Dance A New Sunbeam, lng her regularly tO a studiO tWO hours away ⅲ Beverly Hills. Three years ago, about the time that the decision tO go tO TraveIing Fast New York had to be made, her mother tOOk her tO a high school football game 図ーノ 6 , Da 尾 / K な〃な 0 〃 20 / 厩 and tOId her, "Darci, you are going tO miss all this. ” RepIied Darci: "What's there here are no subtleties ⅲ Darci Kist- tO miss? ” Once ⅲ New York she learned with ler's success story: she is a little girl's astounding speed. Her adagio ⅲ Bizet's fantasy come t0 life. At 16 she has been S ア川ん 0 〃ア加 C becomes more fluent each glven major roles by George Balanchine, time she is onstage. Unquestionably she the greatest living choreographer. New is helped not only by Balanchine but by York City BaIIet audiences, normally a re- a younger mentor, her partner Sean Lav- served and sophisticated 10t , cheer her on ery, who is all Of 24. Before, Lavery was to three or four bows. Alexandra Dani- lova , a former prima ballerina , says that an elegant dancer and a dutiful partner. Work1ng with Darci has made him an ar- Darci has "a perfume ⅲ her dancing that dent and vigilant one. He talks tO her as makes you think 'HOW beautiful.' ” She is a typical Balanchine dancer: they perform. If he finds signs of devel- lithe, leggy, fair-haired. She moves with oping nerves like a stiffening bOdy or a tendency tO move 0 代 the beat , he will mut- the speed and clarity he demands. She ter, "lt's 0. K. ” or "Better hurry up. ” Says seems tO know instinctively what many Lavery: "I am struck by the way she can talented dancers need years tO learn: hOW tO engage an audience. Even in a diffcult cover space and by her nonstop energy. A lyricalathlete: Darci in class She doesn't know when to rest. ' role where rough edges show, she takes watched closely since her first sch001 OIder hands see other qualities. Says obvious pleasure ⅲ being onstage danc- ing. Her jOY leaps right over the footlights workshop performance. l)urmg rehears- Character Dancer Shaun O'Brien , 50 : “ I and lets the audience share ⅲ her zest. like her innate grand manner. I think she als for her final student appearance ln S ル 0 〃ん 4 ん last May, she had a hip injury, That, of course, is what show biz calls will grow up t0 one 0f the wonderful, star quality. Darci's precocious fame is not but danced "full out ” the whole time. Says lmpressive ballerinas—like the great 01d without precedent: at City BaIIet, Patri- a friend : "She covered the pain for two girls, only without being bulky. ” David cia McBride, Suzanne FarreII and GeIsey hours every afternoon. lt was sheer deter- Howard , a teacher who has worked with KirkIand all came tO promlnence at about mmation. ' ' Says lrina Kosmovska, whO Darci and many Other top dancers, has a her age. Still the clamor for Darci has sur- began teachlng Darci in California when ballet master's unblinking eye. Says he: prised the company—whlch promotes its She was eleven: 、 a fountain Of 'She has good legs, good training and in- repertory rather than its stars—and Bal- born strength. She is a little wide ⅲ the energy. She tried everything. She was one anchine. He has forbidden interviews shoulders. She will have to learn to cam- Of my most intense students—she would with her. Darci's career is only a few ouflage it and create a softer illusion. ” He comm. it suicide on the floor. ' months 01d , yet her parents are already Darci's grit—required Of dedicated questions whether Darci is climbing t00 beset by promoters whO are seeking en- ballet dancers—showed up early. Her fa- fast: “ There is not enough patience tO- dorsements. That's hOW fast a new sun- day. Many dancers burn out. If they 100k ther is a successful Riverside, Ca1if.. , doc- physically as if they can dO it, they are beam travels. tor, her mother a former French teacher. Darci tOOk on her first ma. 」 or parts ⅲ Her four big brothers were all wrestling glven t00 much tO dO. ' Europe last summer while the company champions. Just tO keep pace, recalls a lt hard to think of Darci slowing was on tour. ln the current New York sea- friend, 、、 she had tO one tough little girl. her pace. She Often works 仕 om 10 ⅲ the son, she appears ⅲ Bizet's S ッ襯ん 0 〃ア The family supported her ambitions, driv- mormng until midmght (class, rehearsals, 加 C, 犬ア川 da / ar - MARTHA SWOPE performance) and then 0 〃 , / 4 な e Fa 〃な , forgets tO pick up her pay- / 4 ゆ〃′ g な〃 ac カ / and check. ln her apartment near Linc01n Center, her んんのゞんッ Suite No. 3. Of these , the lyrical adagio only compamon is her ⅲ the Bizet is the most dif- cockatoo Lulu, though her ficult , demanding regal parents and brothers visit. presence and an emgmat- Their trust in Balanehine ic , almost witchy sexlness. amounts to blind faith. But Darci is a very young Says Dr. KistIer: "He princess , and the Other watches SO that there is quality is still beyond her. no lnjury t0 her. ” ln ad- Nor did it help when, on dition tO pictures Of 、行 . B the second night, a bodice and Peter Martins, her liv- seam split down tO the lng r001 れ ShOWS 0 代 her waist. Darci went right on precious collection Of uni- with the aplomb that is al- corns, the legendary beast ready her signature, SW1m- that is associated with ming happily through purity. But lately Darci the ballet's subaqueous has a new interest ; She rhythms , and 100k ⅲ g like now likes images Of what she is, a California ー B / 期。けわ。 D リ . swans. girl transfigured. Reported by Nancy A BaIanchine ballerina lets loose: performing in Sym, わ 0 y 加 C Within City BaIIet, Newman/New / 0 ⅸ 0 れ d S ん / 00 ん″ん e ルん砒ビな , 0 C 0 翔 g な 4 〃ⅵ 'g 〃イ . Darci Kistler has been 川 0 けわ 0 Sm ー / え 05 Angeles TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980 64

