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1. TIME 1980年12月8日号

Sue-It- YourseIf 〃 0 ルイ 0 ろ 00 んわ 00 襯加 g 4 なア襯 e 〃 e んわア 24 ルア e ー産 thank you, my mother thanks you, and my girlfriend thanks you. ” wrote a satisfied reader of 〃 0 ル Do Y04 ′ ひⅧ D 加化加 C 記 0 川 to the book's publisher, N010 Press. The happily di- vorced man iS one Of millions Of A. meri- cans wh0 have found that a likely place tO seek solutions t0 their legal problems is of- ten the neighborhood bookstore. Self-help manuals are proliferating, usually ⅲ pa- perback, and cover every subject from small-claims court tO homosexual rights. N010 , with 20 titles ⅲ print, expects tO gross $ 750 000 this year, up $ 500 000 from 1978. An estimated 50 other publishers throng the field, ranging from giant, Can- ada-based lnternational Self-Counsel Press ( 100 titles for a $ 1 million annual gross) tO underground-style newsletters with circulations Of less than a thousand. There is scant mystery about the forc- es underlying this b00n1. "People just don't know what their rights are,' says American Bar Association Spokesman し aw N 0 ' 5 RaIph Warner with staff members Richard CoIIins "and they are scared to go tO attorneys because they have れ 0 idea what they're getting ⅲ tO. ' ' Looking at it another way, people have all t00 good an idea Of what they are getting into: a finan- cial minefield. 、 Mith an attorney's time now commanding $ 40 t0 $ 150 an hour, potential clients Often fear, correctly, that fees will outrun any gain they might hope for by taking legal action. At $ 5 t0 $ 10 a copy, a how-to guide strikes many as the wiser investment. Other factors ⅲ the bOOks' popularity: the post-Watergate tar- nishing 0f lawyers' credibility and a gen- eral desire by people tO take a greater role ⅲ matters that affect them intimately. N010 was founded ⅲ 1971 , when two Berkeley Law h001 graduates , RaIph Warner and Charles Sherman, emotion- ally and financially drained after three years as poverty lawyers, teamed up on a manual designed tO take a&*iltage Of CaIifornia's simplified divorce proce- dures. The result was 〃 0 ル Do Your ひⅧ Divorce 加 C 記 0 翔 , which has since sold 300 000 copies and may have saved its readers as much as $ 80 million ⅲ legal fees. Another big seller is CaI- / 翔 T' 砌 0 〃な ' 〃 0 れ d わん ( 85 000 cop- ies), which drew this letter from a dis- gruntled landlord: "I have just read your fascinating book and have put [my wife's and my] duplexes up for sale. We can't survive with all those lawsuits you promote. ” The guides have produced relatively few suits; most readers use them as an aid tO routine, non-court- r00n1 procedures. With prosperity, NOIO has moved to larger quarters ⅲ a converted clock fac- tory but retains its ramsh, blue-jeans style. The staff, which works amid cantaloupe- crate bookshelves and suspended Chinese kites, has expanded to 17 (including an POUR UN HOMME : COLOGNE FOR MEN FROM CARON. A 日旧・下 RA 物 CA 和を 0 3 引 A 0 A れ ON をミを、に S / HOMME CARO TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980

2. TIME 1980年12月8日号

b 0 , 0 池 . Technics 00- ・ を : 0 to e. Just plaæ a d1SC on the plafter, shut the lid and press "start" As the arm glides effortlessly across the d1SC. earrying You're looking at the 升 t direct-drive tumtable ⅲ the the s at præisely the angle at which record grooves world that 0 司 y 7.5mrn wider 止 LP are cut, indicator keeps track 0f its position. A 'hgh-rise" design, ⅷ市 the tonearm and a rmcro- You can stand it on a shelf. 0 、 show it 0 幵ⅲ one of computer ⅲ the lid made it possible. 市 ose fancy aud10 racks. Despite sophsficafion, the SL-IO simplicity itself What ⅧⅡ Japan's biggest elec 0m8 group thnk of next? National, Panasonic and Technics are the brandnames of Matsushita Electric.

