story I have heard in many a year. But perhaps the best thing about it is that the person whO tells the story is Robert McNamara himself. And this Asian village is the village in which Mr. Khan lives. NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 19 訂
DISASTERS G. Rancinan—Sygma A su 「ⅳ 0 「 in AI Asnam:The 物 a 5 came 彙 mb れ 9 do 0 iCAT 第料戸を、、 A し S. Coast Guard The Prinsendam capsizes: す h ・・ nd 0f a 'memorable' 0 「 uis ・ 第一一な第亠 Michael Folco—Gamma ・ Liaison S 彙 a ′ i れ 9 ch d ′・ 0 in Uganda: HeIpIess victims of Africa's drought n land and sea alike, disasters took a heavy toll in 1980. ln East Africa, the worst drought in fifteen years turned the earth as dry as bone and left millions starving. A cataclysmic earth- quake in Algeria reduced the city 0f AI Asnam to rubble and killed more than 6 , 08 people. On an airport runway in Riyadh, a Saudi Arabian Jet burned, taking the lives of all 301 people on board, and the luxury liner Prm- sendam sank in the Gulf of Alaska. ln the icy waters of the North Sea, a 10 , 500- ton 0i1 rig capsized, killing 123 men in history's worst offshore 0i1 disaster. The charred wreckage of a SaudijetIiner at Riyadh airport: す h ・ third 物 0 「 st disaster in aviation history Pete Brady—」 VC-IPF す h ・「ⅶれ of a 物 0 杙 h 5 ・ a 0 「 ig : 'A 0 「 ash k ・ thunder' NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 19 制
P ℃ TURES OF THE YEAR 読第 -0 を . 。ま 、」 0 ・まトを ankind's best efforts tO provide spectacles paled beside the power of a restive earth. ln May, a blast equal tO the most powerful nuclear device ever exploded blew the top 0f Mount St. Helens 10 miles into the sky above Ameri- ca's Pacific Northwest. While workers combed its newly moonscaped slopes for victims, dark clouds rained a blizzard of ash stretching halfway to the Mississippi River. July's Moscow OIympics offered a meticulously programed pageant that scaled the heights Of organization and ef- ficiency. But a boycott protesting the SOViet invasion 0f Afghanistan stripped much 0f the heart and happiness from the Games. Along the shores ofthe Mediterranean, ter- rible earthquakes once again reaped an aw- ful human toll. A total of 20 , 000 people died in Algeria in Oct0ber and one month later another catastrophic quake killed 3 000 people and left 300 , 000 homeless across 16 , 600 square miles 0f southern lt- aly. Almost a billion miles away, the Voy- ager l's photographic probe 0f Saturn 0f- fered spectacular testimony tO man's scientific daring. Voyager's crystalline PIC- tures Of the giant planet, its rings and its moons contrasted the ma. 」 esty Of the heav- Tony Duffy—Duomo ens with the suffering back home on earth. The ' 0 ck 物 0 「 k Games': Pomp and panoply at the 0500 響 0 mpics 24 NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 19 制
Globe PhOtos peter SeIIers, 54 , the film indus- ⅵ 5 man Of a thousand faces Culver Plctures CharIes Percy (). P. ) Snow, 74 , an astute judge Of people and PO 物 e 「 し P. A. ・ P ℃ tO ロ Oskar Kokoschka, 93 , a founder Of expressionist movement Globe Photos Jesse 0 e れ 5 , 66 , OIympic hero whO shattered HitIer's Aryan myth Peer Pedersen—Pnotoreporters AIfred Hitchcock, 80 , the director whO made fright fun fO 「 all Renate Zimmerman Henry MiIIer, 88 , a れ earthy novelist 物 hose life often imitated art NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 19 制
PhOtOS by Lester Sloan—NEWSWEEK / ーん 0 川・〃な c Ⅳ ~ ″ん 0 肥ん 0 た知 e 耘 0 ルれ co 〃〃ルんん ' 尾 seeing 0 〃 0 0 な〃〃 ~ り get 住ー川 Soviet Union where there are no human A TaIk With ona Reagan rights at all? There's been quite a bit of that one-sidedness in all of this. / ーんな c c ル / な ades ん 0 川 0 立 e ん Q. S ん 0 〃 co Ⅲ , 催 0 - 、 Mhat I think they are ignortng is the 火 0 れ記 a 火 ga れ挈 e 厩川 0 尾 0 れ 0 〃カ 04 ′ fact that in the name Of human rights ーⅣれ Ge 〃催記″ g 住〃イ ~ 尾イ e 厩ル社 0 〃 d な c 豆れ g んなん co 川加 g 豆イ e 〃 q ア み加 e イ 0 ′ the Se 〃住 ? we have found ourselves at times [inter- ル″ん NEWSWEEK CO ′′ e 20 〃 de れな James A. I don't think it's needed ... to clear vening] in a CiVil dispute in a smaller の 0 ァ Ma 加 K 加 0 れ d GeraId C. the air. I think the whole thing about country, ending up with a totally totali- ん 