disease were flowing intO the ma. 」 or towns, ble, they were still finding survivors ⅲ two and collapsed, throwing Pagliuca though deliveries tO the most isolated vil- the wreckage. On Friday three people , in- clear but burying the worshipers under a lages remained SIOW. The comm1SSioner cluding a six-month-old infant in Lioni , mountain 0f stone. The bleeding figure 0f also busied himself requisi tioning railroad were rescued after more than five days a town omcial landed at the priest's feet. cars and seaside tourist hOtels tO provide Of entra pment. Earlier, workers sifting "Lord have mercy on me, ” the man whis- temporary shelter for the homeless. through the ruined hospital at Sant' An- pered , and then died. people dO not need tO remain close tO their ge10 de' Lombardi found three babies still Touring the stricken region by heli- homes, we can move them intO resort hO- alive. A mong them was Carmencita An- copter on Tuesday, Pope J0hn Paul Ⅱ vis- tels and holiday camps on the coast, ” he ited a hospital and stopped ⅲ BaIvano tO toniello , born prematurely just five days explained. "MOSt people dream 0f a h01- comfort the grieving townspeople. 当 before the quake. She had been trapped iday by the sea. ⅥⅡ , at least we can give come as a brother, ” the Pontiff said in in her incubator. ln Balvano , 90-year-01d his quiet, Polish-accented ltalian, his Donata Zarillo was rescued after spend- them that. ' Zamberletti brings some experience ing 30 hours trapped in the wreckage Of white garments stained from embracing tO thejob. ln 1976 he supervised rescue OP- her kitchen. 、、 We heard her beating a grimy survivors. "l want tO tell you that erations after an earthquake hit the Fri- piece Of WOOd against the wall, ” explained you are surrounded by compassion on the uli region, northeast Of Venice. His per- part Of all Christians. Fireman Giancarlo Rocchi. formance earned him a reputation for A 26-year-01d woman named Liber- Across the quake-stricken area , able- getting things done—and a certain fame ata (the name , appropriately, means "li b- bodied survivors dug frantically with their erated") was trapped with her mother for among ham radiO operators under the hands ⅲ search of husbands, wives , chil- code name Zorro. But he admits that the dren, parents. By night , they sle pt in the 72 hours after their home collapsed. She success Of that effort owed much tO for- described the experience in a moving tele- open, huddled together around hundreds eign assistance, especially from the U. S. vision interview: 、 We hugged each Other Of campfires that dotted the countryside. n some areas, the telephone company set up special switchboards SO that vil- lagers could reach relatives in Amer- ica and Northern Europe. One man in Balvano called his brother-in-law ⅲ West Germany, but did not have the heart t0 reveal the family tragedy. "You'd bet- ter come h01 れ e because thlngs are not going well for us here," the caller said. The emigrant worker had lost his wife his four children, his brother and his mother. lnternational reaction tO the tragedy was swift. The U. S. provided six military helicopters and 2 000 tents and pledged an ini tial $ 1.5 million tO a relief fund , while a welter Of private charities set up funds Of their own in American cities with large ltalian immigrant populations. The European Community appropriated $ 2 million for disaster relief.. Red Cross so- cieties in at least nine countries , includ- ing Japan and South Korea, provided funds. Some Of the international assistance Pope JOhn PauI addressing residents Of BaIvano during a tour Of the stricken area was stalled by ltaly's infamous bureau- T んど〃 za 訪ア 0 ル肥 d 4 〃イ the カリ ca 〃 d た・ c ル 0 わわ d 0 〃川ⅲ〃 altar. cracy. TWO Red Cross planes loaded with 'After Friuli , the Americans did some relief supplies were reportedly forced tO helplessly. ln the darkness, we tried t0 wonderful things, ” he says. 。、 They buil t wait 24 hours for clearance tO enter the scrape away the dirt and make a space schools, hospitals. This time the need is in which tO breathe. Mother prayed and country. Local help encountered compa- much greater. ln this present phase Of rable problems. Some 0f the first rescue I heard her say, 'Oh God, let me die an sheltering the homeless, we need 7 000 teams arrived little better equipped than hour before my daughter because I could not stand tO see her die. ' Ⅵ spoke Of trailers, or funds tO buy them. the people they were sent tO help. Even- By week's end , there was little hope tually , shortages ⅲ the quake zone gave many things, important things. When Of finding more survivors. lnexorably , pi- rise t0 a ghoulish black-market trade ⅲ they pulled us out, I felt my mother's face. azzas across the region 用厄 d with the sad everything from coffns tO mineral water. lt was cold. This told me she was near and tidy rows Of the victims' coffns, and the end, and I burst into tears. ' Liber- The result was widespread bitterness, as omcials began looking tO the size Ofthe re- Pertini discovered on Tuesday during an ata's mother died seconds after being inspec tion tour Of the stricken region. covery task ahead. 、、Ⅵ cannot have the rescued. world's biggest encampment," said Zam- "How dare you stroll through here? ” berletti. 、、 We must build entire villages. he responsibility—and the credit shouted a man digging through the rub- But an early winter, bringing incessant ble in Laviano as the immaculately ・—for ultimately pulling together rain and freezing cold t0 the homeless still the relief effort belonged t0 Giu- dressed presidential party approached. seppe Zamberletti, 56 , the govern- encamped in the open, had already im- ' 'This is not a spectacle, you shits! My ment's Under Secretary for Foreign Af- posed its own imperatives. 、、 The weather Wife iS down there. She has been scream- is terrible, ” declared Vittorio Renzulli, fairs. Appointed commissioner for the ing for tWO days. ” stricken area on Tuesday , Zamberletti set mayor 0f San Michele di Serino. "We al- The rescue operation finally moved ready have several cases 0f flu, and chil- up headquarters in Naples and immedi- into high gear at midweek , with 33 000 dren are coming down with bronchitis. ately imposed some badgering general- workers deployed throughout the disaster ship on his sprawling forces. By Friday We still need tents, blankets. ” And region. Using specially trained German comns. ーー 8 / ノ 0 わ n NieIsen. ReportedbyErik shepherd dogs and directional micro- large quantities 0f fOOd clothing and medical supplies tO prevent the spread Of phones lowered intO cavities ⅲ the rub- m わ ea 作 0 ′ andRo nd 日 bm レⅣ ap 5 TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980 G A M M A 、匚 A 一 S 0 N