3. TIME 1980年12月8日号

WorId Ahwaz, Susangerd and Other points along the 500- m ⅱ e front. lranian warplanes also SpIit at the Arab Summit struck at the northern lraqi province Of Kirkuk, where authorities have reopened D なⅢ〃・ゆ翔 / 〃〃イイ 0 c / 0 〃ホル′ 4 〃 d カ 0 ag a maj or 0 ⅱ pipeline tO Turkey. Former Swedish Prime Minister 010f t was designed as a showcase for Arab PaIme, acting as the U. N. 's peacemaker, ln an effort to act as the Arabs' hon- unity, a chance tO stare down lsrael and returned from successive ViSitS tO the tWO est broker—despite its own pro-lraq lean- warring capitals with an agreement ⅲ perhaps devise a positive alternative ” tO ings—Saudi Arabia tried tO persuade Camp David. lnstead, last week's Arab Syria tO attend , and very nearly succeed - principle for freeing 63 merchant ships League summit in Amman, Jordan's cap- trapped in the Shatt al Arab waterway. ed. Crown Prince Fahd flew to Damas- ital, knocked the notion of Arab solidar- cus shortly before the summit , TI M E Said he:"The first ray Of hope. ' ln Wash- i ty intO smithereens. Six Of the 21 league learned , and personally pleaded with As- ington , a high State Department offcial members, including lsrael's archfoes, Syr- sad. At first the Syrian leader agreed tO was less sanguine: "lt's a bloody 10W - 厄 v - ia and the Palestine Liberation Orgam- come , provided the conference was post- el conflict, a bit like the trench warfare zation, stayed at home. As though the b0Y- ofWorld War I. lt could go on and on. poned two weeks. But when he declared cott were not enough, Syria massed 20 000 his intention tO condemn lraq and tO say Uncertainty also continued tO dom- troops along its border with Jordan. Rat- that the war was the result Of collusion inate the delicate, submerged negotiations tling its own saber, Jordan massed thou- among Saudi Arabia , lraq, Jordan and the for the release of the 52 American hos- sands oftroops on its side. U. S. , Fahd told him to stay home. tages. An A lgerian diplomatic team, AII this amounted to a hill of histri- Once Syria pulled out , it began using which has been acting as go-between , ar- oniCS , S1nce neither Side was believed tO its muscle tO line up its boycott allies. lt rived ⅲ Wash1ngton with a request from have any real intention Of going tO war. had plenty Of leverage with the P. L.O. lran for "clarifications. ” Presumably, which not only has forces on Syrian ter- ritory but also depends on Syria tO keep the peace in Lebanon , the PaIestimans main base Of operations. According tO participants in the negotiation, Assad was blunt with P. L. 0. Leader Yasser Arafat. ls it marrlage or divorce? ” he asked. Un- willing tO risk a break with such an im- portant ally, the P. L. 0. sent its regrets with "sorrow. Lebanon was alSO com- pliant, recogmnng that it would be thrown intO chaos if Syria ever pulled out its 22 000-man peace-keeping force. ithout Syria or the P. L. 0. , the sum- mit could not register any real pro- •gress on the centerpiece Of common Arab policy , PaIestinian self-determination. lt merely reamrmed the P. L. 0. as "the sole and legitimate representative Of the Pal- estinian people ” and endorsed "indepen- dent statehood on Palestinian soil. ” ln so dOing, the conference seemed tO reject the idea Of a Palestinian state in Jordan, which many Arab observers ascribe tO the mcoming Reagan Administration. Jordan's King Hussein after the conference lraq's President Saddam Hussein in Amman As Syria feared, the summit took a 犬襯市〃 g r わ 0 催化 -0 ガ ん / 〃加 g 〃〃〃を 0 - ル′・ど g 〃ル 4 れ pro-lraqi stand on the war, citing that But the military face-öff between former country's 、 'legitimate rights tO its lands these related t0 the legal obstacles that allies did serve tO dramatize how the lran- and waters. ' ' Significantly, though , the the U. S. faces in meeting two of lran's lraq war has split the Arab camp. Ar- final communiqué called on the belliger- four principal demands: canceling Amer- rayed on one side are the so-called mod- ents “ tO cease fire immediately and solve ican claims against lran and returning the erates , led by Jordan , Saudi Arabia and their conflict by peaceful means. late Shah's fortune. The other two de- lraq; on the Other side is the more rad- Since that plea was alSO endorsed by mands—a promise not tO interfere in lra- ical Steadfastness Front , consisting Of lraqi President Saddam Hussein at the nian affairs and the unfreezing of $ 13 bil- Syria , Algeria , Libya , South Yemen and summit, a U. S. State Department analyst lion in lranian assets—are not thought the P. L.O. —all of which, along with Leb- surmised that it could be a sign 。、 that lraq tO pose senous problems. anon , refused tO go tO Amman. is getting desperate for some respite. ' ln U. S. omcials were encouraged by The boycott ringleader was Syria, a concluding statement Of his own , hOW- lran's quict, businesslike approach. which feared that it would be censured ever, Saddam Hussein said that lraq “ Their response nonpolemical, non- in Amman for bac king non-Arab lran would never withdraw until lran agreed strident, ” said one omcial privately. But against Arab lraq. For nearly a decade, tO all its territorial claims. On the bat- the U. S. was uncertain whether the mil- Syrian President Hafez Assad has feuded tlefronts, ⅲ fact, lraq and lran each re- itants finally had transferred custody Of on and 0 with lraqi Strongman Saddam ported extraordinary success, but bOth the hostages tO the lranian government, Hussein. SO great is Assad's anti-Bagh- were actually still bogged down ⅲ posi- as some unconfirmed reports suggested at dad antagonism that he was willing tO risk tions they have held for weeks. The lraqis week's end. After SO many disappoint- isolation in the Arab world with his sup- claimed that since the war began Sept. ments, the gun-shy Amer1can side was port Of lran. The fact that the summit 22 they have killed 5 600 lranian troops keeping silent about the prospects—even was ⅲ Jordan, lraq's staunchest Arab and downed 460 enemy aircraft. The lra- as it prepared another message for the AI- ally , also displeased Assad. nians said they had counterattacked at gerians t0 take back t0 Tehran. TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980 PERSIAN GULF