4 わ劭 0 ル . Ex 化挈な . ・ Watergate should have been laid to rest tarian government taking over. And the when Mr. Jaworski, the special prosecu- people end up with less human rights NEWSWEEK: Do 0 〃 ex, e ア ro みん襯 tor, went on the air the other night than they had before ... The classic ex- and he without qualification gave Haig ample is Cuba. Sure, Batista was more REAGAN: I expect him to be con- a clean bill of health. autocratic than we believe in. And there firmed . . I heard one Democratic sen- were things being done t0 the people that ator [Alan Cranston of California] who's 0. SO e ) 0 〃′イんの加 g we did not think were right. But, good been quite vocal about his criticism saying 0 み 0 ″ーイ ec ′ 0 〃 g 住〃“ eco 〃 0 川一 C emergen- Lord, I don't know of any Cuban who on the air the Other night, "I may vote wouldn't say today that what he had was for him. ” heaven compared tO what Castro has giv- en them. There wouldn't have been a going 知イ 0 ? 0. の 4 催んので“ co 〃イ 0 〃 g んな A. I don't know. ln no way [has anyone Castro had we not interfered. been] talking about such draséic actions A. No. The media were naming Haig as the ones you've mentioned. I don't Q. ルん住ー 2 み 0 〃ー the ー r 住〃ⅵ 0 〃″ $ e グ .2 before I had made a final decision . know Of any specific actions that a Presi- éop ん住加 g Go 0 お火 eaga 〃 ln all fairness, I really had to give ev- dent today could take of that kind, and pro 襯なにイんにル 0 〃 cut にみ〃イ k 4 〃イ eryone on [my]list a fair 100k. And this I have none in mind. The only thing that e the み〃〃 cra イ ow れの記加 ea イ iS What was going on . ん e got なん〃 ge, みん住イ 2 尾々 el c . SO there was has tO be considered is : would it have no untoward delay at all. any value t0 actually focus the people's 0 r e ′ e. attention and the government' s attention A. A large majority of those people Q. おッ石〃 g 0 れな〃 0 川加住″ 0 〃ア g ん一 on the need for action? If there is any are volunteers. And what dO you say tO danger, it is whether it would have an someone WhO comes ln very sincerely and ″な住ー ca 加に effect of lowering the people's spirits . wants to be of help? A. Yes, but what would I expend if a kind of give-up-itis. Or could you say I caved in? I am convinced that General tO them, 100k , we want you tO know really Q. お〃ー 04 〃〃加 g 0 r み〃イ . Haig is the man we need in that position why some drastic actions are needed? A. Yes. But remember that the budget . I have gone very deeply into his back- is unchanged from what it was four years ground, his familiarity with foreign af- 0. ルん ) 0 〃 r 尾平 0 〃加 the みなん 02 $ ago, with no allowance made for inflation. fairs . . I think [the nomination] sends れイ 0 ′ ro 襯加 e 〃ー c 襯例ルん 0 な - a message Of hope tO our allies. 0 ん〃 g $ 川Ⅷー石れ g 0 〃ね平 ea 々 Q. ″ 0 ル尾 0 〃 0 〃ゼれ g ) 0 〃〃川 e 0. Even 04 ル i 〃 , 0 尾〃 ) 0 ″ raising A.... I believe in human rights A. Well, I wired the Christmas tree; the カ 0 んル可 erga な $ 〃 e 住 ga 加 ? But l've wondered, when that group talks we still have tO decorate it ... But, no, A. No, I don't think they can make about human rights, dO they mean uni- l've been busy. The whole business of that stick ... [Haig's critics] will have versally? Or is this, again, one Of those Cabinet selection and so forth goes on tO 100k tO their own conscience as tO protests that ... we should pick on some with me here ... 、åost Of it is phone whether they're not playing politics, [see- little country which admittedly does not work or personal visits and staff meetings ing in the Haig nomination] an oppor- live up tO our ideal Of human rights that are held here. Then there is an awful [while] not including countries like the tunity tO get at me . 10t of reading to be done . NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 1981