日「 e fighters near hard-hit Sa れ Bernardino are silhouetted against a fire 5t0 「 m fanned by w ⅲ社 5 that gusted up t0 90 m•p. h• ? 、 The Winds of Autumn 犬 ag 加 g わ翔五幻“ 0 尾ん SO ん翔 C 記び 0 翔 ashed by h0t , howling desert winds , they are such a seasonal feature ⅲ Southern California that fire omcials give them names , 1 ⅸ 0 hurricanes. This week “ Thunder,' ' "lndian Truck, ' ' "Lakeland ” and five other brushfires consumed 84 , 000 acres Of hillsides and canyons ⅲ the region. OnlY a week earlier, 63 000 acres near Los Angeles had been blackened. The worst Of the brushfires was “ Panorama , ” and it certainly ゑ lived up tO its name. ln its panorarmc sweep the fire burned out 23 , 000 acres ⅲ San Bernardino County, the area hardest hit by the flames. Started by arson, the fire storm burned down the hill- sides int0 the San Bernardino suburbs, then back up through Wa- Burned-out North Park (above); family si 代 5 whatis 厄研物・ⅳ home terman Canyon. ln amuent North Park, a roanng wall Of flame incinerated wh01e blocks Of expensive houses, leaving nothing but ashen rectangles and soot-covered swimming P001S. Four died : an elderly couple whO perished as they tried tO save a pet, and two 0ther people wh0 died 0f heart attacks. Some 7 000 fire fighters were struggling tO contain the flames, sometimes battling winds gusting up t0 90 m. P. h. At week's end theirjob was not yet finished. The day after Panorama roared through San Bernardino, MaiI Carrier Kathy H011and stopped her Jeep at a charred and empty 10t on Sepulveda Avenue. "GOd, that one's gone t00 , she sighed, as she returned yet another packet Of mail t0 her pouch. An engmeer whO came back t0 sift through the ashes 0f his home found his Thanksgiving turkey, frozen before the fire, charred tO a crisp ⅲ the freezer. Another victim, Tony Mar- zulIO, attempted tO salvage humor from tragedy by sprayrng a For SaIe—Cheap S1gn on what used t0 a freezer and prop- ping it up on what used tO be a front lawn. "You have tO make a jOke about it, " he said a bit unconvincingly. When the fires are finally out, another danger looms. With- ⅲ the month, winter rains are expected. This year they will de- scend 0 れ barren, burned-over hillsides and dry creek beds with no vegetation tO slow the flOW Of the water. Homes that es- caped the fires may yet succumb t0 the floods and mud slides that are as regular a feature Of winter ⅲ Southern California as TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980 the fires ofautumn.

N E 一 L LE 一 F E R ModeI BrinkIey aims fO 「 good exposure at the [ eo れ a 「 d -0 「 a れ match Gracie and Wa e 「レ z celebrate 40 woodpecked years searcher. The impromptu wed- don't want tO upstage my Animator WaIter Lantz and like Woody because he has no ding, attended by one friend brother. inhibitions , ' ' said Lantz at his his bride Gracie did not get and a Secret Service agent, bird's Manhattan birthday much sleep on their 1941 hon- seemed like the right thing t0 eymoon. Explains Walter, now party. “ If we did the things he What happened ⅲ the dO , ” said the groom. He ⅲ - 80 : "lt was this darned wood- does, we'd be arrested. ' eighth round was only techni- pecker. He made a terrible formed the elder Reagans a cally a K. 0. The real knock- few hours before, but, he ex- racket and ruined the roof of out at last week's fight between Attention, cookie mon- plained , "I didn 't ask my par- our cottage. ” Unable tO silence Roberto Duran and 5 g 砿 Ray the pest , Lantz made him im- sters, the secret iS out! Famous ents tO attend because they're Amos chocolate chip cookies mortal—by introducing the creature intO one Of his / 〃 dy are SO tasty (and SO very, very 24 れ da cartoons. “ Universal profitable) because W ツ Amos Studios told me I ought t0 have talks tO them. "I give them 、 Of encouragement,' ' he my head examined , ' ' he recalls. 、 'They said he's noisy, raucous, confides. For example: "Come obnoxious; never go. on, you guys, bake!" That strat- They were right , except on that egy has not only made Amos last や 0 ⅲ t. NOW in his 40th famous, but it has made his year, W00dy W00dpecker re- bakery a $ 250 million-a-year enterpnse in fewer than SiX mams a Star Of screen and tele- vision. Children 1 Ⅱ more than years. And now the Smithsoni- 60 countries recognize hiS an lnstitution has added some taunting five-note laugh frosting by representlng Amos —done for three decades by in itS business Americana C01- Gracie Lantz, now 77. People lection. ln a 、 Mashington, D. C. ceremony , Amos formally gave the Smithsonian his trademark Panama hat and embroidered ェ shirt, thus becoming the first entrepreneur tO lose his shirt わ eca 〃 he was ⅲ the chips. NO striped-pants mormng Just married: the freshly hitched Reagans match wedding day smiles sult for him. No Priscilla of [ eo れ砿 d ⅲ New Orleans: Cover Boston gown for her. NO Rose real busy now. ” The next Rea- Girl Christie BrinkIey, whO was Garden reception for either Of gan wedding may be more simultaneously posing for a elaborate. Maureen Reagan them. Just a short hop tO Man- —the President-elect's twice- fashion article ⅲ France's Elle hattan's supreme court for a civil ceremony, he in 」 eans and divorced daughter by Actress maganne and photographing Jane Wyman—quietly became the action for Fight Promoter red sweatshirt she ⅲ scarlet engaged ⅲ August tO Califor- Don King. The winner: her cowboy bOOts, black sweater nian De “ is RaveI. The couple is gold lamé paper 」 umpsult. "lt and slacks. Then it was back to mming for a California nuptial was like being wrapped in a the barre for Ro P. Reagan, Baggie , ” she said. Yet the ⅲ - 22 , a Joffrey Ⅱ dancer, whO has some time ⅲ March or April. But Maureen, 39 , insists on been rooming for more than a cendiary getup had more than waiting a week before maklng a few fight fans burning for a year with 00 「 ia PaImieri, 29 , a her plans public. Says she: 。 'I CaIifornia-born literary re- match. - ー B / 00u 砿 0 ″ 0 ″な Famous Amos with Wife Christine TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980 工 E M S EY—G A M M A 、 LI A 一 SO N