4. TIME 1980年12月8日号

Robots at Nissan plant in Japan weld autO bodies. The Japanese now operate more than half the robots ⅲ the world That first revolution, which began two ma. 」 ority subsists on handouts in resent- transporting reprocessed plutomum , one centuries ago, created the technology Of ful idleness. "lt's an enormous problem, of the most toxic substances known tO concedes LuigI Lazzarom , president Of the man. UntiI now, this dangerous task has modern li , but at a high cost ⅲ hard- been done by men ⅲ elaborate space ship and hunger. Some experts see anal- ltalian firm that makes the Pragma ro- suits. The robot, which knows neither ogous dangers in the robot revolution. If bOt. "Many will have tO learn how tO work differently. The schools , the industrial weariness nor boredom , alSO knows noth- robots can do men's work faster, better ing ofdanger. and more cheaply, then what will men firms and the government must cooperate tO ensure that the workers are able tO fit The robot, a dream as 01d as man's do? They will be retrained for other yearning tO avoid dOing his chores 召 e the requirements Of industry. things, the robotmakers answer. But by わ ox ) , is finally emerging from the pages ln the U. S. , the robot revolution orig- whom, and for what? AImost 20 years ago , inates in American industry's most fun- Of science fiction and beginning tO trans- Kurt Vonnegut's / ッ催〃 0 portrayed damental problem : the stagnation in pro- form the way the world works. What this a future society ⅲ which the elite few run amounts tO is nothmg less than a robot the machines while the unemployable ductivity. From 1947 t0 1965 , U. S. revolution. It promises tO revive de- productivity increased by 3.4 % a A S E A caymg industries and give smaller year, but the growth rate dipped firms all the benefits 0f mass pro- to 2.3 % ⅲ the following decade, duction. UItimateIy , it may also then dropped tO below 1 % in the transform the way society itself is late 1970S and down to ー .9 % last organized and the way it assesses year. (Japan's productivi ty growth , its values. These steel-collar work- by contrast, has been climbing at an average annual rate Of about ers already paint cars, assemble re- frigerators, drill aircraft wings, 7.3 %. ) Now that economic planners are trying tO work out methods Of mine coal and , for that matter, wash 。 'reindustrializing ” the U. S. , they windows ; newer robots now on the can see in the robot a ma, 」 or an- drawing boards will soon be spray- swer tO those productivity declines. ing crops with pesticides , digging up minerals deep under the oceans and NOt only can the robOt work three repalring satellites in outer space. shifts a day, but it takes no coffee Not t00 far 0 圧 experts predict, is breaks , does not call in sick on that landmark day when robots will Mondays, does not become bored , begin desigmng and then building does not take vacations or qualify Other robots. "The human race, ” ac- for pensions—and does not leave cording t0 James S. Albus, head 0f Coca-Cola cans rattling around ⅲ - side the products it has helped as- the robotics research laboratory at 、 semble. lts 、 'up time" on the jOb the NationaI Bureau Of Standards averages around 95 % (the figure ⅲ Gaithersburg, Md. , "is now poised on the brink Of a new for the average blue-collar worker is about 75 % ). ln addition tO its HO- industrial revolution that will at ratiO Alger work habits, it is ⅱⅡ - least equal, if not far exceed, the mune tO government and union first lndustrial RevoIution ⅲ its lm- regulations on heat , fumes, noise, pact on mankind. TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980 Swedi sh 「 ObOt deburrs a part f0 「 a Saab auto ・ Ma 〃ァⅵ″ん 4 肥 learn ん 0 ルねル 0 d 衂〃必

5. TIME 1980年12月8日号

Robots at Ford plant in Wixom, Mich ” measure openings fO 「 windshields, d00 「 5 ights. They work ten times as fast as humans conomy & Business The Robot RevoIution F g00 イ″ / , ″な記 ad. アな 4 〃 r 川加 g ル 4 アルル 0 ヤ bling a compressor valve unit from twelve he new robots dO not really 100k separate parts. lts tWO arms can dO tO- like Frankenstein's monster, or tally different jObs at once. When it picks like Artoo Deetoo in S ぉルの , up a slightly defective gasket in its gray but rather like a row of giant birds. steel claw, it immediately senses some- They poke their 9-ft. -long , rubber- thing wrong, flic ks the gasket tO one sheathed necks toward the row of auto- side and picks up another. The Pragma mobile frames. From their beaks, a blind- produces 320 units an hour, without mis- ing shower 0f sparks streams forth. The takes, and it can labor tirelessly for 24 escape Of compressed air creates a loud hours a day. That makes it roughly the hissing sound. This is Chrysler's sprawl- equivalent Of ten human workers. Fur- ing 145-acre Jefferson plant in East De- thermore , it can easily be reprogrammed troit , where the trouble-ridden firm is tO assemble TV sets or electric motors building the new K-cars—the Plymouth or, theoretically, 」 ust about anything. Reliant and Dodge Aries—that it hopes Near GoIden, C010. , at the Depart- will save its future. Once 200 welders with ment Of Energy's Rocky Flats plant, a their masks and welding guns used tO technician pushes a red button marked work on such an assembly line. Here there REQUEST TRANSFER. Behind a 10- in. - are れ 0 welders ⅲ sight; there are only 50 thick concrete wall, a pair Of claws reach- robots craning forward, spitting sparks. es out tO grasp a stainless steel con- They work two shifts , and the assembly tainer filled with pink powder, then lifts line's output has increased by almost 20 % it intO a furnace where it is baked at since the robots arrived earlier this year. 950 。 F until it turns into a nondescript ln a plant outside Turin , the ltalian gräy button three inches in diameter. firm Of DigitaI EIectronic Automation is Such a button could be worth $ 100 000 , trymg out its first new Pragma A- 3000. RObOt being tested at plutonium works The $ 1 10 , 000 robot, which has just been for the job of this robot, which goes into 'The カ〃 4 〃 ra 化な 0 〃 the わ′加ん . licensed by GeneraI Electric , is assem- regular operation in a few months, iS 50 TIME, DECEMBER 8 コ 980 D A V ー D F RA N K 凵 N COVER STORY