LATIN AMER ℃ A THE AVENGING ANGELS Murry Sill—Miami Herald RiO 彙 i れ 9 at Archbishop Romero's funeral claimed 3 1 lives: Peace, justice—and people—were perishable commodities Right-wing forces are especially edgy about the situation in Nica- By Beth Nissen ragua. "L0ts 0f people worried that a leftist Nicaragua would fifth-grade history teacher at an elementary school in export revolution throughout the region," said one U. S. diplomat EI Salvador recently asked students to name the country's in Central America, 、、 but few foresaw hOW much a leftist Nicaragua leaders. Fourteen children answered, 、、 The army. '' Four would improve the market for right-wing reaction here. ' Rightists thought U. S. President Jimmy Carter was their Head of State. also have been greatly emboldened by Ronald Reagan's landslide And the remainder of the class of 28 left the question blank. election victory in the United States. The conservative forces 、 I gave them all extra credit, perceive the President-elect as an ideological ally and likely pro- said the teacher. "There isn't a right answer anymore. tector, although their enthusiasm anything but absolute. 、、 He's EI SaIvador may be the best example of a country without untrustworthy, like all gringos, but at least he hates Communists a clear leader, but all across Central America, there is an ongoing as much as we dO," said one right-wing activist in the reg10n. struggle over wh0 is—and wh0 should be—in charge. Sh00t- "He'd send in the Marines before he'd let Fidel Castro in the outS between leftist revolutionanes and right-wing backyard of the United States. '' —always commonplace—have become epidemic. Leftist leaders disappear from the streets in Guatemala. Nicaragua's business n EI Salvador, right-wingers control significant segments of community has been shocked by the violent death Of a prominent the nation's security forces and their agents have been on private-sector leader. And even in COSta Rica, which has remained a wild and unchecked binge 0f terror. Paramilitary groups relatively calm by regional standards, violence is becoming a prob- and death squads are widely blamed for much of the political に m. 、、 The right and the left, the East and the West, have all violence that has taken nearly 10 , 000 lives during the past year. discovered that the area is t00 strategically important not tO 、、 We know from history that the only way to control the left control," said one U. S. ambassador. Although most of Central is tO destroy them," said one self-described 、、 avengmg angel" America IS resource poor, its proximity tO the United States has of the right. 、、 We will tear out the Communist weeds whenever obvious tactical advantages—and disadvantages. 、、 The great worry they grow back, however many times. 、 is that Communist forces will take control Of Nicaragua, then Much ofthe violence has been aimed at the church. Last March, 日 SaIvador, then Guatemala and then drive up toward the soft Archbishop Oscar ArnuIfo Romero was assassinated by a gunman underbelly of Kansas,' says U. S. Ambassador to 日 Salvador 」 ust after delivering a sermon on 」 ustice and peace—certainly Robert White. the most perishable commodities in El Salvador's overheated social lnevitably, lightning on the left brings thunder on the right, climate. 、、 The death 0f Bishop Romero is a symbol of the tragedy and fear Of Communist expansion has led tO what one Salvadoran our nation is living through," said another priest. 、 lt is a tragedy analyst describes as a ViOlent 、、 resurgence against insurgence. of death and b od. " Near the end of the year, there were more 40 NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 、い ) 新
PERISCOPE How Stockman Wi11 Cut 亡 he Budget President-elect Ronald Reagan spoke only vaguely during the campaign Of reducing "waste, fraud and in the Federal budget, but a team Of experts under the direction of David Stockman, the 34-year-old director-designate of the Offce of Management and Budget, has already targeted a sweep- ing set 0f reductions in government spending. The OMB task force plans tO deliver its recommendations tO Republican Con- gressional leaders early next month , before the lnauguration, hoping t0 line up support before the bills are presented. The pnncipal objective, one Stockman aide says, is tO "cut 0 the undeserving. '' Some 0f the proposals: ー EIiminate the fOOd stamps that are now available in many cases t0 people in no danger 0f going hungry, such as eollege students from middle-class families and well-paid construction workers undergoing seasonal layo . ・ Put a cap on the total amount spent for medicare and Medicaid payments. The main would be tO continue covermg essential medical services while curbing runaway hospital costs. ・ Drastically reduce the $ 52 billion in low-interest Federalloans extended annually tO farmers, businessmen and Other members of the middle and upper classes. ・ Cut back on Federal construction pro. 