WorId Chunqiao , was even more sullenly unco- operative. Zhang, whO was once thought "The Empress ” Takes the Stand tO be a prospective premier or even party chairman, was accused on SIX counts Of 九グ 40 ル / イ 0 ルイ五 4 れ一ア C002 4 4 〃 d co 〃 slandering party omcials , most important- ly Deng. Drawn and pale , a disrespectful he stOOd at the witness stand , lean- stubble of beard on his face, Zhang sat ing with studied casualness against tight-lipped, stared at the panel ofjudges the wooden ralling, and fixed her partly and for two full hours in the dock refused contemptuous , partly resigned gaze on the tO utter a word. His silence, accused the panel ofjudges in front Of her. The court- Peking radiO, 、、 demonstrates that he stub- room was silent. Then , with klieg lights bornly persists in his reactionary stand. glaring, onetime Actress Jiang Qing gave Such failure tO cooperate is highly un- the most stunning, if also the briefest, per- usual in Chinese trials , where confessions formance Of her life. Jiang Qing was on 0f guilt are generally mandatory. That , the stand tO answer questions about her al- in fact, was the pattern ⅲ the Other half leged attempt tO seize power during the in- of the big trial ⅲ Peking last week: the famous Cultural Revolution. She neither special tribunal which is separately hear- admitted nor denied the charges. lnstead, ing the case 0f five former high-ranking as spectators OOhed and aahed with sur- military offcers who allegedly plotted prise , she departed from the script and re- with Defense Minister Lin Biao to assas- fused tO answer direc tly. sinate Mao in 1971. One by one, the gen- 、、 Jiang Qing , ” intoned Chief Judge erals were brought tO the stand and one Zeng Hanzhou, "did you or did you not by one they admitted their roles in the send for [fellow Gang of Four members] anti- 、 1a0 plOt. Defendants sometimes Wang Hongwen, Zhang Chunqiao and seemed tO go out Of their way tO incrlm- Yao Wenyuan on the evenlng of 17 Oc- inate themselves. Former Air Force Com - tober, 1974 ? ” mander 、、一 u Faxian, for example , was 、 'NO, ” replied the widow of Chairman asked why he turned over power tO Lin Mao. Biao's son in 1969. "To curry favor, ” he re- “ NO ? ” repeated Zeng lncredulously. plied. When the judge helpfully suggested "I don't know. that Wu might not have known of the "What did you four talk about?' ' younger Lin's future plans, 、 Mu twice ⅲ - “ I know nothing at all. How could I sisted , "I should be held responsible. Jiang Qing ⅲ the dock during trial know anything? ' ' S で 4 市〃 g images 0 / 20 ルた〃 & That bit of courtroom drama , tele- Oth parts Of the trial last week pro- vised tO tens Of millions Of Chinese , * was lt was tO those charges that Jiang Qing vided unusual glimpses intO the work- the high point of the trial of China's rad- issued her repeated "I don't know,' ' earn- ings 0f China's newly reformed legal sys- ical so-called Gang of Four, which com- ing the accusation ⅲ China's omcial press tem. Throughout the trial, the defense pleted its first full cycle Of testimony last the next day that she "has still not awak- lawyers said hardly a word , not even Ob- week. One by one, each Of the four—plus ened from her dream Of being an em- jecting as the j udges , acting more like 、 4a0 ' s former personal secretary Chen press. ' ' But the last member Of the gang prosecutors than impartial court offcials, Boda—were brought to the stand to an- t0 testify, former Shanghai Mayor Zhang continually hectored and scolded the de- swer questions about the first Of four ma. 」 or fendants. Except for the unscripted fail- areas Of crime they are alleged tO have ure 0f Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao committed : 。。 Framing and persecuting tO cooperate, everybody whO spoke—de- party and state leaders' ' ln an attempt tO fendants, prosecutors, witnesses , even the usurp power for themselves. judges—seemed t0 d0 SO from texts. The First tO testify ⅲ the large , brightly judges themselves, many 0f whom were lit courtroom were the more compliant victims Of the Gang Of Four during the Of the gang's members—the youthful CuIturaI RevoIution, seemed quick to pass Wang Hongwen , whO until his arrest ⅲ judgment. ChiefJudge Zeng Hanzhou dis- 1976 was a party vice-chairman, and for- missed Jiang Qing'S claims Of ignorance, mer Shanghai Literary Critic Yao Wen- declaring, lt is already recorded that the yuan. Wang declared that ⅲ October, proof is overwhelming and full. ' 1974 , Jiang Qing called a meeting at her The strangest aspect of the case, so luxurious villa ⅲ Peking tO find ways Of far, was the decision Of the prosecuting discrediting their enemies ⅲ the party , team tO confront the gang first with the Deng Xiaoping, China's current strong- relatively innocuous charge Of consplring man, and Deng's patron, Premier Chou tO block the promotion of Deng, rather En-Iai, who, they felt, stood ⅲ the way of than some Of the graver allegations that their plan tO seize power. At that meet- have been made Of un. 」 ust lmprisonments, ing Jiang Qing t01d Wang Hongwen tO persecuting tO death more than 30 000 fly secretly tO the south-central city of people and plotting a coup. But perhaps Changsha, where Mao was staying, and from the current leadership's point of make a false and insinuating report about View, the specific charges are impor- Deng and Chou t0 the supreme pafty lead- tant than the image Of the Gang Of Four er. Wang claimed ⅲ his testimony that that is being presented tO the Chinese pub- he was only passing along tO Mao what lic. China's leaders hope the trial will pro- the plot's instigator, Jiang Qing, had or- vide undeniable proof that, after all these dered him tO say. years , the likes 0f the radical Jiang Qing have been reduced tO absolute power- * About 30 minutes of carefully edited fcx)tage is lessness. shown nightly. ーー 8 / たわ 0 ′ dBe ′れ計 e / Pe 々 9 TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 円 80 CHINA ド 0 「 me 「 Shanghai Mayor Zhang Chunqiao / ″〃 g the code 0 / C00 〃 e ″ 0 〃 .