6. TIME 1980年12月8日号

ln a noisy inferno at Westinghouse's tO become more productive by being mometer plant at 98.6 Faichney Drive in lamp factory in Bloomfield, N. J. , a Uni- smarter, not by working harder. Watertown, N. Y. , a Unimation Mark Ⅱ This sense Of the robot as a helper mate 2015G robot performs a process is ⅲ charge Of the delicate task Of remov- rather than a menace iS Wid espread called "swagmg. ” This is somewhat like ing any air bubbles that may remain in among factory hands. Though robots are making spaghetti, but it is done with 21- the mercury inside a thermometer. ES- tablished ⅲ an isolated room, because Of highly vulnerable t0 sabotage , there has ⅲ . rods Of yellow tungsten , destined tO be- been no trace of the Luddite violence that come light-bulb filaments. The robot lifts the increased awareness Of the dangers threatened the first labor-saving ma- Of mercury poisoning, the robot takes a them 0 代 a conveyor belt and sticks them chines of the lndustrial Revolution. On int0 a blazing furnace ( 3 , 200 。 F) , then into boxful Of thermometers and lowers it intO the contrary , working with a robot seems a swagmg machine that stretches the rods a tank 0f h0t water ( 100 。 F t0 145 。 F), to confer status. And , while the mac hine until they have grown tO 37 ⅲ . ⅲ length then int0 a tank 0f cold water ( 40 。 F) , usually 100kS less like a man than like a and shrunk tO exactly .467 in. ⅲ diam- then intO a centrifuge that squeezes out lobster, itS human partners Often seem un- even the tiniest bubbles. Working with eter. Three workers, each Of whom cost tWO dozen different boxes, it performs its able tO resist g1Ving it a name and even the company $ 20 000 per year, used t0 lavishing on it a certain metallic affec- dO this very unpleasant labor with ⅲ - ritual three times on each box ⅲ the tion. When one machine known as "CIyde creasingly uneven results during their course Of a 394-step program that takes 7 % min. A simple routine , but it used tO the Claw ” broke down at a Ford stamp- eight-hour shifts. The robot does it flaw- ing plant in Chicago, its human partners lessly for 16 t0 24 hours a day. lt will pay occupy 13 employees, and now only one for itselfin 2 % years. gave it a get-well party. Chauvinism be- is necessary. Says Plant Manager M. ing what it is, most fac tory workers un- James Dawes: “ I tell our people we've got At the Chesebrough-Pond 's ther- ofclay a giant robot known as a go 厄 m. This figure, which came tO life when a tablet with a divine name, 訪ビ , was placed ⅲ its Some 「 0b0 ・聞 fo 聞 a mouth, was supposed tO protect the Jews from persecution, but れ d ・ cy tO chase girls, as ⅲ this some accounts claim that its masters tried tO use it for unwor- 、 sce 0 、 from a Universal film of ゝ 1S413 M 登 benign automata, thy purposes, and Others report that it turned upon its creators. TO almost all these versions Of the legend 0f the artificial 、 00 飛 e 「 clockw 0 \ from left: man there clung the aura Of evil. TO create a living being was Swiss robot of ーは 930 model GOd 's role ; tO imitate GOd was blasphemous, even diabolic, from 1932 し 0 don exhibit; 5 ね「 and thus doomed tO disaster. Hence Frankenstein. \ Ⅳ砿 $ good guy A 杙 00 00et00. The term robot comes 仕 om the Czech word for forced labor and was invented by Karel Capek and popularized ⅲ his "fantastic melodrama ” of 1921 , 犬 . し犬 . , which stood for Rossum's Universal Robots. These robots 100k and behave like people and work twice as hard, but since "G0d hasn't the least notion ofmodern englneermg, ” as Rossum's general man- ager puts it, the robots have been built without such imprac- tical attributes as feeling or a soul. First they d0 all the world 's work, then they wage all the world 's wars, then they rebel and destroy their makers. "You are not as strong as the ro- bOts, you are not as skillful as the robots," says the leader Of the rebellion. "I want tO be master. ' Just as there is a romantic tradition that robots are ln- herently diabolic creatures that will rebel against human con- trol, there is an equally romantic tradition that machines are inherently benign, symbols 0f progress and perfectability. lsaac Asimov epitomized that view ⅲ a famous story titled 犬 0 わわ ⅲ which a much mistrusted robot baby sitter Of that name res- cues its ward from a speeding tractor. Asimov then went 0 Ⅱ to formulate, ⅲ犬〃〃 aro 〃〃イ ( 1942 ) , what he decreed t0 be, ⅲ the world of science fiction at least, the Three Laws Of RO- botics: “ 1 ) A robot may not injure a human being, 2 ) A robot must Obey the orders glven it by a human bemg except where such orders would conflict with the First Law, 3 ) A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. An admirable theory, but the whole tradition 0f the de- monlc robot assumes that when a metal creature feels im- mortal longmgs, no mere law can rein him in. Arthur C. Clarke 0 demonstrated that ⅲ 20 似 . The computer HAL れ 0t only OP- erates the space ship and talks in a supercilious tenor but is SO exalted by its own superiority ()l am incapable Of making an error ” ) that it starts killing the astronauts wh0 interfere with its plans. ln a 1976 MGM effort titled De 川 0 〃 S イ , a pre- sumptuous robot goes even further and fulfills the sinful am- bition Of making Julie Christie pregnant. But then came & の・ Ⅲ 4 ⅲ which the cutely diminutive Art00 Deet00 and See Threepio help tO rescue the imprisoned Princess Leia. Thus HoIIywood found ways t0 reduce Frankenstein's heirs t0 fig- ures Of camp, reproducible ⅲ plastic. lnside their wired metal brains, the robots nourish greater ambitions than that. 0 55 TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980