」 ects. ・ Seek revenue from services now offered free tO the wealthy : for example, an annual license fee for yachts, intended t0 defray the Coast Guard's cost Of maintaining navigational aids and pro- viding rescue service for owners Of pleasure boats. The U. S. Fi11s a Dip10macy Gap The State Department has filled a key post in the U. S. Embassy in Moscow at a time when interpretation ofSoviet policy is critical. Mark Garrison, the No. 2 diplomat at the embassy, took early retirement recently tO teach and help organize an institute for the study 0f U. S. -Soviet diplomacy at Brown University. Wash- ington has tapped Jack Matlock, its ambassador-designate tO Prague, to fill in briefly for Garrison as deputy t0 Ambassador Thomas Watson, a Carter political appointee. MatIock will stay on until Ronald Reagan's ambassador settles intO the jOb. Weighing Reagan's lmpact on B1acks The Joint Center for PoIitical Studies, a black-operated think tank in Washington, will spend about $ 500 , 0 開 to study the Reagan Administration's economic proposals and weigh their probable impact on the black community. Black leaders hope the research will enable them to talk more knowledgeably with key members of Congress and the Administration when the time comes tO consider such proposals as urban enterpnse zones, WhiCh would Offer tax incentives tO attract businesses tO れ areas, and cash vouchers to help the poor pay rent and sch001 bills. Changes in Russia's Five-Year Plan Moscow sources say that the POIish crisis prompted last-minute reVISions in the SOViet Union's latest five-year economic plan, released a few weeks ago. The rewritten version reduces the em- phasis on industrial development and calls instead for increased spending on consumer goods. The changes apparently reflect KremIin fears that consumer unrest could spread across the border from P01and into the U. S. S. R. , where slumping agricultural pro- 4 duction has caused acute shortages Of meat and dairy products. Western diplomats can't tell yet whether the Soviets really intend tO shore up the consumer economy or whether the changes in the plan are just for show. Ground es for FBI Probes Before leaving offce, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti plans tO issue the first comprehensive guidelines for undercover ln- vestigations by the FBI. One new rule, designed t0 keep agency probes from going beyond their original goals, will require future Abscam-type pro. 」 ects tO undergo earlier and more intensive review by top-level Justice Department offcials. New Repression in Uruguay Sources in South America say that many Uruguayan dissidents and their relatives have disappeared or have been arrested since the November plebiscite in which voters rejected the rulingjunta's bid for greater power under the constitution, One Of those missing is Dr. Teresa Gomez de Voituret, a prominent neurologist and medical professor, whO was last seen being led from the Montevideo airport after returning from Argentina. She had met in Buenos Aires with members of the Service for Peace and Justice, led by N0bel peace laureate Ad01f0 Pérez Esquivel. Reagan Fans: T 0 Peo 0f Vietnam "Boat people" arnving in Thailand from Vietnam report that Ronald Reagan 's U. S. election victory pleased all ofthe Vietnamese except the small minority whO support their country's harsh Marx- ist regime. According tO the refugees, most Vietnamese 100k for- ward t0 a tough Reagan policy toward the Hanoi leadership. The Vietnamese are alSO said tO be hoping for another invasion by China. Brzezinski as Mr. Unpopularity The most unpopular member Of President Carter' s Admin- istration? Accordi11g t0 Presidential pollster Pat Caddell, the win- ner by a landslide is Zbigniew Brzezinski, the President's