What particularly bothers students and school offcials is that the news of ェ each incident has seemed tO spawn Oth- ers. ln an open letter tO the college com- munity, WesIeyan President COlin Camp- bell said he believed the anonymous letter delivered there was one example Of 。 're- surgent racism ln society at large. '' Chan- dler concurs: “ Because Of the current shift ⅲ the national mood I 'm assum- ing that some rather ugly impulses have been liberated. ” Says Archie Epps III, dean Of undergraduates at Harvard and a black: 。、 ln such a climate, an indi- vidual whO has harbored resentment is more likely tO feel free tO threaten ml- KLAM 、 0 U T norlties because , once agaln, it iS re- spectable. ' ' Among the moves that Chan- dler and Epps feel encourage racism are 0F HARVAR an antibusing measure in Congress and calls tO repeal the Voting Rights Act. The incidents have spurred students and faculty members tO 100k anew at long- srmmering problems between the races , Before the Harvard-YaIe game, demo れ st 「 atO 「 5 protesting attacks march tO the stadium b0th on campus and 0 仕 Acknowledges Susan Hobbs , a white Williams semor: Racism Flares on Campus “ There has been apprehension about re- lations between minorlties and whites. 召ん 4 な ac ん平〃′ 4 尾ル〃ビル〃〃イ〃イ加 g $ Another white Williams student wonders why 。 'each group seems tO stick together, the Midwest. Earlier this semester two without reaching out tO each Other. ” Says he ugly message called for the elim- Darrell McWhorter, a black senior who ination 0f "stinking black monkeys ” cross burnings occurred at Purdue Um- from "a white society. ” lt was mailed versity ⅲ lndiana. One, made Of WOOd , is president Of the Williams student coun- from CIeveland, signed K. K. K. and ad- was planted on the lawn 0f a black fra- cil: "There is really nothing different here ternity house; the Other, shaped Of com- from the world outside. These incidents dressed to a black senior at Williams C01- have just shown that Williams does not lege ⅲ Williamstown, Mass. , part 0f a puter cards, was taped tO the dormitory exist ⅲ a vacuum. ' Says Harvard's Jack- spate Of hate mail and threatening phone window of two black students and set son: “ Until we sit down and talk to each calls tO blacks on campus. A similar let- afire. At Ohio's Kent State University, black student organization material on other about what's really going on ⅲ this ter was sent tO Williams President JOhn campus bulletin boards was defaced. country that makes people lash out Chandler. against blacks, Third World people , gay The wave Of antiblack attacks began Though omcials have sharply tight- ⅲ early November. During homecoming, people and poor people, I think the prob- ened security on the campuses and the tWO figures ⅲ white sheets planted a FBI is investigating the incidents at 、 MiI- lem will exist. ' At Williams, offcials held two prayer wooden cross on campus. Few tOOk any liams, WesIeyan and Harvard for pos- notice until the pair doused the cross with meetings and replaced half a day 0f class- sible civil rights violations , there is no gasoline, igmted it and escaped. Williams, evidence Of whO is behind the racist cam- es With semmars 0 れ campus race re- a small liberal arts college ⅲ a rural cor- paign, whether isolated individuals or lations. A reward Of $ 1 000 was offered ner Of northwestern Massachusetts, is not concerted groups. Despite the Ku Klux for information about the cross burners. Corne11 President Frank Rhodes con- the only school ⅲ the Northeast where ra- Klan references and implications, there ducted four meetings with administrators, cial incidents have occurred : is no proof that the Klan is involved. faculty and staff members , and concerned At Harvard , Lydia Jackson, president students, and praised 、 'the way they are Of the university's BIack Students As- helping me deal with [the incidents]. sociation, found her omce calendar de- 工 At WesIeyan, a rally by 600 Of the uni- faced with racist slogans, including TEN versity's 2 , 600 students heard 20 speak- DAYS TO KILL and K. K. K. UNITE. She also received several frightening phone ers , including Campbe11, the mayor 0f calls, one of which threatened her with Middletown, ministers and several black rape if she did not "stop creatlng trou- undergraduates. Before the Harvard-Yale ble and maklng noise on campus. football game , 250 chanting students , At Cornell University ⅲ upstate New black and white , marched to the sta- York, a gang of ten white youths jostled dium carrymg antiracist placards. The incidents and the resulting ral- and harassed a young black student on Election N1ght. Six weeks before, some- lies, prayers and discussions appear tO have brought blacks and whites on cam- one had hurled a rock through a win- dow Of Ujamaa HaIl, a residence pre- pus closer together. Says Wesleyan Pro- dominantly for black students. fessor Long: "ln the nine years that I have been here, this is the first time the At WesIeyan University ⅲ MiddIe- tO 、 vn, Conn. , Associate Professor Jerome umversity has coalesced tO speak tO a Long, director Of the Afro-American common concern. ” Concludes Campbell : Despite the cruelty Of its motivation Studies Center, got a letter addressed tO all residents of Malcolm X House, a and the pain it has caused , this latest incident may yet serve a beneficial pur- black student dormitory. "I have a dream, ” it read, 0f "wiping all g. d. mg- pose by reminding us hOW far we have Charred c 「 055 at Purdue fraternity house gers 0 代 the face 0f the earth. ' come and hOW far we still have tO . c ん加 c / イ e 〃ー seemed ね 24 ル〃 0 . There have a19 been incidents ⅲ 32 TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980