7. TIME 1980年12月8日号

Economy & Business 巴 L L P 一 E R C E 1 Unimation still assembles ⅱ ts 「 0b0t5 by hand at Danbury, CO れ lndustry leader produces 55 per month radiation and 0ther safety hazards. The matix lnc. , 0f Burlington, Mass. , which Of the robots in the world (about 10 000 robot has no affec tions or passions. If was founded last year with $ 6 million compared with the 3 000 ⅲ the U. S. and you prick it , it does not bleed. If you poi- from, among others, Harvard and M. I. T. about the same number ⅲ、 Mestern Eu- son it, it does not die. Giants like IBM and Texas lnstruments rope * ). They are also outproducing the are weighing the advantages Of getting ⅲ U. S. in robots at a rate of at least 5 to 1. WO key developments have on the prospective bonanza. Overall , the Like many troubled U. S. executives, Gen- brought the industrial robot tO life. fledgling U. S. robot industry is producing eral EIec tric 's JuIius Mirabal recalls going One was technological, the devel- about 1 500 units per year and is 0r0 」 ec t- tO Japan in 1976 tO compare production opment in the mid- ' 60S 0f the mi- ing sales 0f $ 90 million this year. Wall techniques. He found robots everywhere, croprocessor, a computer SO small that it Street analysts predic t a growth on the including one cluster that had reduced the can be fitted ontO a silicon chip no bigger order Of 35 % a year throughout the 1980S. work force in a vacuum-cleaner plant than a pea. AS the computer shrank in That gives the industry a sales potential from several hundred men to eight. 。。 Un- size and cost, it suddenly became prac - of more than $ 2 billion by 1990. Boosters less we start dOing something tO increase tical as the brains tO run a robot. The sec- talk Of $ 4 billion. U. S. productivity, the United States will ond development was wage inflation. TWO Spurring U. S. manufacturers is the be out Of business as a country , ' says 、石 r - decades ago , a typical assembly-line ro- fact that foreign competitors are already abal , who returned from Japan to find b0t cost about $ 25 000 ; that, plus all op- ahead ⅲ many ways and fighting tO dom- that GE was using only ten robots ; today erating costs over its eight-year lifetime, inate the future. Chief among them are it has 1 11. The autO industry now buys amounted t0 about $ 4.20 an hour, slight- the Japanese , whO imported their first about 40 % of industrial robots, both ⅲ ly more than the average factory work- Unimates ⅲ 1967 and now operate most the U. S. and worldwide, but electrical er's wages and fringe benefits. TOday that firms have alSO become ma. 」 or users. typical robot costs $ 40 000 ( they range The Japanese, meanwhile, are reso- from $ 7 , 500 to $ 150 , 000 ) , and it can still lutely pressing forward. ln January Fu- be paid for and operated at $ 4.80 an hour; 」 itsu Fanuc will open a new $ 38 million the worker often costs $ 15 tO $ 20. That is plant in which robots will work 24 hours the formula for a gold rush. a day tO produce more robots ( 100 a The robot revolution is 」 ust beginning, month). "The danger in letting Japan get but it is already moving fast. ScarceIy a so far ahead , ” says Paul Gosset, whO decade has passed since General Motors helped develop robots for France's Re- became the first ma. 」 or industrial robot nault , “ is that they may end up being the buyer by ordering more than 50 welders. ones whO make the modules and parts Today GM has 270 robots , and there are that go intO everyone else's robots. more than 3 000 at work throughout the Webster' s definition of a robot begins U. S. The biggest manufac turer, U nima- by describing it as "a machine in the form tion lnc. , Of Danbury, Conn. , was found- Of a human being that performs the me- ed in 1959 and cost its parent company, chanical functions Ofa human being. '' TO- Condec, at least $ 12 million before mak- day's robotmakers , however, are devoting ing its first profit ⅲ 1975. lt now pro- very little thought to creating anything duces 40 Unimate and 15 Puma robots a that IOOks or acts human. lt is perfectly month , and will have estimated sales this possible tO design a robot that walks on ar- calendar year Of $ 42 million. lts chief tificial legs or speaks fluent English , competitor: Cincinnati Milacron, which makes the sophisticated T3 robot and ex- *West Germany has the largest number, 850. Swe- pects 1980 sales of $ 32 million. lt will soon den has 600 , the most per capita in the world, and Sweden's ASEA is the world's third largest man- ires fO 「 m Unimation 「 ObOt ' 5 open a new plant in Greenwood S. C. ufacturer Of robots (after Unimation and Kawasa- 'T んな″わ eadodo. ' Sprouting up are newcomers like AutO- (i). ltaly has 500 , France 2 , the Soviet Union 25. 52 TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980 P 一 E R C E ペ