assistant for national-security affairs. ln a Caddell survey Of voters, Brze- zinski was given an "unfavorable" rating by 80%—worst 0f any Carter aide. One Administration offcial observed: " really shouldn't be surprised. After all, he was booed spontaneously at the convention ⅲ New York, and if he was that unpopular with Democrats, we should have realized how he was going over with the country as a whOle. '' rn of the USIA The Reagan Administration plans tO rechristen one Federal bureau with its original name: the United States lnformation Agency. lt became the lnternational Communication Agency un- der Jimmy Carter, partly because his advisers thought USIA sounded t00 much like CIA and raised suspicions abroad 0f a connection with the intelligence agency. That doesn't bOther Rea- gan's people, wh0 complain that the information agency has be- come "an apologist for America. " Aides say that Reagan will order a more aggressive and upbeat effort, starting with putting the "U. S. " back into the agency's name. B ILL ROEDER with bureau reports NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 1981
TERROR Searchers comb the 「 i05 Of BO ー 09 れ a ' 5 train 5 a 00 fO 「 bodies: The worst extremist blOOd bath in recent ltalian history Ansa 第 3 皞第 Monty Roberts Sabotage at SasoIburg: A stu れれ i れ 9 strike at apartheid Near-victim Bakhtiar: Open season on exiles? 34 UPI omb blasts and bullets reverberated around the world month in and month out. As hundreds of ltalian vacationers filled Bologna's mam railroad station, an explosion laid ruin t0 the building and killed 85 people. This time it was not ltaly's left-wing Red Brigades wh0 caused the carnage, but neo-Fascists. Opponents 0fSouth Africa's white supremacist policies used limpet mines tO blOW apart eight fuel tanks at the country's top-secret coal - t0-0i1 conversion plant at Sasolburg. The plant is virtually a symbol 0f national self-reliance for the oil-embargoed nation, and the attack was the first successful sabotage operation in South Africa' s history. ln France, a MusIim hit squad narrowly missed shooting its way into the Neuilly home 0f lranian exile leader Shahpur Bakh- tiar, the late Shah's last Prime Minister. Three days later an assassin fired a single shot from a 7.65- mm Beretta pistol, killing former Syrian Prime Minister Salah Eddin al Bitar. And on lsrael's occupied West Bank, bombs planted by Jewish extremists maimed two Palestinian mayors, wounded seven Arab shoppers and blinded an lsraeli policeman. Prime Minister Menachem Begin imme- diately branded the terrorist attacks as "cnmes Of the gravest type. " But a zealous Zionist declared: "The time has come for Arabs to be afraid t00. ' Benami Neuman—Gamma-Liai son NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 1981 Maimed NabIus 盟 ayo 「 Bassam al Shakaa: 「 ae 彙・ 0 ′
GameWarden EIias Lasheri. Murdered い rhmo poachers June lst 1979. HINO POACHINGisn't a question up tO $ 600 an ounce tO people wh0 of a few African tribesmen bend- have been f001ed int0 thinking it ' s an aphrodisiac ー which it isn't. ing the rules. lt' s highly-organised slaughter for Without your help the rhino hasn 't profit by gangs 0f men armed with a chance. If the present rate 0f machine guns and Kalashnikov as sault slaughter is allowed t0 conunue , by rifles. Like the ones they used t0 k11 1982 all rhinos ⅲ East Africa could be gone. Forever. Elias Lasheri at K1ripa ⅲ Tanzania. The stakes are high. Rhino horn is The World Wildlife Fund is moun- more prized than gold. lt's sold for ung an urgent campalgn t0 save the rhino from extinction. Your help is needed now. Your contribuuons can help pay for more men and eqtupment tO stop the poachers. TO persuade governments t0 totally ban trade ⅲ rhino products, as Kenya, Hong Kong and 57 other countries have done. You can help move vulnerable rhinos t0 safer, better-patrolled re- serves. Most ofall, you can help expose the profiteers , the men wh0 provide the market that tempts Others intO poachmg. And murder. EIias Lasher1 gave his life trying t0 protect the rhino. Won' t you give somethmg? S end your donatlon tO your national 、、 VF organlzatlon or direct to: S ave the Rhino Campamgn: 、 Vorld Wildlife Fund, 1196 GLAND, Switzerland. 月市盟ⅵ記〃盟″川・孕Ⅲ・翻ロ 2 / た“尾たに , ( ) 朝 / い , & M 卍厖に WIY'F 訛んれ , た dg いに法 , na 礒 , ″ ( ゾな、ヘれ℃の , N' い心ん NA2