GIistening ⅲ the sunrise light, the Ghan ow ツ approaches AIice 5 ⅲ g & at 面 w 00e of its ね st 「聞 5 from the south lnside their old but air-conditioned AUSTRALIA cars, the passengers are comfortable, al- Long ↓ 0 び「 ney Across a Stark Land incongruously , clad ⅲ Ghan T shirts summer shorts and thongs. They T んビ G カ〃ホ 50 ァ 0 / ′ⅵ化 , ⅵ g / ゞ raised んなん drink a lot: "the Ghan ” beer, a commem- orative brew put out by the South Aus- amed after 19th century Afghan cam- tionist, has 厄れ her money ⅲ her hostel tralian Brewing CO. , Ltd. , of Adelaide, el drivers whO pioneered early trans- and is sobbing. ⅲ or Conductor Kevin plus other liquids 仕 om a well-stocked bar. port routes across Australia, it is called CIayton, 44 deals with the predicament They dine 0 Ⅱ roast beef and claret served simply the Ghan. For half a century, this handily: he stops the train at a siding, tele- elegantly by crisply dressed waiters in doughty train has chugged across nearly phones Alice Springs and has the wom- walnut-paneled surroundings. They strum 1 000 miles between Alice Springs ⅲ the an's money mailed tO her destination. mandolins, Sing and remember. 、 lrs. continent's vast, thinly populated North- 'We're here to look after the passengers, PearI Powell, 月 , of Alice Springs, has ern Territory tO bustling AdeIaide on the says Clayton. "lt's part Ofthe servrce. made many tnps on the Ghan, but she thickly settled southern coast. Last week wanted tO make one final journey : My The next day, the Ghan makes anoth- the OId Ghan ended its run, replaced by a friends said I would have plenty Of time er unscheduled stop. At Algebuckina new $ 174 million line 100 miles west ofits Bridge, camera-toting passengers are let tO sleep on the Ghan, but you never dO. outdated narrow-gauge tracks. The train 0 and the train makes the crossing for The final trip for these passengers that will run on the new standard-gauge them tO record. During one stretch, in the cannot qulte match the adven turous runs tracks will make the trip ⅲ 24 hours, . cab of the 1 , 200- h. p. diesel that pulls the Of earlier days. NO grasshopper swarms 50 hours for the old line. TIME Melbourne G han, Driver Peter Clayden, 32 , stares slow the Ghan tO a slippery crawl as they Bureau Chief JOhn Dunn went along for once did; there are no stops for swimming ahead toward the horizon, considering the one Ofthe Ghan's last trips. His report: landscape of polished ironstone, clumps 0f or flower picking. But there will be the memory—and the distinction—of being spinifex and stunted mulga. The sun is un- TO the ー 44 passengers aboard , the relenting, but the temperature an unusu- among the last tO make the 」 ourney, past Ghan has a character all its own. That ally mild 92 。 . Says Clayden: 当 wouldn't sidings with names like 00dnadatta, Ed- quality soon becomes evident just outside live here for a million dollars. '' He keeps a wards Creek, RumbaIara and Abminga, AIice Springs as the long journey south 2- triumphantly int0 Adelaide and the pres- pile Of rags close by: the locomotive's con- gins. Sheri Owen, 21 , a Melbourne recep- trols can gettoo hOt for bare hands. ent. For most, that will be enough. Passengers check ⅲ at AIice Sp 「ⅲ gs for the trip to AdeIaide Merrymaking and musicmaking in the busy lounge car RICKSMOLAN—・ CONTACT S M 0 A N —C 0 N T A C T ーを

artist-lawyer, an anthropologlst, and the Environment stand-in for Toshiro Mifune ⅲ the TV se- Fresh Faces ries S んög 〃〃 ). TO keep pace with chang- ing laws, they regularly issue updated edi- 〃ゆ′カ 0 川 e co tions, and recently published a sort of Ⅲん 0 - 灯ん C 記 og of the law called d00 「 Po 翡び tion T ん Peo ク La ル犬どⅵどル . 've always been ugly, ” said a Florida ln the eyes Of one competitor, N010 ' s pnsoner servmg a life sentence for 襯記イ勗ツイビ leads ″ books are t00 detailed. "Most of what is murder ⅲ a letter tO Surgeon Edwin JOY. available today is deslgned for either 。 'That, added to some psychological prob- fourth-graders or professionals," says PauI lems, made me antisocial. I wanted to so- mployees Of the 10Ca1 social services Hasse, 26 , a Rhodes Scholar and the foun- cialize, but whO wants an ugly guy department looked forward t0 their der of HeIp Abolish Legal Tyranny around? ” His hope: surgery that would relocation tO a new building ⅲ downtown (HALT) ⅲ Washington, D. C. HALT's help the convict, 31 , improve his self- San Francisco last year. But almost as guides are aimed at readers between those lmage and perhaps reform him S0011 as the move occurred, one Of them extremes. ln contrast tO N010 , only one The operation, which JOY intends tO was plagued by headaches , skin rashes, a member Of HALT'S nine-member staff is a d0, would not be the first per ・ formed on a dry throat and coughing. Puzzled doctors lawyer. Supported by $ 15-a-year dues pnsoner; at least 40 inmates ⅲ the South prescribed SO much medication that she 仕 om 30 , 000 members, the two-year-old have sought a new outlook 0 Ⅱⅱ from was hospitalized twice for drug reactions. group devotes considerable time tO lObby- JOY, head Of the department Of oral and Depressed by her strange illness, she had ing for legal reforms and lambasting the maxillofacial surgery at the Medica1 C01- tO stop working temporarily. profession ⅲ its newsletter. lege Of Georgia ⅲ Augusta. JOY'S mentor, woman the victim Of If the legal self-counseling movement Surgeon Elmer Bear 0f the Medical C01- type Of environmental blight: indoor P01- has a father figure, it is Norman Dacey, a lege 0f Virginia, began reshaping prison- lution. By caulking seams, using multi- retired estate planner whO ⅲ 1965 spent pane windows and packlng walls with ⅲ - ers' mugs 20 years ago, and has done about $ 22 , 000 of his own money to publish 丑 0 ル 25 such operations all told. sulation, building owners can halve fuel / 記 ro わ砒 e! He went door to door to What has sparked renewed interest needs for heating and C81 ⅲ g. But the sav- bookstores ⅲ his home town, Bridgeport, in these procedures iS growlng evidence ings come at a price: seepage Of fresh air Conn. , and a few copies found their way that they can indeed alter behavior. Orig- from outside is SO sharply reduced that tO Brentano's ⅲ New York City, where inally, the goals were modest: the relief pollutants from the building itself can ac- the bOOk was an instant success. Crown 0f pain caused by a misaligned Dick cumulate 弋 0 dangerous levels. Publishers bought the rights, and Dacey Tracy 」 aw, for example, or the treat- Ca11ing such indoor smog an emergmg sh0t t0 the t00 Of the bestseller lists, ulti- ment of constant drooling by a deformed health problem, the Comptroller GeneraI mately selling 1.5 million copies. He was inmate whO could not close his mouth. has cited half a dozen harmful substances also NO. 1 on many lawyers' hit lists. He But as Bear and Joy tOId a national con- detected ⅲ unusual quantities ⅲ super- was sued by the New York County Law- sealed buildings. Among them: carbon yers Association, WhiCh won an lnjunction monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, both by- barring further distribution of his book products Of smoking, gas stoves and leaky and had him convicted of criminal con- furnaces; the radioactive gas radon, which tempt for the unlawful practice Of law. results from the natural decay Of radium, Dacey vindicated himself and his book on an element found ⅲ soil, rocks and other appeal tO the state's highest court (his law- building materials; and numerous parti- yers' fees: $ 75 000 ). NOW living ⅲ lreland, cles