8. TIME 1980年12月8日号

M E L LEV 一 N E 1980 : A giant balloon depicting the TV character Underdog floats above Macy's an u parade ⅲ Manhattan, a latter-day tradition a few phone calls, one tO his mother, still Other worries hoveredjust beyond the ry County, lowa: "We are all glad tO see a recuperatlng ⅲ Georg1a from a broken holiday tables. An inflation rate that hit new face ⅲ Washington. ' ' ln Homestead , hip, and another tO Connecticut Gover- 12.6 % ⅲ October and a three-quarter- Pa. Steelworker Wilson Painter declared : point Jump, t0 17 % % , ⅲ the prime ⅲ - nor Ella Grasso, who was ⅲ a Hartford 'Rumors fly around that the Homestead hospital undergoing chemotherapy for terest rate Of ma. 」 or banks reflected the mill will closed, and we'll all thrown cancer Of the liver. troubled state Of the economy. Bostonians out ⅲ the streets. That's why I voted for For Carter, the holiday was a welcome could not lgnore a financial crisis that Reagan; I think he can lead us out 0f this break from lengthy budget briefing ses- threatens tO close down the city's buses , terrible economic slump. sions; he was determined tO present Rea- subways and schools. ln the South, the NationalIy, an ABC News—Louis Har- gan with a practical spending plan for fis- holiday brought unwelcome reminders of ris survey showed that 57 % 0f the people cal 1982 , which begins next Oct. 1. His recent racial violence : the New Orleans questioned expected Reagan tO dO a good aides still remember that four years ago police superintendent reslgned after j0b ⅲ general, and a thumping 72 % GeraId Ford le 代 behind a budget they re- members Of his department shOt and thought he would "strengthen U. S. de- garded as bloated and unrealistic. Carter killed three blacks, including two men fense capabilities tO be at least equal or su- has issued orders: “Ⅵ℃ will not dO to Rea- suspected Of murdering a white police- perior tO the SOViet Union's. ” The Pres- gan what Ford did t0 us. ident-elect inspired somewhat less hope man, ln early-mormng raids. The other problem monopolizing Car- on econonuc problems; 56 % expected him ter's attention had been at the forefront of ut if the nation could not escape t0 reduce inflation, and 54 % thought he his mind a year ago Thanksg1ving, t00 : would be able tO cut unemployment. Sig- its troubles, the holiday climate how to free the hostages. The day brought enabled it tO face them ⅲ a better nificantly, however, 62 % Of those inter- a declaration by militants ⅲ Tehran that mood. The end Of the presidential viewed believed he would "restore the the captives had been turned over tO the confidence Of the American people ⅲ campalgn had lifted one burden, even lranian government, which could have 仕 om ople wh0 did れ 0t vote for the win- Government ”—a sentiment damaged ⅲ been a step toward their release. StiII, a ner. Said Atlanta Pollster Claibourne the past by Viet Nam and Watergate. President—and natlon—who had been The optimism may be diffcult tO sus- Darden: "lt 's like finishing an exam. You repeatedly disappointed could have only feel glad it's over, whether you did well tain; even Reagan's strongest supporters guarded hope. lndeed, by week's end had their doubts. "Twenty years Of mis- or not. there was no proof that the report con- The feeling was by no means univer- management is undone, and good Old - cerning the hostages was even true. fashioned capitalism is back, ” crowed one sal: blacks were 0 nly worried about ln Hermitage, Pa. , before sitting her what they saw as a revival ofracism and a OkIahoma oilman last week, only tO add elght children and nine grandchildren new President who, they feared, would be ⅲ the next breath: "Of course, whether down t0 dine on a 20- lb. turkey, a brisket unresponsive tO their concerns. Still, most Reagan can translate all this intO policy of beef and a ham, Mrs. Cay Mack bun- Americans were looking t0 the new Ad- IS another question. dled them into cars for a drive to a wind- ministratlon with optimism. Said a Pitts- AII ⅲ all, the Thanksgiving mood tes- burgh businessman: "We're bleeding 仕 om tifies tO an enduring—and endearing swept knoll, where she and Other towns- people have planted 390 American flags a thousand wounds, but people are now —trait ⅲ the American character: a will- one for every day the hostages have talking ⅲ terms Of unity. They are ready lngness once an election iS over tO been ⅲ captivity. Said Mrs Mack: “ We do t0 get behind Reagan, and that includes a downplay 01d divisions and give a new it because faith and hope continue, and 10t of Democrats. ' ' Farmers ⅲ the Mid- leader a sportlng chance tO shOW what we will d0 it until the day the hostages west and West were cautiously optlmistic. he can dO. lt is a trait for which tO gwe Said Jerry Fricke, whO raises corn ⅲ Hen- leave lran. abundant thanks. ーー B / G00 ′ ge C わ朝 27 TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980