ASIA DougIas Wetzstein Kim's death sentence tO stand, the consequences will be greater By A れ d 「・響 Nagorski than the indelible black mark the execution would leave on the 022 ⅲ 0 〃 / ′ Kim の ae 4 れ g , 尾た 0 d 0 アれ ea ′ゆれ country' s already blemished image. Relations with the Uni ted ア ea な 0 / イ e れ 0 〃 , ″に s 0 ー the ca e as 0 れ d 〃れ c ん es 〃ビル States and Japan—South Korea's chief trading partners and staun- 94e 立尸 SO ん KO 0 豆 d 砌 q ア . Click. & ″れな立 ag 豆肥 chest allies—would come under a strain that could jeopardize 襯 0 〃 ra 加ね ca ″′ 0 れ end ね 0 れ / 記楸 Click Se 硼ゆ economic recovery and damage diplomatic relationships. 尾 0 " なル〃な 0 〃 d ァ 0 ″″ c 記 / de な尹 0 襯 the 2 ⅲ 0 〃 The instability that plagued the country ⅲ the past year began 0 〃 d go 肥翔 e 厩 24 た & Click ″れ d 尾ホ die 加 the K ル 0 〃 & ″″ 2- in the sprlng with a series Of street battles between students and ′な加 g , 0 れイ襯 / ″ ro れ g 0 れ C ん″〃の 00 ル 4 〃な elec イ尾豆 d ー police. ln the opening rounds, casualties were light. The police the 翔わた立 0 襯 2 electoral college. Click Kim な厩 c 記ね laid down tear gas instead 0f bullets, and the students seemed death 0 川″″ 0 co ″ 0 〃勗 0 e 市″ 0 〃 . Click. more intent on creating dramatic tension than open warfare. Even dissident leaders urged moderation. The pleas worked. The stu- ike snapshots 仕 om a motor-driven camera, the images Of dents called 0 寵 their protests and life in SeouI seemed tO return South Korea in 1980 portray events racing at a speed diffcult to normal. Then Chun struck back. for the naked eye tO register. The first months of the year ー ln mid-May, he extended martial law throughout the nation. reflected extraordinary hope and exhilaration, a time when it He closed the universities, disbanded the National AssembIy and appeared that the country would emerge from the trauma Of ordered mass arrests. The speed and the scope Of Chun' s actions Park Chung Hee's assassination with a truly democratic system. left no doubt that his moves were planned well in advance. His But by the winter, after a series of seismic political upheavals, government immediately unveiled the sedition charges agai nst South Korea had a new dictator every bit as repressive as Park. Kim Dae Jung. Kim Jong PiI, the leader of Park's Democratic What went wrong? Republican Party, was put in jail and Kim Young Sam, the leader Just about everything. lnflation ran at a rate approaching 30 Of the opposition New Democratic Party, was placed u nder house per cent and the once-booming economy experlenced its first arrest. With that, Chun cleared the decks of all potential rivals negative growth in sixteen years. The country's normally docile for the Presidency. workers staged successive strikes that culminated in a coal miners' riot in Sabuk in which one policeman was killed and dozens onetheless , the stron gman ' s carefully choreographed crack- Of people were in. 」 ured. Students and opposition politicians, lm- down backfired in Kwangju, the capital of Kim Dae Jung's patient with the pace Of reforms Of caretaker President ChOi native province Of South ChOlla. ln an open insurrection, Kyu Hah , stepped up their pressure on the power structure without 189 people were killed according to the government tally; others first weighing the risks. Chun, who had taken control of the contended that the death toll was much higher. The violence army in December 1979 , rapidly consolidated his power and pre- started when the Black Berets, the SpeciaI Forces soldiers, were pared for the day when he would shed his uniform and assume sent in tO break up a protest on the Chonnam National University direct control. campus. They obeyed their orders with a vengeance—and the Chun's chances Of putting South Korea on a stable path in city exploded. After bloody battles with students and citizens 1981 hinge largely on the fate of Kim Dae Jung. If Chun allows who had seized arms and military vehicles in the struggle, the NEWSWEEK/JANUARY 5 , 1981