of dust, soot and asbestos. Dacey released a thicker version Of his manual last spring. He tries not tO be bit- ut the substance stlrring the most con- ter. "There are honest lawyers,' says he, cern—and the apparent source Of the California woman's illness—is formalde- 」 ust as there are four-leafclovers. hyde, a gas glven 0 代 by, among Other any lawyers feel the same about the things , 000r1Y installed foam insulation. competence Of self-helping laymen. Although colorless, the gas has a pungent Most would agree that certain procedures, Odor, can lrritate the eyes and nose and like changing a name, are simple enough can cause dizziness and vomitlng. If ani- tO handle. But ⅲ more complicated mat- mal tests are any indication, it can alSO Before After ters, their V1ews are still summed up in an create more senous problems. Subjected S ん加 g 〃〃 the 〃 g 加襯 01d proverb: "He that pleads his own tO prolonged high concentrations ofform- cause has a f81 for his client. ” Says San ference Of their colleagues ⅲ San Fran- aldehyde, at levels comparable t0 those ⅲ Francisco Attorney Melvin Belli: "lf you CI 0 , these operations Often turn out tO some buildings, rats and mice developed can take out your own tonsils and deliver pay dividends for society. JOY points with cancerous tumors in their noses. lndustry spokesmen note that formal- your own child, then you shouldn't con- pride tO a once unpopular pnsoner at Vir- cerned about going tO court without the ginia State Penitentiary, an antisocial dehyde has long been used safely ⅲ 0r2- murderer whO, after surgery tO correct a ucts 仕 om nonwrinkle fabrics to fiber- aid ofa lawyer. ' For some bar groups, the self-help grossly protruding jaw, managed tO earn board and drugs. The lab results, they say, message seems t0 sinking ⅲ . ln Chi- the friendshlp of fellow inmates for the cannot be extrapolated tO humans. But cago, Philadelphia and Kansas City res- first time. many offcials dl 部 ee. Massachusetts idents can now call a bar-sponsored in- JOY does not prormse tO turn a felon banned the le 0f formaldehyde-based formation line, listen tO a tape on a subJect intO a bank president. ln any case, a more foam insulation last year, and Other states like child custody or wills and at the end informed judgment on facial surgery's po- are looking intO the situation. SO is the get a referral number if they want tO re- tential for changing personality probably FederaI Government, which now employs tain a qualified practitioner. But chances must await release Of a study now under tax incentives tO spur use Of energy-savmg insulation, including formaldehyde foam. are that until attorneys bOOSt their lmage way at JOhns Hopkins University h81 and 10W0r their es , many callers of 、åedic ⅲ 0. Meantime, prlsoners contin- Acting on the conclusion Of a scientific ad- Ⅵ SO panel that there is indeed a cancer will hang up before getting the refer- ue tO apply for surgcal work that may risk involved, the Consumer Product Safe- ral number, and head for their bookstore cost taxpayers $ 2 000 tO $ 4 000 But even at that, it may the cheapest rehabil- ty Commission is slated tO vote this week instead. ーー B. / ~ ″ 0 朝 . 一け itation program gomg. on whether tO restrict foam insulation. ・ 屑五″ / ⅸ可明 TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980 こを 43

M E L LEV 一 N E 1980 : A giant balloon depicting the TV character Underdog floats above Macy's an u parade ⅲ Manhattan, a latter-day tradition a few phone calls, one tO his mother, still Other worries hoveredjust beyond the ry County, lowa: "We are all glad tO see a recuperatlng ⅲ Georg1a from a broken holiday tables. An inflation rate that hit new face ⅲ Washington. ' ' ln Homestead , hip, and another tO Connecticut Gover- 12.6 % ⅲ October and a three-quarter- Pa. Steelworker Wilson Painter declared : point Jump, t0 17 % % , ⅲ the prime ⅲ - nor Ella Grasso, who was ⅲ a Hartford 'Rumors fly around that the Homestead hospital undergoing chemotherapy for terest rate Of ma. 」 or banks reflected the mill will closed, and we'll all thrown cancer Of the liver. troubled state Of the economy. Bostonians out ⅲ the streets. That's why I voted for For Carter, the holiday was a welcome could not lgnore a financial crisis that Reagan; I think he can lead us out 0f this break from lengthy budget briefing ses- threatens tO close down the city's buses , terrible economic slump. sions; he was determined tO present Rea- subways and schools. ln the South, the NationalIy, an ABC News—Louis Har- gan with a practical spending plan for fis- holiday brought unwelcome reminders of ris survey showed that 57 % 0f the people cal 1982 , which begins next Oct. 1. His recent racial violence : the New Orleans questioned expected Reagan tO dO a good aides still remember that four years ago police superintendent reslgned after j0b ⅲ general, and a thumping 72 % GeraId Ford le 代 behind a budget they re- members Of his department shOt and thought he would "strengthen U. S. de- garded as bloated and unrealistic. Carter killed three blacks, including two men fense capabilities tO be at least equal or su- has issued orders: “Ⅵ℃ will not dO to Rea- suspected Of murdering a white police- perior tO the SOViet Union's. ” The Pres- gan what Ford did t0 us. ident-elect inspired somewhat less hope man, ln early-mormng raids. The other problem monopolizing Car- on econonuc problems; 56 % expected him ter's attention had been at the forefront of ut if the nation could not escape t0 reduce inflation, and 54 % thought he his mind a year ago Thanksg1ving, t00 : would be able tO cut unemployment. Sig- its troubles, the holiday climate how to free the hostages. The day brought enabled it tO face them ⅲ a better nificantly, however, 62 % Of those inter- a declaration by militants ⅲ Tehran that mood. The end Of the presidential viewed believed he would "restore the the captives had been turned over tO the confidence Of the American people ⅲ campalgn had lifted one burden, even lranian government, which could have 仕 om ople wh0 did れ 0t vote for the win- Government ”—a sentiment damaged ⅲ been a step toward their release. StiII, a ner. Said Atlanta Pollster Claibourne the past by Viet Nam and Watergate. President—and natlon—who had been The optimism may be diffcult tO sus- Darden: "lt 's like finishing an exam. You repeatedly disappointed could have only feel glad it's over, whether you did well tain; even Reagan's strongest supporters guarded hope. lndeed, by week's end had their doubts. "Twenty years Of mis- or not. there was no proof that the report con- The feeling was by no means univer- management is