9. TIME 1980年12月8日号

dive , Edgar Beaver, the Catlips—roll out like streamers. Yet century caliph Harun al-Rashid , whO, in order tO reduce the Gatsby's parties were restrained compared with, say, the $ 200 - homesickness 0f a Greek slave girl he was fond 0f, built her an 000 picnic ” that T. C. and Phyllis Morrow 0f Houston threw exact replica 0f her home town, and populated it with thou- last December for 1 000 friends, including Farrah Fawcett and sands Of his own sub. 」 ec ts. Among the more picturesque was Ger- John TravoIta (who did not show), which featured a "country ald, Lord Berners , whO installed a piano in his ROIIS and ⅲ - disco band. ' ' The emphasis Of such fiestas is on the collecting vited a horse tO tea. U nhappily , such ingenuity is a thing Of the past—except Of people, whO if they cannot be owned outright may at least for the 0i1- we Ⅱ -0 Arabs whO, no matter what sniffy West- be rented. erners may think Of their taste, have at least restored adventure But what dO these verslons Of G 〃な come tO? After the tO money. A London Arab has redone his Regency bedroom in big house and the big garden and the big animals, parties and polyurethane clouds and stars that twinkle. He shows a sweet people, what dO most Of the world's big spenders announce? lmagination , if not a wild one. For the most part, however , the That they are bored. お 0 尾 d. The gods created men because rich Ⅱ ow disappointingly uniform patterns of spending. they were bored , said Kierkegaard , so evidently the rich d0 like- First they buy a house, a very big house, or two or ten. wise. They start out shimmying with hope and wind up hung These days it is a hardshi p even for the wealthy to build a man- over, believing with Baudelaire that the world will end by be- sion from the ground up, but they may always acquire one ready- ing swallowed up ⅲ an lmmense yawn. Their gard ens are Can- made. Jerry Buss, owner Of the LOS AngeIes Lakers and LOS dide's, not Eden's. Ever present at the creation, they find it Angeles Kings, has recently bought the legendary Pickfair (Will wanting, and ask for sympathy in their autobiographies. he rename it Bussfare?). lt has 22 rooms, which sounds a 10t for Does the world comply? A bsolutely. For all their crackpot a bachelor , but big spenders always en. 」 oy an abundance Of self-indulgences , the big spenders ought tO be razzed 0 仕 the rooms, even when those r001 れ S have no particular functions. earth. lnstead , the world takes them tO its heart , which brings Hugh Hefner and guests watching TV ⅲ the mansion Producer AIIan Carr ⅲ a relaxed po se at home lt is as if the room. s were cham- us back t0 the why. Perhaps because bers of the heart, and the houses their we find them sad, the way a huge child owners Obj ectified. Each room not only can be sad—frightening because Of its has a mood (blue , red) but also is one; 、、 = 、 unnatural size , but essentially sad nonetheless. lt is not that the rich are and the rooms that are rarely or nev- any sadder than the rest Of us, Of er entered are like secrets. The great OId houses are less like gothic castles course , but that they are SO surprised than gothic novels, laced with crook- at finding themselves sad at all. lt is ed passages and sudden stairs that add not that they are any more bored than controllable menace tO ensurable sur- the rest Of us, either, but that they go prise. More child's play still. Even the tO SO much trouble tO avoid being SO. temporary homes Of the rich, the SO- Then t00 there is the possibility called luxury hotels, are homes with a that our hearts go out tO these people because they suffer on our behalf. Most difference. The brand-new Palace Ho- tel in mid- Manhattan plans a library Of us merely dream nonsense , but the An opulent private jet made tO 0 「 de 「 that will contain 4 000 fake-fronted rich have to live it; and while we rare- books, thus creating what has tO be the largest fake-fronted ly endure the consequences Of our fantasies , they dO SO relent- bOOk collection ⅲ the country. lessly. Allan Carr, the co-producer Of G 尾 4 , reflecting on his After houses come gardens. A big house is one way to es- MaIibu dream house and his Beverly HiIIs mansion with its cop- tablish Paradise , but a garden, historically , is a more appro- per-walled disco chamber, exulted , "This is my fantasy . l'm priate place tO start. The childish 'What if' ' that envisions a dreaming all this. ” Then he added that he would kill anyone manslon iS not nearly SO ambitious as one that seeks tO trans- whO awakened him. WhO would think Of d0ing that? Thanks t0 plant cypresses from one SOil tO another ()s Hearst did in San the AIIan Carrs, all our harebrained desires are realized by Simeon) or tO display the rarest species. (After seeing LioneI proxy, like hiring a mercenary t0 fight ⅲ a war. Rothschild 's Japanese garden in London, the Japanese Am- Yet perhaps the most endearing virtue Of big spenders is that they are wonderfully entertaining. There is nothing like bassador was said tO remark: ' We have nothmg like this ⅲ them. If a conga line could be made up extending from Qin Shi- Japan. ” ) VersailIes, the model 0f gardening for SO many big spenders, must have had Eden as its model, as a place at once dis- huang and Elagabalus, through Hearst, the sh eiks and Allan ciplined and open-ended. That is the way the rich would have na- Carr, we would need no Broadway shows. lt is not just their poly- ture : apparently free yet under the thumb. They would have urethane clouds and disco chambers; it is their hilarious ln- their animals the same way, which is why they are Often at- nocence , their religious concentration on themselves. 、 Mhat tended by clawless panthers and gaga-looking bears. more , they rarely know hOW entertaining they are. Nero, for ex- First houses, then gardens, then animals, then man. The ample, when he entered his Golden House with its statue Of him- self, 120 feet high, and its prlvate lake, observed: 、、 At last I am rich cannot create man, but they can toss a party for him. NO pas- sage in T んビ G, 尾 4 ー Ga なわア is more strangely movmg than the list begrnning t0 live like a human being. ' Wh0 but a real trouper could have come up with a line like that? Of party guests; the silly, nursery-rhyme names—Clarence En- ーー 8 / Roge ′ Rose れ 0 ″ 59 TIME, DECEMBER 8 , 1980