undone, and good Old - cerning the hostages was even true. fashioned capitalism is back, ” crowed one sal: blacks were 0 nly worried about ln Hermitage, Pa. , before sitting her what they saw as a revival ofracism and a OkIahoma oilman last week, only tO add elght children and nine grandchildren new President who, they feared, would be ⅲ the next breath: "Of course, whether down t0 dine on a 20- lb. turkey, a brisket unresponsive tO their concerns. Still, most Reagan can translate all this intO policy of beef and a ham, Mrs. Cay Mack bun- Americans were looking t0 the new Ad- IS another question. dled them into cars for a drive to a wind- ministratlon with optimism. Said a Pitts- AII ⅲ all, the Thanksgiving mood tes- burgh businessman: "We're bleeding 仕 om tifies tO an enduring—and endearing swept knoll, where she and Other towns- people have planted 390 American flags a thousand wounds, but people are now —trait ⅲ the American character: a will- one for every day the hostages have talking ⅲ terms Of unity. They are ready lngness once an election iS over tO been ⅲ captivity. Said Mrs Mack: “ We do t0 get behind Reagan, and that includes a downplay 01d divisions and give a new it because faith and hope continue, and 10t of Democrats. ' ' Farmers ⅲ the Mid- leader a sportlng chance tO shOW what we will d0 it until the day the hostages west and West were cautiously optlmistic. he can dO. lt is a trait for which tO gwe Said Jerry Fricke, whO raises corn ⅲ Hen- leave lran. abundant thanks. ーー B / G00 ′ ge C わ朝 27 TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980

TIME DECEMBER 8 , 1980 V01. 116 No. 23 gan ⅲ his youth, when he first became acquainted with science- A Letter from the PubIisher fiction writers such as H. G. Wells and Mary Shelley. Frie- drich, whO wrote the cover story and an accompanying bOX on orrespondent Christopher Redman's first encounter with a the popular image Of robots through the ages , admits that Shel- ley's Fra 〃ん豆 ei ・〃 has always had a special hold on his imag- robot came late last summer at Ford's Wayne assembly plant just outside Detroit. "The thing looked like a demented ination. Says Friedrich : ' 'lt was one Of my favorite bOOks when turkey, but it wielded a welding gun with I read it ⅲ high sch001. For me, Franken- D A V ー D F RA N K 凵 N deadly effciency and made a tremendous stein 's monster was the ultima te robot. lmpression on me, ” says Redman. ' later Reporter-Researcher Anne Hopkins found that the sparks from the welding gun says that her own image Of robots has ゞ \ had made tremendous impression on my changed dramatically. 、、 I started out with 、 the misconception that they were things clothes as well. ' ' That confrontation helped spark this week's cover story on the robot 、、や with blinking headlight eyes," says Hopkins. revolution. “ I became fascinated with Then she went tO a Westinghouse plant in them, ” says Redman."Notjust with the way BIoomfieId , N. J. , and the C hesebrough- they worked , but with what they can do for Pond ' s lnc. —owned Faichney thermometer industry and society. Robots really are in a factory ⅲ Watertown, N. Y. , tO get a close position tO rewrite the rules Of mass pro- 100k at the real things. ln 、 Matertown, HOP- duction , and that could change all our lives kins watched a shiny , beige Unimate Mark profoundly. Ⅱ robot perform a number Of 。、 unexpected For this week's story Redman inter- and puzzling tasks ” done previously by hu- Redman and 「 obot in Detroit viewed robot entrepreneurs , consultants and mans. "Now I realize that robots are not at engmeers , as well as managers and workers at Detroit autO com- all human-like but are still very impressive, even awesome 111 panies, the nation's ma. 」 or robot users. 、 People kept asking me if their own way," says Hopkins. Concludes Redman: 、、 I am re- I thought that robots would ultimately cause more problems assured by the fact that it will be many years before robots can than they solved, ” he says. "I have no ready answer tO that, but I replace 」 ournalists. ” He did not suggest hOW many. have learned that , despite the wonders they can work , they are incredibly stupid and remarkably inept compared tO humans. Senior Writer OttO Friedrich 's fascination with robots be- lndex THE WEEKLY NEWSMAGAZINE CO e 「 : lllustration by Robert Grossman. 26 8 United States: WorId: ltaly's killer quake, the worst in Thanksgiving be- comes a holiday for 65 years, brings death to the Mezzogiorno, looking back with re- lief and ahead with devastating a mourn- fulland. More fright- hope. 01d friends ening still is the real- help Reagan pick his Cabinet. The New ization that many Right is eager for might have been ー 982. Assessing the saved ifhelp had arrived faster. Las Vegas hOtel fire. 58 41 Religion: The attempt Essay: Who buys $ 750 tO insert nonsexist ミ 4 を gold charge plates and language intO the new "limited editions ” Of Revised Standard crystal yaks? Why , the big spenders, Of Version of the Bible , due a decade from course, whose greatest now, already is stir- value to the multi- tudes is probably en- ring an unholy argu- ment between femi- tertai nmen t as they relentlessly fulfill nists and traditional- fantasies. ists.Amen, amen . 42 Law 43 Environment 44 PeopIe 64 Dance 66 Cinema 50 Co e 「 : They weld cars, mine coal, sort fish. They are the ro- bOts that are changing the way the world works. The upheaval will costjobs, but promises huge gains in productivity. See ECONOMY & BUSINESS. 39 P 「 e55 : NOt surprising- ly, Carter's press sec- retary, Judy PowelI , lays the blame for his boss's troubles at the door ofthe fourth es- tate, and tO the way U. S. society treats its President. Fleet Street . the Queen ln a row over a lady. 25 Science 49 Theater 第 40 新 i 厄 5t0 れ es 60 Books 2 Letters 46 Sport Address changes and subscription inquiries should be mailed tO Subscription Department, TIME Magazine, CPO BOX 88 , T0kyo, 」 apan. TIME Asia is published weekly by Time 旧 c. , 541 N. Fairbanks Court, Chicago, Ⅲ . 60611 , し S. A. Second class postage paid at Chicago, lllinois, and at additional mailing offices. Subscription price in individual countries listed elsewhere. Ad- ditional pages ofregional editions numbered orallowed forasfollows: National SI - S2. VOI. 116 NO. 23.0 1980 Time 旧 c. AII rights reserved. Reproduction in whOIe 0 「 in part without written per- mission is prohibited. TIME and the Red Border Design are protected through trademark registration in the United States and in the foreign countries where TIME magazine circulates. PrincipaI office: Rockefeller Center, New York, New York 10020 7