10. TIME 1980年12月8日号

but it is much cheaper and more effcient tions Of various Ob. 」 ectS. lt compares fea- General Motors has developed a sys- tO keep the robot standing in one place tem called Consight that enables a robot tures like perimeter and area, enabling it and tO speak tO it in the soothing lan- equi pped with an electronic camera tO tO recognize and choose among nine dif- guage 0f algorithms. Says David Nitzan 100k at scattered parts on a conveyor, ferent Ob 」 ects. 。、 Ten years from now,' says of SRI lnternational: "We're creating an pick them up and transfer them in a spe- Rosen, "this will be a dodo. ' image Of a robot in the way Picasso re- cific sequence tO another work area. I t At the Lockheed MissiIes and Space distributed the features Of a human face. thus makes rudimentary judgments on CO. , engineers are already pushing one A robot 's basic function is not to 100k which parts tO pick up, but it is still t00 step further intO a technique called 、 gray- or behave like a human being but tO dO a slow for an industrial assembly line. At imaging. ' Similar tO Rosen's system but human 's work, and for that it needs maln- a well-attended robot exhibition last more elaborate, the Lockheed method ly a guiding brain (the computer) and an month in Dearborn, Mich. , one of the uses a camera lmage that contains ー 00 000 arm with claws for fingers. The comput- Star attractions was a similar ViSIOn SYS- different dots, each graded from 0 for pure er is simply plugged intO an electric out- tem developed by a brand-new company, white to 255 for pure black. The different let ; ca bles run from the computer along Machine lntelligence Corp. of Mountain shades ofgray give the robot a much clear- the robot's arm and transmit instructions View, Calif.. This firm was founded in er three-dimensional View Of What it iS in the form Of electric impulses tO the 1978 by Charles Rosen, 63 , a tall, tousled- confronting. claw; for heavy work , robots use hydrau- Lockheed's prq 」 ect, which started lic pressure. The RObOt lnstitute Of with an Army contract tO search for America, an industrial trade group , means Of spotting defective artillery 0 0 駅、 0 , 08 therefore Offers a contemporary, if shells, is only one of many robot efforts somewhat prolix, definition Of a robot : sponsored by military and space pro- "A reprogrammable, multifunctional grams. The most spectacular, Of course, UNITED 3 , 000 manipulator designed tO move material is the Voyager 1 robot, which traveled 1.3 sTATES parts , t001S or specialized devices, billion miles tO Saturn. AImost equally im- through variable programmed motions pressive is the Mars Rover being built by 850 for the performance Of a variety Of tasks. CaITech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in GER Reprogrammable and multifunction- Pasadena, Calif. , which will be able to 600 al are the key words. Factories have long wheel itself about on the rugged planet, swEDEN used automatic machines (like bOttle ca p- 100k at rocks with its TV eyes and dig up pers) tO mass-produce goods, but these de- samples with its shovel. Engineers at the 500 vices could only perform one task at a Marshall Space Flight Center in Hunts- time. ・ N ・ ew work routines required new ville, A . , now are working on a robot 360 machinery or extensive retooling. The in- that will be able to take 0 代 from the space poLAND dustrial robots now being installed have shuttle, reach an ailing satellite in orbit control and memory systems, Often in the and repair it. The Naval Research Lab- 200 form Of minicomputers. These enable the oratory in Washington , D. C. , similarly , is FRANCE robots tO be programmed tO carry out a building a robot that can be sent out number Of work routines and , when nec - aboard an unmanned submarine tO find 200 NORWAY essary, tO be reprogrammed tO carry out and repair crippled vessels undersea. RO- bOts are already at work in the man- even more. 185 ufacture Of tanks, aircraft, guns and he fact that the robot's instructions ammunition. can be changed is critically im- There are some experts, though , 30 portant tO its industrial use. A whO believe that sight is much less im- standard assembly line must pro- portant than touch, either undersea or duce a large amount (about 1 000 units a 25 on the assembly line. ゴ can't afford U S.S. 日・ day in the autO industry) tO operate eco- tO let the robot arm wait while the nomically, and it takes months tO alter camera does all the things it needs or renovate itS component machines; a ro- to do," says GE'S Mirabal, who says he bOt can be reprogrammed for a new task has looked at 20 vision systems and found in a few minutes. Furthermore, at least none that iS economical. 、、 Touch iS going 60 % of U. S. manufacturing is done in tO be very important, because all the ro- batches t00 small for assembly lines. RO- bOt needs is tO know that something is bOts can dO many ofthosejobs, and it is es- happening or not happening. Just one timated that they can reduce COSts in piece Of information that can be analyzed small-lot manufacturing by 80 % tO 90 %. quickly. ' WhiIe most Of the touch systems NOW that robots have proved effcient are developing a robot claw's ability tO and economical, the main effort iS tO cre- measure objects, some are more elaborate. ate "smart" robots and thus give them an The Lord Corp. ofErie, Pa. , hopes tO mar- ability tO make decisions. TO become haired veteran Of 21 years at SRI. Says ket within five years a "hand" made out smarter, robots are learning tO 'see ” and he Of his new vision system: "lt's still Of spongy material with a grid Of many 、、 touch," and report tO their computer only the beginning. We're at a stage sensitive wires embedded in it tO achieve brains what their new senses tell them. akin to when the first lathe did a rea- a true sense Of touch. TO see means tO decipher what appears sonable jOb on a hunk Of metal. But ma- Robots sometimes seem remarkably before a TV camera; tO touch means tO chine ViSion has as important a role in stupid tO the engineers trying tO ed ucate measure not only the size and shape but automated assembly as human ViSion has them. A robot can cope with complex the temperature, softness or vibration Of for assembly by humans. mathematical formulas , Of course , but the Object grasped by the claw. Robots when it sees something through its TV Rosen's system consists Of a black- can also hear, and could presumably be and-white TV camera that scans objects camera, it has a hard time translating the taught t0 taste and smell, but these would against a brightly lighted background , two-dimensional image intO three-dimen- be mainly indulgences, not necessary tO then transmits tO a computer the hun- sional reality. A robot instructed tO 100k their work ethos. On the other hand, ro- dreds of dots ()r pixels) that form the TV for a triangular Ob 」 ect will waste valuable bOts are now being outfitted with senses image. The computer transforms these time fingering cubes and cylinders before that no human being has: the perception dOts intO binary code and compares what re. 」 ecting them. And when a component ofinfrared light and ultrasonic sound. it sees with previously recorded descrip- burned out in a robot at the University Of 53 TIME, DECEMBER 8 コ 980 。、。を WHERE 0 ROBOTS ARE 三み亳・ F 、 00 , 00 ~ 、 000 0 、 0000 saw 一 0 エ一 25- N Kq て 2u0 3 > 一ト Source: Bache Halsey Stuart Shields,jnc. except France and し S. S. 日 .